1. The document outlines the early stages of animal development from fertilization through gastrulation and organogenesis. It describes the formation of the blastula and gastrula, and the three germ layers that give rise to organs. 2. Morphogenesis and cell differentiation are discussed, involving changes in cell shape, position, and adhesion guided by the extracellular matrix and cell signaling molecules. 3. The role of cytoplasmic determinants in vertebrate eggs in establishing the body axes and cell fates is covered, as well as inductive signals that influence gene expression and lead to structure development.

1. Dr. Chambers Animal Development

2. I. The Stages of Early Development A.Epigenesis -The idea that an animal emerges gradually from a relatively formless egg -Proposed by Aristotle 2,000 years before the idea of preformation embryos within embryos

3. b. Fertilization Acrosomal reaction Sperm+Egg Hydrolytic enzymes digest through material substance of cell Activates egg and brings together the nucleic of sperm and egg Mammalian fertilization- Cortical Reaction hardens a zona as a block to polyspermy Cortical Reaction-Lets only one sperm in and then blocks off

4. C. Cleavage -A period of rapid cell division without growth -Result=blastomeres=large number of cells -Holoblastic Complete division of egg Yolk-rich eggs -Meroblastic Incomplete division of egg Yolk-rich eggs -Creates blastula, a multicellularball, which contains the blastocoel

5. -Rearranges the blastula to form a three-layered embryo with a primitive gut -Transforms blastula into a gastrula -The gastrula contains the archenteron and three embryonic germ layers: the ectoderm, the endoderm, and the mesoderm D. Gastrulation

6. E. Organogenesis -Organs form from the three embryonic layers -Includes: -Formation of the notochord by condensation of dorsal mesoderm -Development of the neural tube from folding of the ectodermal neural plate -Formation of the coelom from splitting of lateral mesoderm

7. -Develop in a fluid-filled sac within a shell or uterus -Meroblastic cleavage in the eggs of birds and reptiles is restricted to a small disc of cytoplasm at the animal pole -The blastodisc forms and begins gastrulation with the formation of the primitive streak. -Three germ layers give rise to the four extraembryonicmembranes:the yolk sac, amnion, chorion, and allantois. -Eggs of placenta mammals=small, store little food, and exhibit holoblasticcleavage w/no obvious polarity -Gastrulation and organogenesis resemble the processes in birds and reptiles F. Amniote Embryos

8. -After fertilization, and early cleavage in the oviduct, the blastocyst implants in the uterus -Trophoblastbegins formation of fetal portion of the placenta -Embryo proper develops from a single layer of cell, the epiblast, within the blastocyst. -Membranes homologous to birds and reptiles function in intrauterine development F. Amniote Embryos cont.

9. II. The Cellular And Molecular Basis of Morphogenesis and Differentiation In Animals A. Morphogenesis Cytoskeletal rearrangements are responsible for changes in both shape and position of cells Involves specific changes in cell shape, position, and adhesion Cell adhesion molecules on cell surfaces are also important for cell migration and for holding cells together in tissues The extracellular matrix provides anchorage for cells and also helps guide migrating cells toward their destinations

10. B. Fate Mapping -Can reveal cell genealogies in chordate embryos -Maps of embryos have shown that specific regions of the zygote or blastula develop into specific parts of older embryos

11. C. Eggs of Vertebrates -Have cytoplasmic determinants that help establish the body axes and differences among cells of the early embryo -Cytoplasmic determinants serve as the basis for setting up differences among parts of the egg -Cells that receive different cytoplasmic determinants undergo different fates

12. -Drive differentiation and pattern formation in vertebrates -In a developing embryo, cells interpret positional info that varies w/ location -Info=form of signal molecules -Special “organizer regions Dorsal lip of the blastopore Apical ectodermal ridge of the vertebrate limb bud -Signal molecules influence gene expression in the cells that take them Leading to differentiation and the development of particular structures D. Inductive Signals