An Introduction to Biomes
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Biomes are large ecosystems defined by their climate and organisms. A biome's location is determined by latitude, altitude, and climatic conditions like solar radiation, seasons, atmospheric circulation, and the ratio of precipitation to evaporation. These factors influence biome temperature and precipitation, which act as limiting factors for what types of communities can exist in different parts of the world.
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Different climatic regions of the world
The document identifies and describes the five major climate zones on Earth: tropical, temperate, polar, dry, and highland/mountain. Tropical climates occur near the equator and are characterized by warm, rainy weather year-round with temperatures around 80ยฐF. Temperate climates occur in middle latitudes and have distinct seasons, with warm summers and cold, snowy winters. Polar climates are located near the poles and have extremely cold weather year-round. Dry and highland climates can occur in many latitudes and depend on elevation, with temperatures and plant life varying with altitude.
Atmosphere: Composition and Strucutre
deals with the composition and layered structure of the atmosphere and discusses the temperature profile.
Climatology
Climatology seeks to explain the causes of different climates, their variations, effects on vegetation, and interactions with human societies. It analyzes weather and climate elements. Climate is defined as the weather conditions prevailing in an area over a long period. Weather describes atmospheric conditions at a given time. Climatology examines climate data from ice cores and ocean sediments dating back millions of years. It also studies how climate has changed in recent centuries and decades due to human activities like fossil fuel use and deforestation. Applied climatology explores relationships between climate and other phenomena like agriculture, human health, and industries.
Grassland ecosystem
This document summarizes different types of grassland ecosystems. It describes grasslands as areas dominated by grasses with some scattered trees and shrubs. The two main types are temperate grasslands and savannas. Temperate grasslands receive less rainfall than savannas and have richer soil. The document then discusses the climate, fauna, and locations of several grasslands in Pakistan, including the Deosai Plateau and areas around Babusar Pass and Minimerg valley. These grasslands support diverse wildlife such as bears, snow leopards, and ibex.
Composition and Structure of Atmosphere
The document summarizes the composition and structure of the atmosphere. It is composed of several layers:
1) The troposphere, closest to Earth's surface and containing 75% of the atmosphere's mass. Temperature decreases with altitude.
2) The stratosphere above the troposphere, containing the ozone layer which absorbs UV radiation. Temperature increases with altitude here.
3) The mesosphere where temperature decreases with altitude again.
4) The thermosphere, growing very hot due to solar activity.
5) The exosphere, the uppermost layer where molecules can escape into space.
Biomes
This document provides information about different biomes. It defines a biome as a large ecosystem characterized by a certain climate and type of vegetation. It describes the key characteristics of 8 terrestrial biomes (rainforest, tundra, taiga, desert, temperate deciduous forest, grasslands) and 3 aquatic biomes (marine, oceans, freshwater). It also includes the locations of these biomes around the world and describes the student's chosen terrestrial biome of tropical rainforest and aquatic biome of coral reef in more detail.
Climate
Climate change is evidenced by rising global temperatures and atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases over the last century. Several causes contribute to climate change, with greenhouse gases, chiefly carbon dioxide and methane from human activities like burning fossil fuels and agriculture, accounting for over 90% of current warming. General climate models predict further global temperature increases of 1.4-5.8ยฐC by 2100 depending on emissions scenarios, with effects including more severe droughts that endanger food supply.
Environment and its components,
The document discusses the components of the environment. It is divided into three main sections:
1) The physical component includes abiotic factors like soil, air, water, climate and temperature that determine habitat conditions. It is divided into atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.
2) The biological component contains all living things that interact with the physical environment to form ecosystems. It includes producers, consumers and decomposers.
3) The social component consists of human and animal populations and their social structures and interactions. Humans are social animals that establish laws and policies for societies.
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Different climatic regions of the world
The document identifies and describes the five major climate zones on Earth: tropical, temperate, polar, dry, and highland/mountain. Tropical climates occur near the equator and are characterized by warm, rainy weather year-round with temperatures around 80ยฐF. Temperate climates occur in middle latitudes and have distinct seasons, with warm summers and cold, snowy winters. Polar climates are located near the poles and have extremely cold weather year-round. Dry and highland climates can occur in many latitudes and depend on elevation, with temperatures and plant life varying with altitude.
Atmosphere: Composition and Strucutre
deals with the composition and layered structure of the atmosphere and discusses the temperature profile.
Climatology
Climatology seeks to explain the causes of different climates, their variations, effects on vegetation, and interactions with human societies. It analyzes weather and climate elements. Climate is defined as the weather conditions prevailing in an area over a long period. Weather describes atmospheric conditions at a given time. Climatology examines climate data from ice cores and ocean sediments dating back millions of years. It also studies how climate has changed in recent centuries and decades due to human activities like fossil fuel use and deforestation. Applied climatology explores relationships between climate and other phenomena like agriculture, human health, and industries.
Grassland ecosystem
This document summarizes different types of grassland ecosystems. It describes grasslands as areas dominated by grasses with some scattered trees and shrubs. The two main types are temperate grasslands and savannas. Temperate grasslands receive less rainfall than savannas and have richer soil. The document then discusses the climate, fauna, and locations of several grasslands in Pakistan, including the Deosai Plateau and areas around Babusar Pass and Minimerg valley. These grasslands support diverse wildlife such as bears, snow leopards, and ibex.
Composition and Structure of Atmosphere
The document summarizes the composition and structure of the atmosphere. It is composed of several layers:
1) The troposphere, closest to Earth's surface and containing 75% of the atmosphere's mass. Temperature decreases with altitude.
2) The stratosphere above the troposphere, containing the ozone layer which absorbs UV radiation. Temperature increases with altitude here.
3) The mesosphere where temperature decreases with altitude again.
4) The thermosphere, growing very hot due to solar activity.
5) The exosphere, the uppermost layer where molecules can escape into space.
Biomes
This document provides information about different biomes. It defines a biome as a large ecosystem characterized by a certain climate and type of vegetation. It describes the key characteristics of 8 terrestrial biomes (rainforest, tundra, taiga, desert, temperate deciduous forest, grasslands) and 3 aquatic biomes (marine, oceans, freshwater). It also includes the locations of these biomes around the world and describes the student's chosen terrestrial biome of tropical rainforest and aquatic biome of coral reef in more detail.
Climate
Climate change is evidenced by rising global temperatures and atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases over the last century. Several causes contribute to climate change, with greenhouse gases, chiefly carbon dioxide and methane from human activities like burning fossil fuels and agriculture, accounting for over 90% of current warming. General climate models predict further global temperature increases of 1.4-5.8ยฐC by 2100 depending on emissions scenarios, with effects including more severe droughts that endanger food supply.
Environment and its components,
The document discusses the components of the environment. It is divided into three main sections:
1) The physical component includes abiotic factors like soil, air, water, climate and temperature that determine habitat conditions. It is divided into atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.
2) The biological component contains all living things that interact with the physical environment to form ecosystems. It includes producers, consumers and decomposers.
3) The social component consists of human and animal populations and their social structures and interactions. Humans are social animals that establish laws and policies for societies.
Introduction to Environment Ecology and Ecosystem
Environmental studies is the scientific study of our environment and our place in it. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes both scientific and social aspects of human impact on the world. Environmental studies requires skills from various disciplines like chemistry, biology, earth sciences, and geography. The environment can be divided into four main segments - the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Understanding environmental issues is important for solving problems like pollution, overexploitation of resources, and achieving sustainable development. Public awareness and participation are needed to address environmental degradation.
Climate
Climate refers to average atmospheric conditions over a long period of time, usually 30-35 years, while weather describes short term conditions. The document then discusses key climate elements - temperature, humidity, precipitation, pressure and winds - and how they are influenced by factors like latitude, altitude, and distance from the sea. Coastal areas generally have milder winters and cooler summers than inland areas. Spain has four main climate types - Mediterranean, Continental, Oceanic and Mountain - which are described based on their characteristic temperatures and precipitation patterns.
Environmental factors
Environmental factors that affect ecosystems include edaphic or soil-related factors like soil type, pH, water, and mineral content. Climatic factors such as temperature, rainfall, light intensity, wind, and humidity also impact ecosystems. Biotic or living factors include food sources, competition, predation, parasitism, pollination, seed dispersal, and human activity. Fire can impact ecosystems by affecting plants, soils, water, air, and animals through regeneration, increased fertility, erosion, noxious gases, and particulate matter.
Elements of climate
The document discusses the key elements of climate - solar radiation, long wave radiation, temperature, humidity, wind, and precipitation. It describes the tools used to measure each element, including a pyranometer for solar radiation, pyrgeometer for long wave radiation, mercury thermometer and Stevenson screen for temperature, hygrometers for humidity, cup anemometers and wind vanes for wind, and rain gauges and radar for precipitation. It also analyzes a diagram showing the relationship between temperature, moisture content, and climatic regions from tropics to arctic.
Koppen system
The Kรถppen Climate Classification System categorizes climates into five main groups - A, B, C, D, and E - based on annual and monthly patterns of temperature and precipitation. Group A refers to tropical climates with high temperatures year-round. Group B includes dry climates with low precipitation. Group C covers mild and humid mid-latitude climates. Group D comprises climates with cold winters. Group E represents polar climates with extremely cold temperatures. Each group has several minor subtypes defined by specific characteristics of temperature and rainfall.
Precipitation presentation
Precipitation occurs when moisture in the atmosphere condenses and falls to the surface. The main types of precipitation are rain, snow, hail, fog, dew, mist, glaze, rime, sleet. Precipitation is measured using rain gauges, snow gauges, radars, and satellites. Rain gauges include non-recording and recording types like tipping bucket, weighing, and float gauges. Recording gauges provide rainfall duration and intensity data in addition to total amounts.
Elements of weather and climate
This document discusses weather, climate, and how they are measured. It defines weather as the day-to-day conditions of a place, driven by differences in air pressure, temperature and moisture. Climate is defined as the average weather conditions over many years, usually 30, and is influenced by location. The key elements that make up weather and climate are discussed as temperature, pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation. Weather stations use instruments like hygrometers, rain gauges, barometers and maximum/minimum thermometers to measure these elements.
Grassland Ecosystem
Grassland Ecosystem- As the name implies, grasslands are open spaces in which a variety of grasses grow, with only a few trees scattered near rivers and streams. The amount of annual rainfall influences the type of vegetation โ not enough to support a forest but enough to prevent it from becoming a desert. Grasslands are found on every continent except Antarctica.
Grasslands are known in different regions of the world by different names โ prairies, pampas, steppes, and savannah among others. They are divided into two types โ Tropical and Temperate.
Tundra Ecosystem
The document discusses the tundra ecosystem. Tundra regions are treeless and found in the Arctic and high mountains. They are snow-covered for most of the year until summer. The fauna of tundra have thick fur and fat layers to survive the harsh climate, and include polar bears, snow rabbits, penguins, and bison. Flora is limited to shrubs, sedges, and mosses due to the permanently frozen soil. The average temperature is below 0ยฐC, sometimes dropping as low as -40ยฐC, and snow covers the ground for about 8 months each year. Global warming is dramatically changing the Arctic tundra and stressing its animals.
Climate classification
The document discusses climate classification systems, focusing on the Koeppen system which categorizes climates based on temperature and precipitation patterns. It examines the major climate types like tropical wet/dry, dry, mesothermal, microthermal, and polar climates. The document also covers topics like the hydrologic cycle, soil moisture, groundwater resources, water usage, and potential impacts of climate change.
Types of ecosystem
There are four major types of ecosystems: grassland, forest, aquatic, and desert. Each ecosystem is defined by its biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic factors include living organisms, while abiotic factors include non-living elements like air, soil, water, and sunlight. Ecosystems are classified based on these factors and provide important functions such as purifying water, recycling nutrients, and supporting biodiversity.
Atmosphere environment
ATMOSPHERE ENVIRONMENT
PRESENTORS ::
>> Cuevas, Jennifer
>> Doble, Rogin
>> Gutierrez, Arlene
>> Marasigan, Debie Joy
>> Sibuan, Andrew
The Atmosphere Environment
This chapter discusses:
The significance of the Atmosphere
The composition of the Atmosphere
The layers of the atmosphere
The Atmospheric Circulation
Importance
Atmosphere โ a thin layer of air that forms a protective covering around Earth.
It keeps Earthโs temperature in a range that can support life.
It also care for life-forms from some of the Sunโs harmful rays.
The Composition of Atmosphere
The Atmosphere ** layer of gas that surrounds Earth more commonly known as โairโ.
Atmosphere. How do you know its there
Is this โairโ that surrounds us considered matter? Does it weigh anything? How do you know?
Think about it and decide on an answer.
Talk in groups with the person who sits by you
Be ready to tell the class what you decided and why.
Weight of the atmosphere
Gases are in the atmosphere.
They are things we learned about in the periodic table: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen
It is matter! Sound can travel through it.
Even though you canโt see them, Atoms make up gases.
Are some atoms bigger than others?
Are their atomic weights all the same?
Helium vs. Carbon Dioxide
Do you think of helium as light and floating or heavy and falling?
Do you think about Carbon Dioxide as light and floating or heavy and fallingโฆ.think about the gas released from dry iceโฆ does it go up or down?
Weight of the atmosphere
Gases are in the atmosphere.
They are things we learned about in the periodic table: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen
It is matter! Sound can travel through it.
Even though you canโt see them, Atoms make up gases.
Are some atoms bigger than others?
Are their atomic weights all the same?
Helium vs. Carbon Dioxide
Do you think of helium as light and floating or heavy and falling?
Do you think about Carbon Dioxide as light and floating or heavy and fallingโฆ.think about the gas released from dry iceโฆ does it go up or down?
Weight of the atmosphere
Gases are in the atmosphere.
They are things we learned about in the periodic table: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen
It is matter! Sound can travel through it.
Even though you canโt see them, Atoms make up gases.
Are some atoms bigger than others?
Are their atomic weights all the same?
Helium vs. Carbon Dioxide
Do you think of helium as light and floating or heavy and falling?
Do you think about Carbon Dioxide as light and floating or heavy and fallingโฆ.think about the gas released from dry iceโฆ does it go up or down?
CLIMATIC ZONES
This document discusses three main climatic zones: tropical, equatorial, and temperate. It provides characteristics of each zone. The tropical zone extends from 0-23.5 degrees latitude and has very warm temperatures due to high solar radiation. The subtropics from 23.5-40 degrees receive less moisture and have deserts. The temperate zone from 40-60 degrees has cooler average temperatures and distinct seasons compared to the other zones.
STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE
The document discusses the structure and composition of Earth's atmosphere. It is divided into four layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Each layer has distinct temperature and chemical characteristics. The troposphere contains around 80% of the atmosphere and is where weather occurs. Temperatures decrease with height in the troposphere. The stratosphere has temperatures that increase with height due to ozone absorbing UV radiation. The mesosphere has temperatures that decrease rapidly with no gases to absorb radiation.
Pressure And Winds
1) Global atmospheric circulation patterns are driven by differences in air pressure, temperature, and density that produce wind flows from high to low pressure areas.
2) Major global circulation cells include the Hadley cell and polar cell systems, as well as jet streams and Rossby waves that transport air and influence weather patterns.
3) Local winds form due to differences in land-sea heating and terrain, and include sea/land breezes, downslope/upslope winds, monsoon patterns, and more.
Climate
The document discusses various factors that influence weather and climate:
- Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions over a small area, while climate describes average conditions over a larger area for an extended period.
- Key climate determinants in India include latitude, altitude, pressure systems, distance from the sea, ocean currents, and relief features. The monsoon climate brings seasonal reversal of winds and heavy rainfall to much of the country.
Drought
This document discusses drought, including its types, causes, history, and effects. It defines drought as a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall that results in water shortage. There are three main types of drought: meteorological, relating to low rainfall; hydrological, regarding low water levels in supplies; and agricultural, when not enough water is available for crops. Common causes include deficiencies in rain, soil erosion, global warming, deforestation. India experiences frequent droughts affecting over 70% of its cultivated land. Specific regions that are prone to drought are identified.
Earthโs atmosphere
The document summarizes key information about Earth's atmosphere, including its composition, layers, and importance. It discusses the following main points:
1. Earth's atmosphere is made up primarily of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), along with smaller amounts of other gases like argon, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.
2. The atmosphere is divided into four main layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - which vary in temperature and density.
3. Key functions of the atmosphere include absorbing solar energy, recycling water and chemicals, protecting the planet from radiation, and supporting life on Earth.
Ecosystem concept and types
The document discusses ecosystems, including their structure, functions, and examples. It defines an ecosystem as a natural unit consisting of living and non-living components that interact. The key components are producers, consumers, and decomposers. Food chains and webs show energy transfer between trophic levels, which is typically only 10% efficient. Ecosystems include both natural and man-made examples like forests, grasslands, ponds, oceans, and agricultural fields. Ecological pyramids illustrate the biomass and numbers at each trophic level. Succession over time leads to a stable climax community.
Ecosystem Concepts
The document defines ecology as the scientific study of the interaction between living organisms and their environment. It discusses key concepts in ecology like ecosystems, biotic and abiotic components, energy flow, nutrient cycling, and trophic structure. Some key types of ecosystems mentioned are forests, grasslands, deserts, aquatic, urban, and agricultural ecosystems.
Powerpoint ..biomes
The document summarizes the major terrestrial biomes of the world. It describes the six biomes as: 1) Desert biome, which is characterized by hot and dry climates with less than 10 inches of rain per year. Common plants include cacti and animals have adaptations for heat and lack of water. 2) Tundra biome, which is located north of the Arctic circle and is the coldest biome with less than 25 inches of rain per year. Plants are low growing and animals have thick fur. 3) Taiga biome or boreal forest, located in northern parts of North America, Asia, and Europe. It has long, cold winters and coniferous trees are abundant. 4) Rainforest biome
Intro To Biomes
This document introduces the concept of biomes by defining a biome as a large area with particular plants, animals, weather, and climate. It then asks the reader to consider why a polar bear would not be found in their backyard. The document lists the six major biomes from poles to equator as tundra, taiga, deciduous forest, grasslands, desert, and tropical rainforest. It explains that animals live in specific biomes because they are adapted to the climate and can find food and shelter there.
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Environmental studies is the scientific study of our environment and our place in it. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes both scientific and social aspects of human impact on the world. Environmental studies requires skills from various disciplines like chemistry, biology, earth sciences, and geography. The environment can be divided into four main segments - the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Understanding environmental issues is important for solving problems like pollution, overexploitation of resources, and achieving sustainable development. Public awareness and participation are needed to address environmental degradation.
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Climate refers to average atmospheric conditions over a long period of time, usually 30-35 years, while weather describes short term conditions. The document then discusses key climate elements - temperature, humidity, precipitation, pressure and winds - and how they are influenced by factors like latitude, altitude, and distance from the sea. Coastal areas generally have milder winters and cooler summers than inland areas. Spain has four main climate types - Mediterranean, Continental, Oceanic and Mountain - which are described based on their characteristic temperatures and precipitation patterns.
Environmental factors
Environmental factors that affect ecosystems include edaphic or soil-related factors like soil type, pH, water, and mineral content. Climatic factors such as temperature, rainfall, light intensity, wind, and humidity also impact ecosystems. Biotic or living factors include food sources, competition, predation, parasitism, pollination, seed dispersal, and human activity. Fire can impact ecosystems by affecting plants, soils, water, air, and animals through regeneration, increased fertility, erosion, noxious gases, and particulate matter.
Elements of climate
The document discusses the key elements of climate - solar radiation, long wave radiation, temperature, humidity, wind, and precipitation. It describes the tools used to measure each element, including a pyranometer for solar radiation, pyrgeometer for long wave radiation, mercury thermometer and Stevenson screen for temperature, hygrometers for humidity, cup anemometers and wind vanes for wind, and rain gauges and radar for precipitation. It also analyzes a diagram showing the relationship between temperature, moisture content, and climatic regions from tropics to arctic.
Koppen system
The Kรถppen Climate Classification System categorizes climates into five main groups - A, B, C, D, and E - based on annual and monthly patterns of temperature and precipitation. Group A refers to tropical climates with high temperatures year-round. Group B includes dry climates with low precipitation. Group C covers mild and humid mid-latitude climates. Group D comprises climates with cold winters. Group E represents polar climates with extremely cold temperatures. Each group has several minor subtypes defined by specific characteristics of temperature and rainfall.
Precipitation presentation
Precipitation occurs when moisture in the atmosphere condenses and falls to the surface. The main types of precipitation are rain, snow, hail, fog, dew, mist, glaze, rime, sleet. Precipitation is measured using rain gauges, snow gauges, radars, and satellites. Rain gauges include non-recording and recording types like tipping bucket, weighing, and float gauges. Recording gauges provide rainfall duration and intensity data in addition to total amounts.
Elements of weather and climate
This document discusses weather, climate, and how they are measured. It defines weather as the day-to-day conditions of a place, driven by differences in air pressure, temperature and moisture. Climate is defined as the average weather conditions over many years, usually 30, and is influenced by location. The key elements that make up weather and climate are discussed as temperature, pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation. Weather stations use instruments like hygrometers, rain gauges, barometers and maximum/minimum thermometers to measure these elements.
Grassland Ecosystem
Grassland Ecosystem- As the name implies, grasslands are open spaces in which a variety of grasses grow, with only a few trees scattered near rivers and streams. The amount of annual rainfall influences the type of vegetation โ not enough to support a forest but enough to prevent it from becoming a desert. Grasslands are found on every continent except Antarctica.
Grasslands are known in different regions of the world by different names โ prairies, pampas, steppes, and savannah among others. They are divided into two types โ Tropical and Temperate.
Tundra Ecosystem
The document discusses the tundra ecosystem. Tundra regions are treeless and found in the Arctic and high mountains. They are snow-covered for most of the year until summer. The fauna of tundra have thick fur and fat layers to survive the harsh climate, and include polar bears, snow rabbits, penguins, and bison. Flora is limited to shrubs, sedges, and mosses due to the permanently frozen soil. The average temperature is below 0ยฐC, sometimes dropping as low as -40ยฐC, and snow covers the ground for about 8 months each year. Global warming is dramatically changing the Arctic tundra and stressing its animals.
Climate classification
The document discusses climate classification systems, focusing on the Koeppen system which categorizes climates based on temperature and precipitation patterns. It examines the major climate types like tropical wet/dry, dry, mesothermal, microthermal, and polar climates. The document also covers topics like the hydrologic cycle, soil moisture, groundwater resources, water usage, and potential impacts of climate change.
Types of ecosystem
There are four major types of ecosystems: grassland, forest, aquatic, and desert. Each ecosystem is defined by its biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic factors include living organisms, while abiotic factors include non-living elements like air, soil, water, and sunlight. Ecosystems are classified based on these factors and provide important functions such as purifying water, recycling nutrients, and supporting biodiversity.
Atmosphere environment
ATMOSPHERE ENVIRONMENT
PRESENTORS ::
>> Cuevas, Jennifer
>> Doble, Rogin
>> Gutierrez, Arlene
>> Marasigan, Debie Joy
>> Sibuan, Andrew
The Atmosphere Environment
This chapter discusses:
The significance of the Atmosphere
The composition of the Atmosphere
The layers of the atmosphere
The Atmospheric Circulation
Importance
Atmosphere โ a thin layer of air that forms a protective covering around Earth.
It keeps Earthโs temperature in a range that can support life.
It also care for life-forms from some of the Sunโs harmful rays.
The Composition of Atmosphere
The Atmosphere ** layer of gas that surrounds Earth more commonly known as โairโ.
Atmosphere. How do you know its there
Is this โairโ that surrounds us considered matter? Does it weigh anything? How do you know?
Think about it and decide on an answer.
Talk in groups with the person who sits by you
Be ready to tell the class what you decided and why.
Weight of the atmosphere
Gases are in the atmosphere.
They are things we learned about in the periodic table: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen
It is matter! Sound can travel through it.
Even though you canโt see them, Atoms make up gases.
Are some atoms bigger than others?
Are their atomic weights all the same?
Helium vs. Carbon Dioxide
Do you think of helium as light and floating or heavy and falling?
Do you think about Carbon Dioxide as light and floating or heavy and fallingโฆ.think about the gas released from dry iceโฆ does it go up or down?
Weight of the atmosphere
Gases are in the atmosphere.
They are things we learned about in the periodic table: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen
It is matter! Sound can travel through it.
Even though you canโt see them, Atoms make up gases.
Are some atoms bigger than others?
Are their atomic weights all the same?
Helium vs. Carbon Dioxide
Do you think of helium as light and floating or heavy and falling?
Do you think about Carbon Dioxide as light and floating or heavy and fallingโฆ.think about the gas released from dry iceโฆ does it go up or down?
Weight of the atmosphere
Gases are in the atmosphere.
They are things we learned about in the periodic table: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen
It is matter! Sound can travel through it.
Even though you canโt see them, Atoms make up gases.
Are some atoms bigger than others?
Are their atomic weights all the same?
Helium vs. Carbon Dioxide
Do you think of helium as light and floating or heavy and falling?
Do you think about Carbon Dioxide as light and floating or heavy and fallingโฆ.think about the gas released from dry iceโฆ does it go up or down?
CLIMATIC ZONES
This document discusses three main climatic zones: tropical, equatorial, and temperate. It provides characteristics of each zone. The tropical zone extends from 0-23.5 degrees latitude and has very warm temperatures due to high solar radiation. The subtropics from 23.5-40 degrees receive less moisture and have deserts. The temperate zone from 40-60 degrees has cooler average temperatures and distinct seasons compared to the other zones.
STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE
The document discusses the structure and composition of Earth's atmosphere. It is divided into four layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Each layer has distinct temperature and chemical characteristics. The troposphere contains around 80% of the atmosphere and is where weather occurs. Temperatures decrease with height in the troposphere. The stratosphere has temperatures that increase with height due to ozone absorbing UV radiation. The mesosphere has temperatures that decrease rapidly with no gases to absorb radiation.
Pressure And Winds
1) Global atmospheric circulation patterns are driven by differences in air pressure, temperature, and density that produce wind flows from high to low pressure areas.
2) Major global circulation cells include the Hadley cell and polar cell systems, as well as jet streams and Rossby waves that transport air and influence weather patterns.
3) Local winds form due to differences in land-sea heating and terrain, and include sea/land breezes, downslope/upslope winds, monsoon patterns, and more.
Climate
The document discusses various factors that influence weather and climate:
- Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions over a small area, while climate describes average conditions over a larger area for an extended period.
- Key climate determinants in India include latitude, altitude, pressure systems, distance from the sea, ocean currents, and relief features. The monsoon climate brings seasonal reversal of winds and heavy rainfall to much of the country.
Drought
This document discusses drought, including its types, causes, history, and effects. It defines drought as a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall that results in water shortage. There are three main types of drought: meteorological, relating to low rainfall; hydrological, regarding low water levels in supplies; and agricultural, when not enough water is available for crops. Common causes include deficiencies in rain, soil erosion, global warming, deforestation. India experiences frequent droughts affecting over 70% of its cultivated land. Specific regions that are prone to drought are identified.
Earthโs atmosphere
The document summarizes key information about Earth's atmosphere, including its composition, layers, and importance. It discusses the following main points:
1. Earth's atmosphere is made up primarily of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), along with smaller amounts of other gases like argon, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.
2. The atmosphere is divided into four main layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - which vary in temperature and density.
3. Key functions of the atmosphere include absorbing solar energy, recycling water and chemicals, protecting the planet from radiation, and supporting life on Earth.
Ecosystem concept and types
The document discusses ecosystems, including their structure, functions, and examples. It defines an ecosystem as a natural unit consisting of living and non-living components that interact. The key components are producers, consumers, and decomposers. Food chains and webs show energy transfer between trophic levels, which is typically only 10% efficient. Ecosystems include both natural and man-made examples like forests, grasslands, ponds, oceans, and agricultural fields. Ecological pyramids illustrate the biomass and numbers at each trophic level. Succession over time leads to a stable climax community.
Ecosystem Concepts
The document defines ecology as the scientific study of the interaction between living organisms and their environment. It discusses key concepts in ecology like ecosystems, biotic and abiotic components, energy flow, nutrient cycling, and trophic structure. Some key types of ecosystems mentioned are forests, grasslands, deserts, aquatic, urban, and agricultural ecosystems.
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The document summarizes the major terrestrial biomes of the world. It describes the six biomes as: 1) Desert biome, which is characterized by hot and dry climates with less than 10 inches of rain per year. Common plants include cacti and animals have adaptations for heat and lack of water. 2) Tundra biome, which is located north of the Arctic circle and is the coldest biome with less than 25 inches of rain per year. Plants are low growing and animals have thick fur. 3) Taiga biome or boreal forest, located in northern parts of North America, Asia, and Europe. It has long, cold winters and coniferous trees are abundant. 4) Rainforest biome
Intro To Biomes
This document introduces the concept of biomes by defining a biome as a large area with particular plants, animals, weather, and climate. It then asks the reader to consider why a polar bear would not be found in their backyard. The document lists the six major biomes from poles to equator as tundra, taiga, deciduous forest, grasslands, desert, and tropical rainforest. It explains that animals live in specific biomes because they are adapted to the climate and can find food and shelter there.
Summary of topic 2.4
The document discusses biomes and the factors that determine different biome types. It explains that the three main determining factors for biomes are the amount of water (rainfall), amount of sunlight (insolation), and temperature. These factors affect photosynthesis and net primary productivity, which then determines the location and composition of different biomes. The document provides descriptions of several biomes including tropical rainforest, savanna, temperate deciduous forest, grassland, cold desert, and tundra. It also introduces the tri-cellular model of atmospheric circulation that helps explain the global distribution of biomes.
Marine biome
The document discusses the marine biome, including estuaries like Elkhorn Slough, coral reefs, oceans and ocean zones. It explores how the marine biome affects life on Earth through water, heat and oxygen. It also addresses issues facing the marine biome.
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Biomes, ecosystems and habitats quiz 1
The document discusses biomes, ecosystems, habitats, and rainforests. It defines biomes as large geographic regions with distinct plant and animal types adapted to the climate. Ecosystems are composed of living and non-living things that interact in an area. Rainforests are located within the Tropics and have high rainfall, temperatures around 30ยฐC, and soil that is shallow, acidic, and nutrient-poor. They contain 75% of the world's species and half of all animal species, with three canopy layers - emergent, canopy, and understory. Rainforests are important because they produce oxygen, store carbon, regulate weather, and contain substances that can be used for medicine. However, they are
A Call for Unity
This document is a call for unity in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963 regarding racial issues from eight religious leaders. It makes three main points:
1) The leaders previously urged peaceful obedience of court decisions on racial matters and recognize some increased willingness to address racial problems.
2) They see the current demonstrations led by outsiders as unwise and believe issues are best addressed by local leaders through open negotiation.
3) The leaders appeal to the white and black communities to observe law and order through the courts and negotiations rather than in the streets, and to withdraw support from the demonstrations.
Controlled assessment - Data Analysis
The document provides guidance on analyzing data from a study of the Lung Hang River. It instructs the reader to:
1) Initially describe the relationship shown in the data set and whether it supports the hypothesis. Explain the reason for this relationship based on previous research.
2) Note any anomalies or limitations present in the data collection.
3) Check that the analysis describes what the data shows, explains the patterns found, links the explanations to theory, compares different results, and draws an overall conclusion.
Global ecology
The document discusses various climate groups and biomes. It begins by defining climate and weather, noting that climate refers to long-term atmospheric conditions and patterns that determine the types of ecosystems in a region. It then describes three major climate groups (low, mid, and high latitudes), providing details on representative climates and biomes within each group, such as tropical rainforests, grasslands, and tundra. Climate is the dominant factor controlling global patterns of biomes.
Collaborative work skills self assessment sheet
This document contains a self-assessment sheet for evaluating collaborative work skills. It includes categories for contributions, time management, focus on task, problem solving, preparedness, monitoring group effectiveness, and working with others. For each category, it provides ratings from 1-4, with descriptions of effective, usually effective, sometimes effective, and rarely effective behaviors. At the end, it prompts the person to identify an area they want to focus on developing and why.
Task dispositions
The document describes six task dispositions or roles that individuals may take on during collaboration: polisher, reality maker, out-of-the-boxer, chair, evaluator, and shaper. For each disposition, it provides a brief description of the role and an example quote illustrating that role. The polisher refines ideas with attention to detail, the reality maker shapes ideas toward the end product, and the out-of-the-boxer is innovative and creative. The chair motivates the group and manages time and resources, while the evaluator provides critical feedback and the shaper builds on others' ideas. The specialist contributes specialized skills and knowledge.
Controlled assessment - Data Presentation
This document provides guidance for students presenting data on changes in river channel characteristics from the upper to lower course. It outlines hypotheses about how channel size, efficiency, and gradient will change downstream and lists essential graphs to include, such as cross-sectional area, efficiency, and gradient over 12 sites. Students are instructed to draw cross-sections to scale for their 4 sites and include photos and text to make the cross-sections more sophisticated. Examples of student cross-sections are shown. The document also provides examples of bar, line, and scatter graphs to present trends in cross-sectional area, efficiency, velocity, and gradient downstream.
The Treaty of Versailles
The document discusses the Treaty of Versailles signed after World War 1. It examines what each of the Big Three allied leaders - Lloyd George of Britain, Clemenceau of France, and Wilson of the US - wanted to achieve from the peace treaty with Germany. Lloyd George wanted just punishment for Germany but not too harsh, while also weakening Germany's military. Clemenceau wanted to severely weaken Germany to prevent future threats. Wilson wanted a fair treaty and the establishment of the League of Nations to promote peace. The document goes on to outline some of the key terms imposed on Germany by the Treaty.
Molecular ecology lecture
The document discusses using genetic techniques like PCR, PCR-RFLP, microsatellites, and gene sequencing to study behavior, species identification, and population sizes in various organisms like parasitoid wasps and grizzly bears. It also examines reproductive behaviors like lekking in buff-breasted sandpipers and monogamy versus polygamy in blue and great tits. Population size and evidence of bottlenecks are investigated using Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium calculations on microsatellite data from Joshua tree populations.
Germany pre 1918 & the end of WW1
This document provides background information on Germany before World War 1. It begins with learning objectives about understanding keywords related to pre-WW1 Germany and identifying the key characteristics of the German nation and Kaiser Wilhelm. It then provides context on the creation of a unified German state in 1871 and the rise of Kaiser Wilhelm II to power in 1888. Students are tasked with researching why Germany was a great nation before 1914 based on factors like industry, education, and empire. They are also assigned to write a profile of Kaiser Wilhelm II as a secret agent, covering his background, qualities, and leadership style.
The German Revolution 1918
The document discusses the factors that led to the 1918 revolution in Germany. It describes how Germans initially supported World War 1 but became disillusioned as the war dragged on. The blockade imposed severe food shortages and high casualties damaged morale. Soaring war expenditures also strained the economy. Growing unrest over these hardships caused by the war eventually sparked the revolution in late 1918 that overthrew the Kaiser.
Germany at War the Home Front
Nazi Germany was greatly impacted by World War 2:
- Life on the German home front changed drastically from 1938-1945 as the war progressed and more resources were devoted to the war effort.
- Women increasingly took over roles traditionally held by men who were fighting in the war, as the Nazi government promoted a message of German women supporting the war through work.
- The daily lives of many German citizens were disrupted by shortages of food and goods, increased propaganda promoting sacrifice for the war, and disruption or loss of family members at the front.
Weimar Constitution
The Weimar Republic was Germany's first attempt at a democratic government after World War 1. It had both strengths and weaknesses in its constitution. A key strength was that it guaranteed basic civil liberties to citizens, but a major weakness was that it used a proportional representation system that often led to unstable coalition governments. The presidential powers under Article 48 to rule by decree in emergencies also weakened the republic by paving the way for dictatorship. Overall, while an improvement on the previous system, weaknesses in its governance structure made the Weimar Republic vulnerable from the start.
Politics of the Weimar Republic
This document provides information about politics in Weimar Germany after World War 1. It explains that Germany transitioned from an autocratic monarchy to a parliamentary democracy under the new Weimar Constitution. The largest early political party was the Social Democratic Party, and its leader Friedrich Ebert became the first president. However, some Germans, particularly on the right wing, rejected the armistice and blamed domestic politicians for 'stabbing Germany in the back', believing the country had not truly lost the war. The document also outlines the different areas of the political spectrum in Weimar Germany.
The Recovery Years - Gustav Stresemann Part 2
The document discusses the work of Gustav Stresemann and the recovery of Germany under his leadership after 1923. It provides information on several economic plans and international agreements Stresemann implemented that helped stabilize Germany, such as the Dawes Plan in 1924 and the Locarno Treaties in 1925. However, it also notes ongoing economic and political problems, including high unemployment, the rise of the Nazis and Communists, and some opposition to Stresemann's foreign policies. The document examines achievements and challenges during Stresemann's chancellorship and aims to evaluate how fully the Weimar Republic recovered during this time period.
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Global Ecology Powerpoint Template - templatesforpowerpoint.com/
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Tropical rainforest biomes
The tropical rainforest is a hot, moist biome where it rains all year long. It is known for its dense canopies of vegetation that form three different layers. The top layer or canopy contains giant trees that grow to heights of 75 m (about 250 ft) or more.
Ecology part 1
Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments, focusing on energy transfer. The environment consists of biotic factors like other living organisms and abiotic factors like temperature, soil, sunlight, and water. Together biotic and abiotic factors define an organism's habitat and niche, where its niche represents its ecological role. Climate and weather patterns are influenced by factors like the Earth's rotation and tilt, which help define global patterns of biomes and influence local ecosystems.
Sustainable Biomes.pptx
The document discusses sustainable biomes and how human activity has led to significant changes in Earth's biomes over the past 300 years. It notes that over half of the world's livable land area has been converted from natural biomes like forests and grasslands to farmland and housing to support human needs. This conversion of biomes is still expanding and has caused more environmental change than any other period in Earth's history. The document also explores how biomes produce resources humans rely on and examines issues like sustainability and food security as human populations increase.
ECOSYSTEM.pptx
An ecosystem consists of biotic and abiotic components that interact. Biotic components are living organisms like plants, animals and microbes. Abiotic components are non-living physical factors like soil, water, sunlight and temperature. Within an ecosystem, organisms fill different roles - producers generate food, consumers feed on other organisms or food, and decomposers break down dead matter. Ecosystems can vary in size from small like a puddle to very large like a desert, and are shaped by abiotic factors such as climate, physiographic features, and atmospheric gases.
Lesson 1 powerpoint 304
This document presents information on biomes and ecological hierarchies. It discusses how climate, particularly precipitation and temperature, determines the types of plants and animals that can survive in different regions. These regions with similar climates are known as biomes, such as tropical rainforests, savannas, temperate forests, deserts, and tundra. Each biome is explored in terms of its climate, characteristic plants and animals, and how those organisms have adapted to the biome. Ecological succession and how human activities can impact biome succession are also covered.
Copy of Unit 6 Notes 1_ Climate_Biomes_Energy (1).pptx
Soil is important as it provides nutrients for plant growth, acts as a habitat for many organisms, and stores water for plants. Soil quality depends on factors like its nutrient content, texture, and ability to retain water. Threats to soil include erosion from overgrazing, poor farming practices, and damage from human activities, which can lead to soil degradation and loss of fertile land. Conservation methods aim to protect soil quality and prevent erosion, such as contour plowing, terracing, no-till farming, crop rotation, use of windbreaks, and controlling water runoff. The type of soil that forms is influenced by properties of the parent rock material and climatic factors like temperature and precipitation.
Climate
The document describes the local climate conditions and asks a series of questions about temperature, precipitation, snowfall, and factors that affect climate where the reader lives. It asks when the lowest and highest temperatures occur, how often it rains versus snows, and the heaviest snowfall remembered. It also asks the reader to define predation and competition based on their own experiences and give examples of each.
Biology205 exam1 review
1) Ecology is the study of interactions among living things and their environments. It examines how organisms interact with each other and their environment as well as how these interactions shape the natural world.
2) Key climate factors that influence biomes include temperature, rainfall, and seasons. Variation in solar energy receipt due to the earth's spherical shape and tilted axis drive atmospheric circulation patterns and resulting climate differences that determine different biomes.
3) The major biomes include tropical rainforests, temperate forests, grasslands, deserts, and tundra, each adapted to different climatic conditions including temperature and precipitation.
Unit 15b Biosphere climate and biomes
The document discusses the biosphere and climate. The biosphere includes all ecosystems and living things on Earth. Climate is the long-term weather patterns of a region, determined by factors like temperature, sunlight, and wind. Earth has six major biomes defined by climate, including tropical rainforests, grasslands, deserts, temperate forests, taiga, and tundra.
PPT FOR TROPICAL ECOLOGY.pptx
Climatic factors like the greenhouse effect, latitude, wind and ocean currents affect Earth's climate by influencing temperature and precipitation patterns. Edaphic or soil-related factors such as texture, nutrients, pH and organic matter also impact ecosystems. Geomorphic processes including weathering, erosion, deposition and tectonic events shape landforms. Hydrology describes the movement and distribution of water across the planet. Ecologists study relationships at different levels from individuals to species to communities and ecosystems, as well as biodiversity in genetics, species and ecosystems.
Environment
The document discusses key concepts relating to the environment and ecosystems. It covers different environmental factors like climate, elevation, depth and moisture levels. It also describes ecosystem components like producers, consumers, food chains and food webs. Biogeography and how limiting factors influence species distribution is summarized. Different life habitats based on location and environment are outlined. Components of the atmosphere like its composition and circulation patterns are briefly covered.
MENAKA PPT PN ENVIRONMENT : TO KNOW ABOUT THE SURRENDERING
The document provides information on different types of environments and ecosystems. It begins with defining the natural environment as consisting of land, water, air, plants and animals. It then describes different ecosystem types, including terrestrial (forest, grassland, tundra, desert) and aquatic (freshwater, marine). For each ecosystem type, it provides one or two defining characteristics. Finally, it defines the human environment as the physical, social and economic factors that determine living conditions for those affected by human activities.
menaka PPT ON ENVIRONMENT AND ITS COMPONENTS
The document provides information on different types of ecosystems. It begins by defining biotic and abiotic factors, explaining that biotic factors refer to living organisms and biotic factors refer to non-living environmental components. It then discusses various natural environment components including the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. The document defines an ecosystem as a community of lifeforms interacting with each other and their physical environment. It identifies two main ecosystem types - terrestrial and aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems discussed include forests, grasslands, tundras and deserts. Aquatic ecosystems include freshwater and marine ecosystems. The document concludes with a definition of human environment.
Intro to ecology part 1
The document discusses key concepts in ecology including biotic and abiotic factors, temperature ranges that support life, adaptations organisms have made to extreme environments, soil characteristics, sunlight, water, wind, and severe environmental disturbances. It also defines ecological terms like habitat, niche, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere, limiting factors, climate zones, and the Coriolis effect.
Biology 205 3
The document discusses the major biomes on land, including tropical rainforests, tropical dry forests, tropical savannas, deserts, temperate woodlands/shrublands, temperate grasslands, temperate forests, boreal forests, tundra, and mountains. Each biome is characterized by distinct climatic factors such as temperature and precipitation patterns that support particular plant and animal life adapted to those environmental conditions. The document emphasizes how variation in solar radiation distribution due to the earth's spherical shape and axial tilt produces the different climate zones that define terrestrial biomes globally.
Ecosystems of Pakistan and World
The document discusses different types of ecosystems. It begins by defining ecosystem and its biotic and abiotic components. It then describes 7 main types of ecosystems - terrestrial, forest, desert, grassland, aquatic, mountain and marine ecosystems. For each ecosystem type, it provides details on their characteristic features, climatic conditions and examples.
Chapter no 1 introduction. environmental chemistry
The document provides an introduction to environmental chemistry. It discusses the objectives of studying environmental chemistry and defines key terms like environment, environmental chemistry, and the components of the environment. It then covers various types of pollution like water, air, soil, noise, radioactive, and thermal pollution. It also discusses the impacts of modern lifestyle on environmental quality, including increased resource use, pollution, deforestation, and water degradation.
Ecosystems
Ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. An ecosystem is a community of interdependent organisms and their environment, and can vary in size from a puddle to the ocean. Both abiotic (non-living) factors like temperature, water, and sunlight, and biotic (living) factors like predation influence ecosystems. Desert ecosystems are typically hot and dry with little rainfall, and organisms within them have adaptations for water conservation like waxy leaves or living in burrows.
Climate change and ecosystem
Climate change causes rising temperatures, sea levels, and changes in precipitation patterns that can negatively impact ecosystems. As climates warm and conditions become drier, many species may go extinct as suitable habitats decrease. Ecosystems will be further stressed by more extreme events such as heavier precipitation, ice storms, heat waves, droughts, and hurricanes. These effects of climate change threaten both human and animal habitats.
Types of Ecosystem
This document discusses four major types of ecosystems: forest, desert, grassland, and aquatic. It provides details on the characteristics, components, and examples of each ecosystem type. Forest ecosystems have high rainfall and diversity but are sensitive. Desert ecosystems have low rainfall, high heat, and scarce flora and fauna. Grasslands are dominated by grasses and have marginal rainfall. Aquatic ecosystems have low light, submerged vegetation and soil, and organisms adapted to aquatic life. Examples and functions of each ecosystem type are also outlined.
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Developing a Research Question
The document provides steps to develop a well-focused research question. It instructs readers to choose a topic of interest, describe it in one sentence, study it because they want to find out something specific, convert the statement to a question, evaluate the question, restate it using different terms, review it with teachers, and begin research. The goal is to formulate a clear research question about an issue the reader cares about to guide their project work.
Extended essaytimeline2017 2018
This document outlines the extended essay timeline for students completing their extended essays from 2017 to 2018. It provides key dates for introduction to the extended essay, choosing topics and supervisors, conducting research, writing drafts and reflections, and submitting the final essay. The nature of supervision meetings is also described, which aim to help students develop their research questions and thinking through discussion.
The Death of Lenin
In his final years from 1922 to 1924, Lenin was concerned with the future leadership and direction of communism in Russia. He grew disillusioned with some members of the Communist party and believed Stalin and others were not fit to lead. In 1922, Lenin dictated his "Political Will" document outlining criticisms of key party members and recommending others to succeed him, but it was not published openly. He died in January 1924 after suffering multiple strokes.
New Economic Policy
The document discusses the New Economic Policy (NEP) introduced by Lenin in 1921 in response to economic crisis and opposition in Russia. It provides background on War Communism, the Kronstadt rebellion, and reasons for the NEP. The NEP allowed private enterprise, markets, and a tax on peasant production. It aimed to restore the economy but faced criticism from communists and ideological concerns over private property and capitalism. Overall the sources discuss debates around the success and failure of the NEP in achieving economic recovery while maintaining communist principles.
War Communism Revolts
The document discusses two major revolts against the Bolsheviks in 1921 - the Tambov Rebellion and the Kronstadt Revolt. The Tambov Rebellion was a widespread peasant uprising in response to millions of deaths from starvation under War Communism. The Kronstadt Revolt involved sailors and soldiers rebelling against compulsory labor and the replacement of soviet influence with the Vesenkha ministry. The Politburo anticipated the rebels would be unhappy about political oppression, economic misery, and witnessing the dire situation in cities like Petrograd. After defeating an initial attack, Trotsky mobilized over 60,000 troops equipped with artillery to put down the Kronstadt Revolt over almost three weeks of fighting, executing around
War Communism
War Communism was introduced by the Bolshevik government during the Russian Civil War to help fight against opposing forces and take control of industry and food production. It involved the nationalization of factories, mines, and railways as well as forced grain requisitioning from peasants using violence and arrest. However, it failed as peasants hid grain and food shortages led to a severe famine in 1921 that killed millions. War communism damaged the economy and led to unrest, forcing the Bolsheviks to transition to the New Economic Policy.
Civil War in Russia - Why the Red Won
Here is a paragraph analyzing Trotsky's role in the Russian Civil War:
Trotsky played an extremely important role in the Bolshevik victory in the Civil War, as evidenced by the sources in the document "Trotsky and the Civil War." As People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, Trotsky was responsible for organizing and leading the Red Army. He introduced conscription, established a communist political department within the army to ensure soldiers' loyalty, and divided the army into mobile units that could be rapidly deployed to counter White threats. Trotsky also showed great skill as a military strategist, directing the Red Army to defeat the larger and better equipped forces of Denikin, Kolchak, and Yudenich. Through his leadership and
Civil War in Russia
The document discusses the Russian Civil War that took place after the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia from 1917-1922. It provides background information on key terms, events, and figures involved in the civil war. It then examines the impact of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed in 1918, which required Russia to cede significant territory and resources to the German Empire, contributing to economic and political instability in Russia and opposition to the Bolshevik government. This further exacerbated other ongoing issues including foreign intervention, opposition to Bolshevik rule, and food shortages, leading to escalating conflict between the Bolshevik Red Army and opposing White forces.
The Bolshevik Consolidation of Power
The document summarizes key decisions made by Lenin and the Bolsheviks to consolidate power in Russia after the October Revolution in 1917. These included forming an exclusively Bolshevik government called Sovnarkom instead of ruling through the Soviet congress; banning opposition press and political parties like the Kadets; refusing to include other socialist parties in government despite pressure; implementing the decree on land to redistribute estates to peasants; granting workers control of factories; recognizing rights of national minorities; and accepting the punitive Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to exit World War I. These moves helped the Bolsheviks establish sole control over the government but also sparked opposition and protests.
The Provisional Government
The Provisional Government that ruled Russia after the February Revolution faced several weaknesses and mistakes that undermined its authority. It lacked a strong power base since it had simply assumed leadership without a popular mandate. It was also unable to resolve important issues like land reform in a timely manner. Additionally, the Provisional Government struggled to end Russian participation in World War I as desired by the Petrograd Soviet, which exercised power through the Bolshevik-controlled Red Guards. Several crises, like the June offensive and Kornilov Affair, further weakened the Provisional Government and strengthened the Bolsheviks.
The Provisional Government
The Provisional Government that ruled Russia after the February Revolution faced several weaknesses and mistakes that undermined its authority. It lacked a strong power base since it had simply assumed leadership without a popular mandate. It was also unable to resolve important issues like land reform in a timely manner. Additionally, the Provisional Government struggled to end Russia's involvement in World War I as it relied on allies for loans. Meanwhile, the Petrograd Soviet exercised power through its workers' councils despite having no constitutional authority. These issues, along with military defeats, allowed the Bolsheviks to gain popularity by demanding peace and Soviet rule.
The February Revolution
The February Revolution of 1917 in Russia was caused by widespread dissatisfaction with World War I and Tsar Nicholas II's autocratic rule. Major factors included heavy losses and poor conditions for Russian soldiers, food and fuel shortages exacerbated by harsh winter weather, and growing strikes and protests. On International Women's Day, demonstrations in Petrograd swelled to over 90,000 protesters demanding bread and an end to the war. The Tsar ordered military suppression but the soldiers mutinied, depriving the Tsar of power. Nicholas abdicated on March 2, ending over 300 years of Romanov rule and beginning Russia's transition to a provisional democratic government.
See Think Wonder
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Influence of Rasputin
Rasputin gained influence over Tsarina Alexandra and contributed to political instability through his control over her decisions and appointments of ministers. As an uneducated peasant with questionable personal behavior, Rasputin's prominence in royal circles undermined faith in the Tsar's leadership. His assassination in late 1916 further damaged the reputation of the Romanov dynasty and fueled the growing revolutionary sentiment that would erupt in early 1917.
The Impacts of WW1
World War 1 had devastating impacts on Russia's social, political, and economic structure:
1) Military defeats weakened the Tsar's authority and led to massive casualties totaling over 1.7 million troops killed and 2.5 million captured by 1917.
2) The war effort strained Russia's economy through high spending, inflation, and transportation issues that caused food shortages in cities.
3) Social unrest grew as workers faced declining living standards from inflation, shortages, and loss of life. Over 25% of soldiers went to the front unarmed by 1915.
Women Protest Movement USA
The women's rights movement developed due to growing dissatisfaction among women with traditional gender roles following World War 2. During the war, many women had taken on jobs formerly restricted to men, giving them a taste of independence. However, postwar society encouraged women to return to being homemakers. Over time, factors like higher education rates, more women in the workforce, and new social movements empowered women to demand equal rights and challenge societal expectations. Influential figures like Eleanor Roosevelt and Betty Friedan played key roles in advocating for women's issues and establishing organizations like NOW to advance women's civil rights.
Opposition to women protest movement
The document discusses the development of the women's rights movement in the United States. It provides context on key figures and organizations that advanced women's rights like Betty Friedan, Eleanor Roosevelt, and NOW (National Organization for Women). NOW aimed to achieve equal rights and end discrimination against women. The movement faced opposition from those who wanted to preserve traditional gender roles. A major point of contention was abortion rights and the Supreme Court's 1973 Roe v. Wade decision legalizing abortion nationally. The movement achieved some successes but also faced limitations that prevented goals like passing the Equal Rights Amendment from being fully realized.
Student Protest Movement - Part 2
The document provides background information on the student protest movement of the 1960s. It discusses key events, organizations, and issues that students protested including:
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- Protests against the Vietnam War as many students were drafted to fight. Opposition grew due to the rising death toll and US military tactics.
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Student Protest Movement
There were several key reasons for the growth of student protest movements in the 1960s. Students were dissatisfied with strict social norms and the ongoing Vietnam War. The civil rights movement inspired students to protest for equality and against racism. The emerging counter-culture embraced freedom of expression, music, drugs and sexuality. Rising student populations and expectations of change further fueled demonstrations against the government and universities.
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ุงุช ุชู
ุชูุถูุญูุง ุจุดูู ุชูุตููู ุฌุฏุงู (ุชูุนุชุจุฑ ูุฏู ุงูุทุงูุจ ุฃู ุงูุทุงูุจุฉ ุจุฅููุง ู
ุนููู
ุงุช ู
ูุจูู
ุฉ ูู
ุน ุฐูู ุชู
ุชูุถูุญ ูุฐูู ุงูู
ุนููู
ุงุช ุงูู
ูุจูู
ุฉ ุจุดูู ุชูุตููู ุฌุฏุงู
5- ุงูู
ูุฒู
ุฉ ุชุดุฑุญ ููุณูุง ุจ ููุณูุง ุจุณ ุชููู ุชุนุงู ุงูุฑุงูู
6- ุชุญุชูู ุงูู
ูุฒู
ุฉ ูู ุงูู ุณูุงูุฏ ุนูู ุฎุงุฑุทุฉ ุชุชุถู
ู ุฌู
ูุน ุชูุฑูุนุงุช ู
ุนููู
ุงุช ุงูุฌูุงุฒ ุงูููููู ุงูู
ุฐููุฑุฉ ูู ูุฐูู ุงูู
ูุฒู
ุฉ
ูุงุฎูุฑุงู ูุฐูู ุงูู
ูุฒู
ุฉ ุญูุงูู ุนูููู
ูุฅุชู
ูู ู
ููู
ุฅู ุชุฏุนููู ุจุงูุฎูุฑ ูุงูุตุญุฉ ูุงูุนุงููุฉ ููุท
ูู ุงูุชูููู ุฒู
ูุงุฆู ูุฒู
ููุงุชู ุ ุฒู
ูููู
ู
ุญู
ุฏ ุงูุฐูุจู ๐๐
๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ
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An Introduction to Biomes
- 2. Definition Biomes are similar kinds of ecosystems found around the world; biomes are characterized by their physical conditions (abiotic factors e.g. rainfall and temperature throughout the year) and the communities of organisms that interact in these conditions.
- 3. Where are they located? Play the Game http://www.purposegames.com/game/1445 Extension: What is the difference between a biome, an ecosystem and a habitat
- 4. Where are they located?
- 5. What effects their location? Latitude โข Altitude Climatic Conditions โข Solar radiation โข Effect of seasons โข Atmospheric circulation โข Evaporation
- 10. Limiting factors โ Temperature & Precipitation
- 11. Spot Quiz Wettest place on Earth Hottest place on Earth Driest Place on Earth Coldest place on Earth
- 12. Effects of Evaporation Ratio between Precipitation (P) & Evaporation (E) โข P>E โ Increase leaching and loss of nutrients โข P<E โ Increase in salinity โข P=E โ Soil rich and fertile
- 13. Tundra Temperate Forest Boreal Forest Subtropical Desert Tropical Rain Forest Know your Biome
- 14. Key Learning โข What is a Biome? โข Types of Biomes & their location? โข Factors effecting their distribution? โ Climatic e.g. solar radiation, temperature, rainfall, evaporation โ Terrain Future Learning โ Key characteristics of individual biomes, adaptations, types of productivity (Net, Gross, Primary, Secondary)
Editor's Notes
- What are the key words in this definition? Ecosystem is a community of interdependant organisms and their physical environment that they inhabit
- Play the locator game - http://www.purposegames.com/game/1445
- Play the locator game - http://www.purposegames.com/game/1445
- Main factors are climatic and terrain โ most important are temperature and precipitation
- Precipitation to Evaporation Ratio