students will be benefited

1. 02-Jan-18 BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM 1

2. BLOOD GROUPING
• Most important of all the blood group systems
• All people can be classified as belonging to
one of4 major groups in the system
• Depending upon the reactions obtained on
mixing their red blood cells with 2 different
antisera, known as anti –A and anti - B
02-Jan-18 BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM 2

3. BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
• A group
• B group
• AB group
• O group
02-Jan-18 BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM 3

4. BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
• ABO grouping :
1.slide technique
saline suspension
serum suspension
2.Tube technique
Saline grouping
Albumin grouping
coombs grouping
Enzyme typing
Back tying – serum typing
02-Jan-18 BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM 4

5. slide technique using saline suspension
1.slide technique using saline suspension
PROCEDURE
 Draw 2 circles on the slides using a glass marking
pencil and label it as anti –A and anti –B
 Make 5% red cell suspension (1 drop washed
cells + 19 drops normal saline) in a test tube
02-Jan-18 BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM 5

6. slide technique using saline suspension
 Add 1 drop of anti – A and anti –B blood
grouping serum in the respective circles
 Add 1 drop of the 5% red cell suspension in both
the circles
 Make sure that the dropper does not touch the
antiserum on either side
02-Jan-18 BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM 6

7. slide technique using saline
suspension
• Rotate the slide gently to mix the cells and serum within
each circle
• Place the slide on a white tile
• Cover with a glass or lid to decrease evaporation
• Incubate at room temperature for 2 minutes
• Examine the slide both macroscopically and microscopically
for agglutination after gentle rotation of the slides
02-Jan-18 BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM 7

8. slide technique using saline
suspension
Anti -A Anti - B Group
+ - A
- + B
+ + AB
- - O
02-Jan-18 BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM 8
 Results and
interpretation of
the grouping
 + agglutinaion
 - no agglutination

9. Tube technique by saline grouping
PROCEDURE :
 Label 3 tubes with the patients number
1. Anti-A
2.Anti- B
3. 5% Red cell suspension in saline
 Add 2 drops of Anti – A and Anti –B to the respective tube
 Add 2 drops of the 5% red cell suspension to each tube
 Mix well and centrifuge both tubes at 1,500 rpm for 3 minutes
02-Jan-18 BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM 9

10. Tube technique
• Remove the tubes from the centrifuge
• Hold them over a concave mirror to inspect the
“button of cells” in the bottom of the tube
• Inspect the colour of the supernatant fluid above the
“button”
• Trace of pink colour – haemolysis
• With a gentle tapping or shaking of the tube
02-Jan-18 BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM 10

11. Tube technique
• Observe the dislocation of the cell button
• see the cells resuspend into a uniform
suspension or remain as clumps of
agglutinated cells
• If the cells resuspend into a fine suspension,
then place the tubes into a 37°c water bath or
incubator for 30 minutes
02-Jan-18 BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM 11

12. Tube technique
• Repeat the centrifuging and observing of the
cell button during gentle shaking
• Always pour out some of the cells and fluid on
to a slide to check the results microscopically
02-Jan-18 BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM 12

13. TUBE TECHNIQUES
 Results and interpretation of the grouping
 + agglutinaion
 - no agglutination
02-Jan-18 BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM 13

14. RHESUS SYSTEM
• Rh factor is a type of agglutinogen
• First seen in blood of Rhesus monkey
• Human being posses this factor while others lack
it
• Those possessing this agglutinogen = Rh + ve
• No agglutinogen = Rh – ve
02-Jan-18 BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM 14

15. SLIDE METHOD
PROCEDURE
• Add 1 drop of blood and 1 drop of Anti D antisera is
added on a clean slide
• Mixed with applicator and the slide tilted to and fro for
2 minutes
• Presence of agglutination – Rh +ve
• Absence of agglutination – Rh -ve
02-Jan-18 BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM 15

16. TUBE METHOD
 Label the glass tube with the number of the test
cells
 Prepare 5 % suspension of the cells in their own
serum (not a saline suspension)
 Place 1 drop of Anti – D in the tube
 Add 1 drop of the test cells
02-Jan-18 BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM 16

17. TUBE METHOD
• Gently mix the cells and antiserum, and then place the
tube in the centrifuge
• Spin slowly for 1 minute
• Remove the tube from the centrifuge
• Examine by gentle shaking or tapping – the tube to
loosen the “button of cells” at the bottom
• they remain in clumps and do not easily resuspend
02-Jan-18 BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM 17

18. TUBE METHOD
 Pour some of the resuspended cells anti –serum
mixture on to a slide
 View under microscope
 Clump of cells indicates the presence of the D
antigen on the test cells and that the person
concerned is Rh Positive
 No clump of cells are found, even after
microscopic check
 Interpreted to mean that the cells lack the D
antigen and are Rh negative
02-Jan-18 BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM 18

19. BOMBAY BLOOD GROUP
• Discovered by Bhendae in bombay -1952
• Very rare group
• When they need transfusion bombay group
person should receive Bombay blood group
only
• Persons not having H antigen on O cells are
called Bombay blood group
02-Jan-18 BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM 19

20. PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER
• Mention the types of blood grouping?(3 marks) march 2009
• Bombay o group (3 marks) feb 2009
• Describe various blood groups(3 marks) aug/sep 2011
• Name various blood groups? (3 marks) sep 2012
• Blood grouping and Rh typing (5 marks) march 2013
• Rhesus system (5 marks)august 2010
• Mention any 2 types of blood group system ?(2 marks)April 2017
02-Jan-18 BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM 20

21. 02-Jan-18 BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM 21