1. The document summarizes key ideas and evidence related to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, including his observations and ideas that led to developing the theory in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. 2. Darwin noted that species are related through common ancestry (descent with modification) and proposed that natural selection is a mechanism driving adaptive evolution as individuals with heritable traits better suited to their environment tend to leave more offspring. 3. Evidence that has accumulated in support of evolution includes observations of natural selection today, the fossil record showing changes over time, anatomical and genetic similarities between organisms, and patterns of species distributions.

1. Mechanisms of Evolution AP Biology Chapter 22

4. Fig. 22-2 American Revolution French Revolution U.S. Civil War 1900 1850 1800 1750 1795 1809 1798 1830 1831–1836 1837 1859 1837 1844 1858 The Origin of Species is published. Wallace sends his hypothesis to Darwin. Darwin begins his notebooks. Darwin writes essay on descent with modification. Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle . Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.” Lyell publishes Principles of Geology . Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution. Hutton proposes his theory of gradualism. Linnaeus (classification) Cuvier (fossils, extinction) Malthus (population limits) Lamarck (species can change) Hutton (gradual geologic change) Lyell (modern geology) Darwin (evolution, natural selection) Wallace (evolution, natural selection)

8. Fig. 22-3 Younger stratum with more recent fossils Layers of deposited sediment Older stratum with older fossils

14. Fig. 22-5 NORTH AMERICA EUROPE AFRICA AUSTRALIA GREAT BRITAIN SOUTH AMERICA ATLANTIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN Cape of Good Hope Tierra del Fuego Cape Horn Tasmania New Zealand Andes Equator The Galápagos Islands Pinta Marchena Genovesa Santiago Daphne Islands Pinzón Fernandina Isabela San Cristobal Santa Fe Santa Cruz Florenza Española

15. Fig. 22-6 (a) Cactus-eater (c) Seed-eater (b) Insect-eater

17. Let’s get together on this so we can both be famous!

20. Fig. 22-7

21. Fig. 22-8 Hyracoidea (Hyraxes) Sirenia (Manatees and relatives) Moeritherium Barytherium Deinotherium Mammut Elephas maximus (Asia) Stegodon Mammuthus Loxodonta africana (Africa) Loxodonta cyclotis (Africa) 0 10 4 2 5.5 24 34 Millions of years ago Years ago Platybelodon

23. Observation #1: Members of a population often vary greatly in their traits

29. Fig. 22-12 (b) A stick mantid in Africa (a) A flower mantid in Malaysia

32. Fig. 22-14 Weeks Patient No. 3 Patient No. 2 Patient No. 1 Percent of HIV resistant to 3TC 0 0 25 50 75 100 2 4 6 8 10 12

34. Fig. 22-15 Bristolia insolens Bristolia bristolensis Bristolia harringtoni Bristolia mohavensis Latham Shale dig site, San Bernardino County, California Depth (meters) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 1 2 3 3 3 1 2 4 4

35. Fig. 22-16 (a) Pakicetus (terrestrial) (b) Rhodocetus (predominantly aquatic) (c) Dorudon (fully aquatic) Pelvis and hind limb Pelvis and hind limb (d) Balaena (recent whale ancestor)

37. Homologous structures are anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor Fig. 22-17 Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Human Whale Cat Bat

38. Fig. 22-18 Human embryo Chick embryo (LM) Pharyngeal pouches Post-anal tail

40. Examples of homologies at the molecular level are genes shared among organisms inherited from a common ancestor

42. Fig. 22-20 Sugar glider Flying squirrel AUSTRALIA NORTH AMERICA

44. Bird Biogeography

45. Is natural selection the ONLY mechanism responsible for evolution?