12. Fig. 45-5-1 NUCLEUS Signal receptor (a) (b) TARGET CELL Signal receptor Transport protein Water- soluble hormone Fat-soluble hormone
13. Fig. 45-5-2 Signal receptor TARGET CELL Signal receptor Transport protein Water- soluble hormone Fat-soluble hormone Gene regulation Cytoplasmic response Gene regulation Cytoplasmic response OR (a) NUCLEUS (b)
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15. Fig. 45-8-1 Glycogen deposits receptor Vessel dilates. Epinephrine (a) Liver cell Epinephrine receptor Glycogen breaks down and glucose is released. (b) Skeletal muscle blood vessel Same receptors but different intracellular proteins (not shown)
16. Fig. 45-8-2 Glycogen deposits receptor Vessel dilates. Epinephrine (a) Liver cell Epinephrine receptor Glycogen breaks down and glucose is released. (b) Skeletal muscle blood vessel Same receptors but different intracellular proteins (not shown) Epinephrine receptor Different receptors Epinephrine receptor Vessel constricts. (c) Intestinal blood vessel
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18. Fig. 45-11 Pathway Example Stimulus Low pH in duodenum S cells of duodenum secrete secretin ( ) Endocrine cell Blood vessel Pancreas Target cells Response Bicarbonate release Negative feedback –
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21. Fig. 45-12-2 Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) Insulin Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into the blood. STIMULUS: Blood glucose level rises. Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen. Blood glucose level declines. Body cells take up more glucose.
32. Fig. 45-17 Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus HORMONE TARGET Posterior pituitary Portal vessels Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary Pituitary hormones Tropic effects only: FSH LH TSH ACTH Nontropic effects only: Prolactin MSH Nontropic and tropic effects: GH Testes or ovaries Thyroid FSH and LH TSH Adrenal cortex Mammary glands ACTH Prolactin MSH GH Melanocytes Liver, bones, other tissues
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36. Fig. 45-20-2 PTH Parathyroid gland (behind thyroid) STIMULUS: Falling blood Ca 2+ level Homeostasis: Blood Ca 2+ level (about 10 mg/100 mL) Blood Ca 2+ level rises. Stimulates Ca 2+ uptake in kidneys Stimulates Ca 2+ release from bones Increases Ca 2+ uptake in intestines Active vitamin D
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39. Fig. 45-21c (b) Long-term stress response Effects of mineralocorticoids: Effects of glucocorticoids: 1. Retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys 2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure 2. Possible suppression of immune system 1. Proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose Adrenal gland Kidney Adrenal cortex
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Editor's Notes
Figure 45.2 Intercellular communication by secreted molecules
Figure 45.3 Hormones differ in form and solubility
Figure 45.5 Receptor location varies with hormone type
Figure 45.5 Receptor location varies with hormone type
Figure 45.8 One hormone, different effects
Figure 45.8 One hormone, different effects
Figure 45.11 A simple endocrine pathway
Figure 45.12 Maintenance of glucose homeostasis by insulin and glucagon
Figure 45.12 Maintenance of glucose homeostasis by insulin and glucagon
Figure 45.10 Major human endocrine glands
Figure 45.14 Endocrine glands in the human brain
Figure 45.15 Production and release of posterior pituitary hormones
Figure 45.17 Production and release of anterior pituitary hormones
Figure 45.20 The roles of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in regulating blood calcium levels in mammals
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