Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901 and was awarded the Nobel Prize for this work. There are four main blood groups - A, B, AB, and O - which are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells. The Rh factor, discovered in 1930, further divides blood into Rh positive or Rh negative groups. Blood typing is important for safe blood transfusions and preventing hemolytic disease in newborns. The most common methods for blood typing are slide and tube methods, which detect agglutination of red blood cells to determine blood group.

1. TOPIC NAME: BLOOD GROUPING AND BLOOD TYPING

2. HISTORY
• ABO Blood group system first discovered by Karl Landsteiner
in 1901.
• Discovered Rh factor in 1930 along with Alexander S.Wiener.
• Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine in 1930.

3. DIFFERENT BLOOD GROUPS
 The difference of blood groups due to the presence or
absence of a specific protein molecules, called as antigen and
antibody.
 The antigens are located on the surface of the person’s red
blood cells and the antibodies are in the person’s blood
plasma.

4. LANDSTEINER LAW
• If an antigen is present on the surface of red blood cell of an
person, then its corresponding antibody will be absent in the
plasma.
• Similarly if an antigen is absent on the surface of red blood
cell of an individual, then its corresponding antibody will be
present in the plasma.

5. ABO BLOOD GROUPING SYSTEM
• It is most important to assuming a safe blood transfusion.
• There are 4 types of blood group according to this system.
A,B,AB & O.
• The specific gene ‘H’ determines the involvement of A and B
antigen.

6. RHESUS(RH)BLOOD GROUPING SYSTEM
• It is mainly on the basis of Rh factor.
• Some of us have it, some of us don’t.
• If the Rh factor present on the surface of the red blood cell,
then the blood will be consider as Rh positive.

7. RH FACTOR BLOOD TEST
• During the time of pregnancy problem occur due to Rh
incompatibility between mother and fetus blood stream.
• Development of Rh hemolytic disease.

8. METHODS OF ABO GROUPING
• There are two types of method for ABO grouping ---
1. Slide method : This is on the basis of agglutination or clump
formation.
2.Tube method: This is mainly done for cell grouping or serum
grouping.
Tube method Slide method

9. SLIDE METHOD
• Here observations is on the on basis of agglutination. If
agglutination is minimal it can be confirmed by using microscope.

10. TUBE METHOD
CELL GROUPING
• We have to prepare first cell
suspension in saline from
unknown blood sample.
• Take 3 tubes and filled the tubes
with anti-A, anti-B anti-AB
antisera.
• Add one drop of red cell
suspension in each tube.
• Then Centrifuge.
• Check for agglutination.
SERUM GROUPING
• For the separation of serum we
have let the unknown sample
stand for one minute.
• Add 2 drops of serum in other
three test tubes.
• Add cell suspensions of known
blood sample of A,B and O into
these tubes.
• Then Centrifuge.
• Check for agglutination.

11. APPLICATIONS OF BLOOD GROUPING
 In Blood transfusion
 Preventing the hemolytic disease
 In paternity tests
 In knowing the susceptibility of various kinds of diseases.

12. THANK YOU