The document discusses ABO blood grouping methods and procedures. The two main methods are the slide method and spin tube method. The slide method uses glass slides while the spin tube method uses test tubes. Procedures include preparing red blood cell suspensions, adding blood and antisera to slides or tubes, incubating, and observing for agglutination. Quality control and potential sources of error are also outlined.
An absolute eosinophil count is a blood test that measures the number of one type of white blood cells called eosinophils.
Eosinophils become active when you have certain allergic diseases, infections, and other medical conditions.
An absolute eosinophil count is a blood test that measures the number of one type of white blood cells called eosinophils.
Eosinophils become active when you have certain allergic diseases, infections, and other medical conditions.
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SEMA3G(Semaphorin-3G) Basic information
Semaphorins are a class of secreted and membrane proteins that were originally identified as axonal growth cone guidance molecules. They primarily act as short-range inhibitory signals and signal through multimeric receptor complexes. Semaphorins are usually cues to deflect axons from inappropriate regions, especially important in the neural system development. The major class of proteins that act as their receptors are called plexins, with neuropilins as their co-receptors in many cases. The main receptors for semaphorins are plexins, which have established roles in regulating Rho-family GTPases. Recent work shows that plexins can also influence R-Ras, which, in turn, can regulate integrins. Such regulation is probably a common feature of semaphorin signalling and contributes substantially to our understanding of semaphorin biology.
Human SEMA3G(Semaphorin-3G) ELISA Kit test method
Feiyue’s Human SEMA3G (Semaphorin-3G) Elisa kit is an ELISA reagent for detection of Neutrophil elastase in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids.
This kit uses sandwich ELISA to detect the concentration of Semaphorin-3G . SEMA3G (Semaphorin-3G) -specific monoclonal antibody has been pre-coated in the wells of the supplied microplate. Standards samples and controls are added to interact with the immobilized antibody. A sandwich complex is formed by additional anti- SEMA3G (Semaphorin-3G) antibody with HRP-Streptavidin. TMB solution is added to react with the sandwich for ming optical signal measured by microplate reader. The concentration of SEMA3G (Semaphorin-3G) in the sample can be calculated by comparing the absorbance of the sample with the standard curve.
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Sterilization and disinfection are both crucial processes for controlling the spread of harmful microorganisms. Sterilization eliminates all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, and spores, while disinfection reduces the number of pathogenic microorganisms to a level that is considered safe for public health. Sterilization typically involves more rigorous methods, such as heat, chemicals, or radiation, while disinfection can often be achieved with disinfectants like bleach or alcohol.
Bacteria Structure, Cell wall, Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes.pptxTagore medical College
Bacteria typically consist of a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA, and sometimes flagella or pili for movement and attachment. They lack membrane-bound organelles like those found in eukaryotic cells. The cell wall provides structure and protection, while the cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell.
Hematopoiesis is the process by which blood cells are formed. It occurs primarily in the bone marrow, which is a spongy tissue found within the cavities of certain bones, such as the sternum, ribs, pelvis, and long bones. Hematopoiesis involves the differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into various types of blood cells.
Differentiation and Lineage Commitment:
HSCs can differentiate into two main lineages: the myeloid lineage and the lymphoid lineage.
Myeloid lineage: Gives rise to red blood cells (erythrocytes), platelets (thrombocytes), and white blood cells (leukocytes) such as granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and monocytes.
Lymphoid lineage: Gives rise to lymphocytes, including T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells.
Proliferation and Maturation:
Once committed to a specific lineage, progenitor cells undergo proliferation and differentiation into mature blood cells. This process is tightly regulated by various growth factors, cytokines, and hormones.
Erythropoiesis: The process of erythrocyte (red blood cell) production.
Thrombopoiesis: The process of platelet production.
Granulopoiesis: The process of granulocyte (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil) production.
Monocytopoiesis: The process of monocyte production.
Lymphopoiesis: The process of lymphocyte production.
Regulation:
Hematopoiesis is tightly regulated by various factors, including:
Growth factors and cytokines such as erythropoietin (EPO), thrombopoietin (TPO), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and interleukins.
Hormones such as cortisol, thyroid hormones, and sex hormones.
Microenvironmental signals within the bone marrow niche.
Migration and Circulation:
Once matured, blood cells are released into the bloodstream and circulate throughout the body, performing their respective functions. Red blood cells carry oxygen to tissues, white blood cells participate in the immune response, and platelets are involved in blood clotting.
Multiple methods are used for the laboratory diagnosis of viral infections, including viral culture, antigen detection, nucleic acid detection and other lab tests
A tissue processor is used to prepare tissue samples for analysis by fixing, staining, dehydrating or decalcifying them.
The techniques for processing the tissue, whether biopsies, larger specimen removed at surgery
The test measures the amount of sugar in a urine sample. Normal urine does not contain glucose. Microscopic Examination. A variety of normal and abnormal.
Microscopic examination of urine Casts • Urinary casts are cylindrical aggregations of particles that form in the distal nephron, dislodge
Fungal infection of the skin, most common on the exposed surfaces of the body, namely the face, arms and shoulders.
Most common fungal diseases ; Ringworm. A common fungal skin infection that often looks like a circular rash.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
2. The ABO grouping can be performed by the following two methods:
• Slide method
• Spin tube method.
3. Red Cell Suspensions for Blood Grouping
50%: Slide Method
5%: Test Tube
Method
1%: Gel technology
1%: Microplate
4. 5 % cell suspension
for
Tube grouping
0.8 % cell suspension
for
Gel card grouping
5. Procedure
1. The test can be performed either on glass slides or on ceramic tiles.
2. Place one drop of anti-A and one drop of anti-B sera on two previously labelled slides.
3. Add one drop of blood (preferably 20% red cell suspension) on each slide.
4. Mix properly by a clean glass stick or the corner of another slide.
5. Rock the slides in order to mix the cells and sera and leave at room temperature for 2
minutes.
6. Record the results.
6. Tube method
Washing of red cells
Before going for any procedure in the blood bank, the red cells have to
be washed properly. 0.5 ml of red cells are mixed with normal saline filling
2/3rd of test tube. The mixture is centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 1 minute.
The supernatant is discarded. Refill the tube with same amount of normal
saline and centrifuge again. Repeat the procedure three times and
discard the supernatant every time. The remaining cells are washed cells.
7. Preparation of 5% red cell suspension
Mix the washed red cells and the normal saline in one of the following
ratios as per requirement:
0.1 ml of cells + 1.9 ml of normal saline
0.2 ml of cells + 3.8 ml of normal saline
0.5 ml of cells + 9.5 ml of normal saline
Centrifuge the mixture at 1000 rpm for 1 minute.
9. Procedure
Cell grouping (forward grouping)
1. Prepare 5% red cell suspension (tomato colour) in normal saline.
2. Add 1 drop of anti-A in the tube labelled A, anti-B in the tube labeled B
and anti-AB in the tube labelled AB
3. Add 1 drop of the cell suspension in each tube.
4. Mix properly, incubate the mixture at room temperature (RT) for 5-10
minutes and then centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 1 minute.
5. If no haemolysis is observed in the supernatant, disperse the cell button.
6. Check for agglutination. If no clump is seen by naked eyes, examine under
microscope for weak agglutination.
7. Record the results
10. 1 vol of 2-5%
red cell
suspension
2 vol of anti-
A / anti-B/
Anti-AB
Forward
Grouping
Incubate at room
temp (20-24oC) for
5 min
Centrifuge at 1000
rpm for 1 min
Check for
agglutination against
well lighted
11. Serum grouping (reverse grouping
1. The serum of the donor/patient is tested against known cells of group
A, B and O. These cells are either prepared in the lab by pooling or can be acquired from
manufacturers.
2. Arrange three test tubes and label them A, B and O.
3. Place 2 drops of the serum to be tested in each tube.
4. Add 1 drop of A group cells to the tube A, B group cells to tube B and O group cells
to the tube labelled O.
5. Shake the contents gently. Incubate at RT for 5-10 minutes and centrifuge at 1000
rpm for 1 minute.
6. If the supernatant shows no signs of haemolysis, disperse the cell button and observe
for agglutination.
7. If no agglutination is observed by naked eyes, examine under microscope.
8. Record the results.
12. 2 vol of test
serum/plas
ma
1 vol of 5%
suspension of
reagent red cells
in respective
tubes
Reverse
Grouping
Centrifuge at 1000
rpm for 1 min
Centrifuge & record
the results similarly as
for
cell grouping
Shake & leave at room
temp (20-24oC) for 5
min
14. ABO subgrouping
Procedure
1. Arrange two test tubes.
2. Place 2 drops of anti-A1 reagent in the tube-1.
3. Place 2 drops of anti-A reagent in the tube-2.
4. Add 1 drop of 5% washed cells of A group to be tested, in each tube.
5. Mix the contents of each tube by shaking, incubate at RT for 5-10 minutes
and centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 1 minute.
6. Disperse the cell button and examine for agglutination. All the negative
results must be examined under microscope.
7. Record the results.
15. Sources of errors resulting in ABO
discrepancies
Inadequate identification of sample, test
tubes or slides
Cell suspension either too heavy or too
light
Clerical errors
Missed observation of hemolysis
Failure to add reagents
Uncalibrated centrifuge
Contaminated / expired reagents
Failure to follow manufacturer’s
instructions
16. Technical problems
• Glassware, Reagents, Equipment
o Dirty glassware, contaminated or outdated reagent, temperature not
proper
• Cell concentrations
o Too high or too low concentration
• Centrifugation
• Carelessness –
o patient identification,
o sample identification,
o reading and recording results
17. Tests for Rh grouping
There are mainly two techniques for Rh grouping:
• Slide test
• Tube test.
18. Procedure
1. Place 1 drop of anti-D reagent on the slide labelled test.
2. Place 1 drop of normal saline (no anti-D) on another slide.
3. Add 1 drop of whole blood, or 50% red cells suspended in plasma on both the
slides.
4. Mix the cells and the reagent by a clean stick or corner of another slide and spread
the mixture.
5. Rock the slide gently for 2 minutes.
6. Place both the slides on a glass view box, which is not only the light source but
maintains approximately 37°C temperature at the bottom of the slide.
7. Record the results: Agglutination on the test slide and smooth suspension on the
control is a positive test and no agglutination on the test slide is a negative test.
Agglutination on the control slide means an invalid test.
Drying up of the solution must not be confused with agglutination.
19. Tube test
1. Place 2 drops of anti-D reagent in the tube labelled test.
2. Place 2 drops of normal saline or any other negative control reagent (no
anti-D) in a tube labelled control.
3. Add 1-2 drops of 5% cell suspension in each tube.
4. Mix properly and incubate the tubes at 37°C for 10 minutes in an incubator
or waterbath and then centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 1-2 minutes.
5. Disperse the cell button and observe for agglutination.
6. Record the results: Agglutination in the tube labeled test and smooth
suspension in the control tube is a positive test while smooth suspension in
both tubes is a negative test. Agglutination in the control tube is an invalid