A Bioamplifier is an electrophysiological device, a variation of the instrumentation amplifier, used to gather and increase the signal integrity of physiologic electrical activity for output to various sources. It may be an independent unit, or integrated into the electrodes.
Discussion of Bioelectrodes, types of electrodes, their materials, bio potentials and their electrodes used. Special electrodes and their designs are discussed.
You can learn about Need for bio-amplifier, Frequency range used by animals, human beings and Mammals, BASIC ELECTRONIC RECORDING SYSTEM, Differential Amplifier, DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER IN ECG RECORDING SYSTEM, EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR THE INPUT OF AN ECG AMPLIFIER (OR) IMPEDANCE MATCHING CIRCUIT, Method to increase input impedance, Limitations of differential amplifier, Instrumentation Amplifier, Requirements of a Good Instrumentation Amplifier, Advantages of Three Op-amp Instrumentation Amplifier,RIGHT LEG DRIVEN ECG AMPLIFIER (OR) DRL (DRIVEN RIGHT LEG)
A Bioamplifier is an electrophysiological device, a variation of the instrumentation amplifier, used to gather and increase the signal integrity of physiologic electrical activity for output to various sources. It may be an independent unit, or integrated into the electrodes.
Discussion of Bioelectrodes, types of electrodes, their materials, bio potentials and their electrodes used. Special electrodes and their designs are discussed.
You can learn about Need for bio-amplifier, Frequency range used by animals, human beings and Mammals, BASIC ELECTRONIC RECORDING SYSTEM, Differential Amplifier, DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER IN ECG RECORDING SYSTEM, EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR THE INPUT OF AN ECG AMPLIFIER (OR) IMPEDANCE MATCHING CIRCUIT, Method to increase input impedance, Limitations of differential amplifier, Instrumentation Amplifier, Requirements of a Good Instrumentation Amplifier, Advantages of Three Op-amp Instrumentation Amplifier,RIGHT LEG DRIVEN ECG AMPLIFIER (OR) DRL (DRIVEN RIGHT LEG)
You can learn about Function of Respiratoray System, Types of Respiration Rate Measurement Methods, Displacement Method, Thermistor Method, Impedance Pneumography, CO2 Method, Apnoea Detector, Block Diagram of Apnoea Detecto
A wave analyzer is an instrument designed to measure relative amplitudes of single frequency components in a complex waveform. Basically, a wave instrument acts as a frequency selective voltmeter which is tuned to the frequency of one signal while rejecting all other signal components.
A complete description of including circuit diagram, gain equation, features of Instrumentational amplifier , its working principle, applications, practical circuits, Proteus simulation and conclusion.
Uet, Peshawar Pakistan
Batch-06
1.Bioelectric signals and their characteristics
2.Structure of heart
3.ECG Lead System Configuration
4.ECG Waveform
5.ECG Recording system – Block diagram
6.Analysis of ECG waveform
You can learn about Function of Respiratoray System, Types of Respiration Rate Measurement Methods, Displacement Method, Thermistor Method, Impedance Pneumography, CO2 Method, Apnoea Detector, Block Diagram of Apnoea Detecto
A wave analyzer is an instrument designed to measure relative amplitudes of single frequency components in a complex waveform. Basically, a wave instrument acts as a frequency selective voltmeter which is tuned to the frequency of one signal while rejecting all other signal components.
A complete description of including circuit diagram, gain equation, features of Instrumentational amplifier , its working principle, applications, practical circuits, Proteus simulation and conclusion.
Uet, Peshawar Pakistan
Batch-06
1.Bioelectric signals and their characteristics
2.Structure of heart
3.ECG Lead System Configuration
4.ECG Waveform
5.ECG Recording system – Block diagram
6.Analysis of ECG waveform
Simple Measurement System for Biological Signal Using a Smartphone IJECEIAES
This paper describes simple measurement system for biological signal using smartphone. The proposed system consists of an instrumentation amplifier, a filter and an AC/DC converter. The biological signal is converted to the digital data through the microphone terminal with A/D converter in the smartphone. In many cases, the circuits require the power sources such as the cell batteries, however, the proposed system is supplied the power through the earphone terminal of the smartphone. Therefore, the proposed system no require the batteries. The software of this system parallelizes the processing so that the earphone output and the microphone terminal can be executed at the same time. The proposed system was verified through the measurement of surface electromyogram using discrete parts and iOS. Results of experimentation, the proposed system was operating correctly.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Amplifiers and biopotential amplifiers newM. Raihan
What is Amplifiers?
Classification of Amplifiers
Based on number of stages
Single-stage Amplifier
Based on its output
ased on the input signals
Based on the frequency range
Based on the Coupling method
Based on the Transistor
Configuration
CE amplifier
CC amplifier
Comparaison between CB, CE
and CC Amplifies
Noise in Amplifier
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
Biopotential Amplifiers
Typical bio-amplifier requirements
Voltage and Frequency
Range for Biopotentials
Electrocardiograph Amplifiers
Interference Reduction Techniques
Common emitter amplifier by YEASIN NEWAJYeasinNewaj
This slide has been created for students who are studying electrical engineering and who want to gain knowledge of basic electronics. The topic is COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER OF BJT
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
2. What is Amplifiers?
A n a m p l i f i e r, e l e c t r o n i c a m p l i f i e r o r
( i n f o r m a l l y ) a m p i s a n e l e c t r o n i c
d e v i c e t h a t c a n i n c r e a s e t h e p o w e r
o f a s i g n a l ( a t i m e - v a r y i n g v o l t a g e
o r c u r r e n t ) .
B i o p o t e n t i a l A m p l i f i e r s a l s o c a l l e d B i o -
A m p l i f i e r s a r e s p e c i f i c a l l y d e s i g n e d f o r
p r o c e s s i n g o f B i o - e l e c t r i c s i g n a l s a s t h e y
a r e l o w i n a m p l i t u d e .
3. WHAT IS BIO-AMPLIFIERS?
It is an electrophysiological device, a variation of the
instrumentation amplifier, used to gather and increase the signal
integrityof physiologic electrical activity for output to various
sources. It may be an independent unit, or integrated into the
electrodes.
4. What is Bio-potential
Amplifier?
Amplifiers are an integral part of Electronic
devices and modern Instrumentation for
measuring Bio-potentials. As the name indicates,
Amplifiers are used to increase the signal
strength while maintaining high fidelity.
The measurements include voltages that are at
low levels and high source impedance.
5. Introduction
Bio-electric signals are generally low in amplitude.
Amplifiers that are specifically designed for
processing this type of Bio-potentials are known as
Biopotential Amplifiers.
The outputs from such amplifiers are used for
analysis and they show up as ECG, EMG or other Bio-
electric waveforms. These amplifiers typically process
voltages but in some cases they process current.
6. Introduction
The amplifier provides high impedance, high
CMRR and thereby minimizes loading effects.
This is the vital functionality of Biopotential
Amplifiers. For Biomedical applications, Bio-
amplifiers must meet the below mentioned
requirements in order to work incessantly.
7. Introduction
To measure Biopotential, electrodes are placed
on Human skin as shown in the Fig. 2. The
signals from the Electrodes pass on to the
Amplifier stage. Amplifier helps in minimizing,
eliminating most of the signals interfering with
the measurement of Bio-potentials and final
readout is obtained.
8. Fig. 2 – Schematic Representation of Biopotential Measurement
9. Basic Requirements for
Biopotential Amplifier
High input impedance. Typically, they range between 2
MΩ to 10 MΩ. Greater the impedance value, lower the
distortion of the signal.
Every Bio-amplifier must contain Isolation and
Protection circuits for safety purposes especially to
prevent patients from macro and micro-electric shocks.
Output impedance should be low to drive an external
load with minimal distortion.
Most Biopotential Amplifiers are differential.
10. Basic Requirements for
Biopotential Amplifier
Signals are recorded using bipolar electrodes that are
symmetrically allocated.
CMRR (Common Mode Rejection Ratio) must be high as
they ride on a large offset signal and to reduce
interference from common-mode signals.
The gain must be calibrated for each measurement.
An ideal Bio-amplifier must be free from noise and
distortion.
A constant gain must be maintained throughout the
entire bandwidth range.
11. 1..Thebio lo g ica l a m plifier sho uld ha ve a hig h input
impedance value.
2. .The range of value lies between 2 MΩ and 10 MΩ
depending o n the a pplica tio ns. Hig her im peda nce
value reduces distortion of the signal.
3. .When electrodes pick up biopotentials from the
hum a n bo dy, the input circuit sho uld be pro tected.
4.Every bio- amplifier should consist of isolation and
pro tectio n circuits, to prevent the pa tients
from electrical shocks.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR
BIOLOGICAL AMPLIFIERS
12. WHY IS BIO AMPLIFIER
REQUIRED?
Generally, biological/bioelectric signals have low
amplitude and low frequency. Therefore, to
increase the amplitude level of biosignals
amplifiers are designed.
15. Differential Amplifier
These are used to amplify the
difference between the voltages
applied to its inputs. The circuits are
of two types.
Amplifiers built using Op-Amps.
Amplifiers built using either FET’s
(Field Effect Transistors) or BJT’s
(Bipolar Junction Transistors).
17. Operational Amplifier
These are multistage amplifiers
which are interconnected and
occupies minimal space even
though it consists of many
Transistors, Resistors, and FET’s.
They are available in the form of an
Integrated Circuit (IC).
19. Instrumentation Amplifier
It consists of 3-amplifiers in the circuit. The
input to the amplifier is the output from the
Transducer.
A non-inverting amplifier is connected to
each of the input of the Differential Amplifier.
Non-inverting amplifiers are the ones on the
left side of the diagram.
The non-inverting amplifiers together form
the input of the instrumentation amplifier.
21. Instrumentation Amplifier
The third op-amp is called the difference amplifier and
is the output of the instrumentation amplifier. The
difference between the two input signals forms the
output Vout. V1 and V2 are the inputs to Op-amp 1 and
Op-amp 2 respectively.
A typical application of these amplifiers includes
Biomedical applications such as Biopotential Amplifier.
High gain and high impedance are attained using these
amplifiers which are crucial in medical instruments to
determine the health condition of an individual.
22. INSTRUMENTATION
AMPLIFIER
1.In biomedical applications, high gain and the
high input impedance are attained with an
instrumentation amplifier.
2.Usually, a 3-amplifier setup forms
the instrumentation amplifier circuit.
3.The output from the transducer is given as input
to the instrumentation amplifier.
4.Before the signal goes to the next stage, a
special amplifier is required with high CMRR, high
input
impedance and to avoid loading effects. Such a
special amplifier is an instrumentation amplifier,
25. CHOPPER
AMPLIFIER
Noise and drift are the two major
issues encountered when recording Bio-
potentials. Noise is caused by the
movement of the patient or due to the
recording device.
A DC Amplifier hits a sudden peak in
the output when the input is zero. A
Chopper Amplifier samples the problem
of drift in DC amplifiers.
28. ISOLATION
AMPLIFIER
These are also known as Pre-amplifier isolation circuits. It
provides electrical isolation for the safety of the patient. It
prevents accidental shocks and increases the input impedance
of the patient’s monitoring system.
29. hospital.
1.Isolation amplifiers are known as Pre-
amplifier isolation circuits.
2.An isolation amplifier increases the input
impedance of a patient monitoring system.
3.It also helps to isolate the patient from the
device.
4.Using the isolation amplifier prevents
accidental internal cardiac shock.
5.It provides up to 1012Ω insulation between
the patient and the power line in the
ISOLATION
AMPLIFIER
30.
31.
32. The electrical signals are
obtained with electrodes.
The signals received goes to
the amplifier block, where
signals amplification occurs.
After amplification, the signal
enters the modulation block.
When either it goes to the
isolation barrier, optical cable
or transformer can be used.
Isolation Amplifier
33. If in case of optical cable, modulator output
travels to LED.
The LED converts electrical signals into light
energy.
If the transformer acts an isolation barrier,
modulator output connects the primary winding of
the transformer.
Energy from primary transfers to the secondary
winding based on the mutual induction principle.
At the next stage, secondary output enters the
demodulation block.
Finally, the amplified demodulated signal is
obtained.
Isolation Amplifier
34. Various stages which represents Biopotential Amplifier
is shown in the Fig. 8. The Electrodes (Bipolar) are placed
on the patients skin which provide transition between the
ionic flow of currents in biological tissue and electronic
flow of current in the Amplifier.
The measurement of Bio-potentials is critical and due to
relative movements of electrode and tissue, it gives rise to
electrode offset potential and electrode/tissue
impedance.
Thus, two interference signals are generated which are
successfully eliminated at later stages of the amplification.
How does Biopotential Amplifier Work
35. The signal from the electrodes pass on to the pre-
amplifier stage which helps in minimizing,
eliminating most of the signals interfering with the
measurement of Bio-potentials.
High Pass Filter and Low Pass Filter eliminates
interference signals like electrode Half-cell potentials
and Pre-amplifier offset potentials. It also reduces
noise amplitude. Bio-signal should not be distorted
or attenuated and hence Filters are used.
How does Biopotential
Amplifier Work
36. Fig. 8 – Block Diagram of Stages of
Biopotential Amplifier
37. In the Isolation Amplifier stage, galvanic decoupling of the patient from
the measuring equipment is served. It prevents Galvanic currents from
deteriorating Signal to Noise Ratio and provides safety to the patient from
electrical hazards. Transformer, Optical or Capacitive Couplers are used in
Analog Isolation Amplifiers, to transmit signal through the isolation
barrier. On the other hand, Digital Isolation Amplifiers use Voltage and
frequency converter to digitize the signal before it is transmitted.
Recording of the Bio-potentials in the last stage is done with electrical
systems which produce strong electrical and magnetic fields. Hence the
system is capacitively coupled and the current flows to the ground
electrode.
How does Biopotential
Amplifier Work
38. They are majorly used in medical
instrumentation systems such as ECG, EMG, CT
scan equipment, Patient hospital monitor.
They are also used in Electromyogram
integrator’s, Cardio tachometers, Vector
Cardiograph.
They are used in Bio-telemetry, Holter
Recorder and other devices to determine the
specific health condition of a patient.
Applications of Biopotential Amplifier
39. Monitored to understand heart health.
Displays ECG waveform.
Instrumentation amplifiers give accurate testing and measurement. They do
not require input impedance to be matched. This is the reason for using these
amplifiers for testing and measuring a wide variety of equipment.
Biopotential Amplifiers are very easy to use and stable. These are ideal for
long term usage.
They don’t necessarily depend too much on various factors that influence
the output at the later stages. The Instrumentation Amplifiers work with just
input.
The Biopotential Amplifiers are highly scalable.
Even a small input can be amplified to a greater extent at the input level.
Advantages of Biopotential Amplifier
40. Sometimes, there could be minor
distortion or noise in the output.
The system often depends on
special cables to remove the noise.
Superimposing of original is the only
concern when the noise gets
transmitted for a long-range.
Disadvantages of Biopotential Amplifier