Notes about blood hemoglobin estimation, lecture notes to Medical Laboratory Students at Medical Laboratory Technology, Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), a lecture for medical lab technicians at Baquba Technical Institute, Middle Technical University. All theoretical and practical notes about the test.
An absolute eosinophil count is a blood test that measures the number of one type of white blood cells called eosinophils.
Eosinophils become active when you have certain allergic diseases, infections, and other medical conditions.
Notes about blood hemoglobin estimation, lecture notes to Medical Laboratory Students at Medical Laboratory Technology, Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), a lecture for medical lab technicians at Baquba Technical Institute, Middle Technical University. All theoretical and practical notes about the test.
An absolute eosinophil count is a blood test that measures the number of one type of white blood cells called eosinophils.
Eosinophils become active when you have certain allergic diseases, infections, and other medical conditions.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. White blood cells
Definition:
White blood cells or leukocytes are cells of the immune system which
defend the body against both infectous disease and foreign materials.
Characters of WBCs:
1. Whenever a germ or infection enters the body the white blood
cells have a variety of ways by which they can attack. Some will
produce protective antibodies that will overpower the germ. Others
will surround and devour the bacteria.
2. The white blood cells have a rather short life cycle, living from a
few days to a few weeks.
3. Several different and diverse types of leukocytes exist, but they
are all produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone
marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cell.
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3. Characters of WBCs
4. Leukocytes are found throughout the body,
including the blood and lymphatic system.
5. The name "White Blood Cell" derives from the
fact that after cenrifugation of a blood sample,
the white cells are found in the Buffy coat, a
thin layer of nucleated cells between the
sedimented red blood cells and the blood
plasma, which is typically white in color. The
scientific term leukocyte directly reflects this
description, derived from Greek leuko - white,
and cyte - cell. Brought to you by
4. (White cell count (WBC
White cell count (WBC) is the total number of leukocytes in a
volume of blood, expressed as thousands/μl.
As with the RBC, the WBC can be done by manual methods
or by automated cell counters.
Normal Values:
• Newborn 9.0-30.0 x 103/μl
• 1 week 5.0-21.0 x 103/μl
• 1 month 5.0-19.5 x 103/μl
• 6-12 months 6.0-17.5 x 103/μl
• 2 years 6.2-17.0 x 103/μl
• Child/adult 4.8-10.8 x 103/μl
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5. Leukocytosis
Leukocytosis is a condition characterized by an
elevated number of white cells in the blood,
which is usually due to:
Bacterial infection such as appendicitis, tonsillitis, ulcers
and urinary tract infection
Leukemia.
Pregnancy.
Hemolytic disease of new born.
Following exercise.
Emotional stress.
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6. Leukopenia
Leukopenia is a condition characterized by a
decreased number of white cells in the blood, which
is usually due to:
Viral disease such as measles and infectious hepatitis.
Some bacterial infections such as typhoid fever,
brucellosis, and typhus fever.
Rheumatoid arthritis.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosis.
Certain drugs such as radio therapy and chemotherapy.
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7. Principle of WBCs count test
Free-flowing capillary or well-mixed anticoagulated
venous blood is added to a diluent) at a specific
volume in the thoma pipette.
The diluent lyses the erythrocytes but preserves
leukocytes and platelets.
The diluted blood is added to the hemacytometer
chamber.
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8. Specimen:
EDTA- anticoagulated blood or capillary blood is
preferred.
Reagents, supplies and equipment:
White blood cells count diluting fluid which may be one
of the following:
Acetic acid 2% (v/v) in distilled water.
HCL 1% (v/v) in distilled water.
Turks' solution which is formed of:
Glacial acetic acid 3 ml
Crystal violet 1 ml
100 ml distilled water.
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9. Equipment
1. White blood cells count
diluting fluid
2. Thoma white pipette
3. Hemacytometer and coverslip
4. Microscope
5. Lint-free wipe
6. Alcohol pads
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11. Hemacytometer
The hemacytometer counting chamber is used
for cell counting.
It is constructed so that the distance between
the bottom of the coverslip and the surface of
the counting area of the chamber is 0.1 mm.
The surface of the chamber contains two square
ruled areas separated by an H-shaped moat.
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13. Procedure
1. Draw the blood up to 0.5 mark in the thoma pipette.
2. Wipe the outside of the capillary pipette to remove
excess blood that would interfere with the dilution
factor.
3. Holding the pipette almost vertical place into the fluid.
Draw the diluting fluid into the pipette slowly until the
mixture reaches the 11 mark, while gently rotating the
pipette to ensure a proper amount of mixing.
4. Place the pipette in a horizontal position and firmly
hold the index finger of either hand over the opening in
the tip of the pipette, detach the aspirator from the
other end of the pipette now the dilution of the blood is
completed
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14. Procedure
5. Mix the sample for at least 3 minutes to facilitate
hemolysis of RBCs.
6. Clean the hemacytometer and its coverslip with an
alcohol pad and then dry with a wipe.
7. Before filling the chamber, discard the first four to
five drops of the mixture on apiece of gauze to expel
the diluent from the stem.
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15. Procedure
8. Carefully charge hemacytometer with
diluted blood by gently squeezing sides of
reservoir to expel contents until chamber is
properly filled.
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16. Procedure for counting WBC’s
1. Under 10 x magnifications, scan to ensure even
distribution. Leukocytes are counted in all nine large
squares of counting chamber.
2. Count cells starting in the upper left large corner
square. Move to the upper right corner square,
bottom right corner square, bottom left corner square
and end in the middle square.
3. Count all cells that touch any of the upper and left
lines, do not count any cell that touches a lower or
right line.
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18. Calculations
Depth= 0.1
Correction for dilution:
The thoma pipette is 1:20
Dilution factor 20
Correction of volume:
Volume of 1small square = 1x1x0.1= 0.1mm3
Volume of 4 large squares = 4x0.1= 0.4 mm3 or μL
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19. Suppose that you count 50 cells in 4 squares
(0.4mm3), found the count in 1mm3?
50 o.4 mm3
X 1mm3
X = 50 x 1 0.4
• Volume correction = 1 0.4
Total count 1mm3 =
No. of cells x volume correction x dilution =
no. of cells x ( 10.4 ) x 20 =
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20. Discussion
1. A highly elevated leukocyte count (leukocytosis) may make
accurate counting difficult. In either instance, a secondary
dilution should be made. When calculating the total count,
adjust the formula to allow for secondary dilution. Or a red
pipette can be used to make 1:100 dilution.
2. If count is less than 3000 cell/mm3, a smaller dilution of
blood should be used to ensure a more accurate count.
This can be accomplished by drawing the blood up to 1.0
mark and the diluting fluid to the 11 mark. The dilution will
then be 1 : 10, and the dilution factor in the calculation will
be 10
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21. Discussion
3. If more than 5 nucleated RBC’s are seen on
the differential, the total leukocyte count
should be corrected using the following
calculation:
Corrected WBC =
(Uncorrected leukocyte count x 100)
(100 + # of NRBC’s/100 WBC’s on differential)
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