it is bypass cycle of citric acid cycle.
it give the brief description of glyoxylate cycle.
it is the summary of glyoxylate cycle for m.sc, bsc, science students.
it is very important topic for entrance exam of biology stream.
Introduction
History
Experiment of Ramachandran
Structure of protein
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure
Peptide bond is rigid & planar
Torsion angle (Φ and Ψ)
Ramachandran plot
For helices
For β strands
Significance of Ramachandran plot
Conclusion
Reference
This file include these contents:
What is Triacylglycerol
Structure of triacylglycerol
Simple triacylglycerol
Mixed triacylglycerol
Biosynthesis of triacylglycerol
Utilization of triacylglycerol
Properties of triacylglycerol
A series of metabolic reactions by which many different organism utilise fats for the synthesis of carbohydrate
Another Process Involving Glycolytic Enzymes and Metabolites
Anabolic metabolic pathway occurring in plants, and several
microorganisms , fungi not animals.
Occurs in glyoxysome
The enzymes common to the TCA cycle and the glyoxysomes are isoenzymes, one specific to mitochondria and the other to glyoxysomes.
The glyoxylate cycle allows plants to use acetyl-CoA derived from β-oxidation of fatty acids for carbohydrate synthesis (use fats for the synthesis of carbohydrates).
The glyoxylate cycle is a cyclic pathway that result in conversion of 2 carbon fragment of Acetyl CoA TO 4 carbon compound succinate then succinate is covert to oxaloacetate and then glucose involving the reaction of gluconeogenesis
Active sites of the enzyme is that point where substrate molecule bind for the chemical reaction. It is generally found on the surface of enzyme and in some enzyme it is a “Pit” like structure
The active site is a three-dimensional cleft formed by groups that come from different parts of the amino acid sequence
The active site takes up a relatively small part of the total volume of an enzyme
Active sites are clefts or crevices
Substrates are bound to enzymes by multiple weak attractions.
The specificity of binding depends on the precisely defined arrangement of atoms in an active site.
De novo and salvage pathway of nucleotides synthesis.pptx✨M.A kawish Ⓜ️
This slides explains Metabolism topic "De novo and salvage pathway of nucleotides synthesis. In which synthesis of Purines and pyrimidines synthesis has been occurred. In last there is a difference between these two pathways.
polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units.
Cellulose is an important structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants, many forms of algae and the oomycetes. Some species of bacteria secrete it to form biofilms.
Cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth. The cellulose content of cotton fiber is 90%, that of wood is 40–50% and that of dried hemp is approximately 45%.
Cellulose is mainly used to produce paperboard and paper.
Smaller quantities are converted into a wide variety of derivative products such as cellophane and rayon.
Conversion of cellulose from energy crops into biofuels such as cellulosic ethanol is under investigation as an alternative fuel source.
Cellulose for industrial use is mainly obtained from wood pulp and cotton.
Some animals, particularly ruminants and termites, can digest cellulose with the help of symbiotic micro-organisms that live in their guts, such as Trichonympha.
In humans, cellulose acts as a hydrophilic bulking agent for feces and is often referred to as a "dietary fiber".
it is bypass cycle of citric acid cycle.
it give the brief description of glyoxylate cycle.
it is the summary of glyoxylate cycle for m.sc, bsc, science students.
it is very important topic for entrance exam of biology stream.
Introduction
History
Experiment of Ramachandran
Structure of protein
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure
Peptide bond is rigid & planar
Torsion angle (Φ and Ψ)
Ramachandran plot
For helices
For β strands
Significance of Ramachandran plot
Conclusion
Reference
This file include these contents:
What is Triacylglycerol
Structure of triacylglycerol
Simple triacylglycerol
Mixed triacylglycerol
Biosynthesis of triacylglycerol
Utilization of triacylglycerol
Properties of triacylglycerol
A series of metabolic reactions by which many different organism utilise fats for the synthesis of carbohydrate
Another Process Involving Glycolytic Enzymes and Metabolites
Anabolic metabolic pathway occurring in plants, and several
microorganisms , fungi not animals.
Occurs in glyoxysome
The enzymes common to the TCA cycle and the glyoxysomes are isoenzymes, one specific to mitochondria and the other to glyoxysomes.
The glyoxylate cycle allows plants to use acetyl-CoA derived from β-oxidation of fatty acids for carbohydrate synthesis (use fats for the synthesis of carbohydrates).
The glyoxylate cycle is a cyclic pathway that result in conversion of 2 carbon fragment of Acetyl CoA TO 4 carbon compound succinate then succinate is covert to oxaloacetate and then glucose involving the reaction of gluconeogenesis
Active sites of the enzyme is that point where substrate molecule bind for the chemical reaction. It is generally found on the surface of enzyme and in some enzyme it is a “Pit” like structure
The active site is a three-dimensional cleft formed by groups that come from different parts of the amino acid sequence
The active site takes up a relatively small part of the total volume of an enzyme
Active sites are clefts or crevices
Substrates are bound to enzymes by multiple weak attractions.
The specificity of binding depends on the precisely defined arrangement of atoms in an active site.
De novo and salvage pathway of nucleotides synthesis.pptx✨M.A kawish Ⓜ️
This slides explains Metabolism topic "De novo and salvage pathway of nucleotides synthesis. In which synthesis of Purines and pyrimidines synthesis has been occurred. In last there is a difference between these two pathways.
polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units.
Cellulose is an important structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants, many forms of algae and the oomycetes. Some species of bacteria secrete it to form biofilms.
Cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth. The cellulose content of cotton fiber is 90%, that of wood is 40–50% and that of dried hemp is approximately 45%.
Cellulose is mainly used to produce paperboard and paper.
Smaller quantities are converted into a wide variety of derivative products such as cellophane and rayon.
Conversion of cellulose from energy crops into biofuels such as cellulosic ethanol is under investigation as an alternative fuel source.
Cellulose for industrial use is mainly obtained from wood pulp and cotton.
Some animals, particularly ruminants and termites, can digest cellulose with the help of symbiotic micro-organisms that live in their guts, such as Trichonympha.
In humans, cellulose acts as a hydrophilic bulking agent for feces and is often referred to as a "dietary fiber".
This presentation slide is prepared by myself. Information is collected from books, google and other relevant sources. All right reserved my author. Thanks.
Carbohydrate is an organic compound that consists only of carbon (C), hydrogen & oxygen. The primary function of carbohydrates is to provide energy for the body.
Simple carbohydrates have one or two sugar molecules.
Complex carbohydrates have three or more sugar molecules, such as legumes, bread, rice, pasta.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. Polysaccharides
Simply known as glycans.
Consists of repeating units of monosaccharides(hundreds
and thousands) held together by glycosidic bonds.
Linear and branched polymers.
They are primarliy concerned with two important functions-
structural and storage of energy.
3. Types of polysaccharides
Mainly two types :
Homopolysaccharides :
which on hydrolysis yield only a single type of
monosaccharides.
They are named based on the nature of the monosaccharide
unit.
some are serve as the storage forms of monosaccharides that
are used as fuel; starch and glycogen.
some are serve structural element in plant cell walls and
animal exoskeleton ; cellulose and chitin
Heteroplysaccharides :
Which on hydrolysis yield a mixture of a few monosaccharides
or their derivates. E.g
Mucopolysaccharides
Hyluronan
5. Example of homopolysaccharides
Starch:
used for energy storage in plants
complete hydrolysis yields only D-Glucose
Amylose –
composed of continuous, unbranched chains of as many as
4000 D-glucose units joined by alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds
6. Amylopectin –
contains chains of as many as 10,000 D-glucose units joined
by alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds
new chains of 24-30 units are started by alpha-1,6-glycosidic
bonds
7. Glycogen
acts as the energy-reserve carbohydrate for animals
it is branched polysaccharide containing approximately 106
glucose units joined by alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6-glycosidic
bonds
8. Cellulose
most widely distributed plant skeletal polysaccharide
is a linear polysaccharide of D-glucose units joined by beta-
1,4-glycosidic bonds
10. GLUCONEOGENESIS
Synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors.
This pathway shares six enzymes with the Embden-Meyerhof
pathway.
Four reactions are catalyzed by enzymes that are specific for
gluconeogenesis.
Gluconeogenic pathway used in many microorganisms.
Four enzymes catalyzing irrversible reactions that are different
from those found in the Embden-Meyerhof pathway (EMP).
14. Biosynthesis of polysaccharides
Nucleoside diphosphate sugars play a central role in the
synthesis of polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen..
Biosynthesis is not simply a direct reversal of catabolism.
During the synthesis of glycogen and starch in bacteria and
protist, ADP-glucose is formed from glucose-1 phosphate and
ATP.
It then donate glucose to the end of growing glycogen and
starch
ATP + glucose 1-phosphate ADP-glucose + PPi
(glucose)n + ADP -glucose (glucose)n+1 + ADP
16. Plant cell wall
biosynthesis
Plant cell wall is made
of cellulose microfibrils,
which is consisted of
about 36 chains of
cellulose, a polymer of
b(14)glucose.
17. Cellulose biosynthesis
Cellulose is
synthesized by
terminal complexes
or rosettes, consisting
of cellulose synthase
and associated
enzymes.
19. Cellulose synthase
Cellulose synthase has not been isolated in its active
form, but from the hydropathy plots deduced from its
amino acid sequence it was predicted to have eight
transmembrane segments, connected by short loops
on the outside, and several longer loops exposed to the
cytosol.
20. Initiation of new
cellulose chain
synthesis
Glucose is transferred
from UDP-glucose to a
membrane lipid
(probably sitosterol) on
the inner face of the
plasma membrane.
p.776
21. New cellulose
chain synthesis (1)
Intracellular cellulose synthase adds
several more glucose residues to the
first one, in (b14) linkage, forming
a short oligosacchairde chain
attached to the sitosterol (sitosterol
dextrin).
22. New cellulose chain
synthesis (2)
Next, the whole sitosterol dextrin
flips across to the outer face of
the plasma membrane, where
most of the polysaccharide chain
is removed by endo-1,4-b-
glucanase.
23. New cellulose chain
synthesis (3)
The dextrin primer
(removed from
sitosterol by endo-1,4-
b-glucanase) is now
(covalently) attached
to another form of
cellulose synthase.
24. New cellulose chain synthesis (4)
The UDP-glucose used for
cellulose synthesis is
generated from sucrose
produced from
photosynthesis, by the
reaction catalyzed by
sucrose synthase (this
enzyme is wrongly named).
25. New cellulose chain synthesis (5)
The glucose associated
with UDP is a-linked.
Its configuration will be
converted by
glycosyltransferases so the
product (cellulose) is b-
linked.
