1.Bioelectric signals and their characteristics
2.Structure of heart
3.ECG Lead System Configuration
4.ECG Waveform
5.ECG Recording system – Block diagram
6.Analysis of ECG waveform
Graphic record heart sound - Phonogram.
Recording the sounds connected with the pumping action of heart.
Sound from heart – phonocardiogram
Instrument to measure this – phonocardiograph
Basic function – to pick up the different heart sound,filter the required and display.
1.Bioelectric signals and their characteristics
2.Structure of heart
3.ECG Lead System Configuration
4.ECG Waveform
5.ECG Recording system – Block diagram
6.Analysis of ECG waveform
Graphic record heart sound - Phonogram.
Recording the sounds connected with the pumping action of heart.
Sound from heart – phonocardiogram
Instrument to measure this – phonocardiograph
Basic function – to pick up the different heart sound,filter the required and display.
As per the Syllabus of EC453- Biomedical Instrumentation of the BVM Engineering College, EC Department, the topic -1 slides developed. This is just a basic overview of biomedical instrumentation.
Topic 1 introduction of biomedical instrumentationGhansyam Rathod
Basic Description of the Biomedical Instrumentation subject and basics of the physiological system of human body discussed as per the syllabus of 2EC42 subject offered at Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya, Engineering Autonomous Institution.
Discussion of Bioelectrodes, types of electrodes, their materials, bio potentials and their electrodes used. Special electrodes and their designs are discussed.
ECG machines -Operation and Maintenanceshashi sinha
ECG (or Electrocardiographs) machines are used to monitor the electrical activity of the heart and display it on a small screen or record it on a piece of paper. The recordings are used to diagnose the condition of the heart muscle and its nerve system.
A Bioamplifier is an electrophysiological device, a variation of the instrumentation amplifier, used to gather and increase the signal integrity of physiologic electrical activity for output to various sources. It may be an independent unit, or integrated into the electrodes.
The anatomy of heart, ECG, sensors, transducers, heart sound, blood pressure, blood volume, blood flow, circulatory systems are discussed related to engineering concepts.
As per the Syllabus of EC453- Biomedical Instrumentation of the BVM Engineering College, EC Department, the topic -1 slides developed. This is just a basic overview of biomedical instrumentation.
Topic 1 introduction of biomedical instrumentationGhansyam Rathod
Basic Description of the Biomedical Instrumentation subject and basics of the physiological system of human body discussed as per the syllabus of 2EC42 subject offered at Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya, Engineering Autonomous Institution.
Discussion of Bioelectrodes, types of electrodes, their materials, bio potentials and their electrodes used. Special electrodes and their designs are discussed.
ECG machines -Operation and Maintenanceshashi sinha
ECG (or Electrocardiographs) machines are used to monitor the electrical activity of the heart and display it on a small screen or record it on a piece of paper. The recordings are used to diagnose the condition of the heart muscle and its nerve system.
A Bioamplifier is an electrophysiological device, a variation of the instrumentation amplifier, used to gather and increase the signal integrity of physiologic electrical activity for output to various sources. It may be an independent unit, or integrated into the electrodes.
The anatomy of heart, ECG, sensors, transducers, heart sound, blood pressure, blood volume, blood flow, circulatory systems are discussed related to engineering concepts.
Instruments and equipments are essential for the functioning of any medical laboratory. There should be no confusion with these two terms- equipment and instruments. All instruments are equipment but all equipment but all equipment is not instruments.
Laboratory equipment refers to various tools used by a laboratory worker in a laboratory.
Laboratory equipment is generally used either to perform an experiment or to take measurement and gather data.
“Biomedical engineering is a discipline that
advances knowledge in engineering, biology and medicine, and improves human health through cross-disciplinary activities that integrate the engineering sciences with the biomedical sciences and clinical practice.”
A review on different technical specifications of respiratory rate monitorseSAT Journals
Abstract Respiratory Rate (RR) is a very important physiological parameter to be monitored in both healthy and critical condition, as it gives meaningful information regarding their respiratory system performance as well as condition. Respiratory rate is an important vital sign that can indicate progression of illness but to also predict rapid decline in health. For the purpose, non-invasive monitoring systems are becoming more popular due to the self-evident increase in patient comfort. It can be hard to predict respiratory failure as it can lead to life threatening condition within a short span of time. Thus it necessitates continuous monitoring of respiratory activity and suitable monitoring equipment are developed which could be life-saving. The survey incorporates non-obtrusive strategies and gadgets used to give data about respiratory rate. Many types of respiratory rate monitors have been used for the measurement of the Respiration Rate. This review consists of seven types of Respiration Rate monitors with different sensors. Respiration Rate monitor using Ultrasonic Sensor and Respiration Rate monitor using facial tracking method are the non-contact respiration rate monitoring system. Respiration Rate measurement based on Impedance Pneumography and Respiration Rate measurement are based on the Thoracic Expansion measurement include the sensor that are placed on the thorax. Respiration Rate monitor with MEMS based Capacitive Pressure Sensor, Respiration Rate monitor with temperature sensor, Respiration Rate meter–a low–cost design approach uses sensors that are mounted within the oxygen mask. Thus the Respiratory Rate Monitors discussed in this paper provide optimal result to detect changes in the severity of chronic illnesses. Keywords: Respiratory Rate, RSA, RSS, Doppler Effect, Movement, Respiratory sensor belt.
Lesson 14 digestive, circulatory, lymphatic and respiratory systemNikko Lorenz Lawsin
This presentation contain the components of digestive system, circulatory system, lymphatic system and respiratory system. It discusses thoroughly the physiological processes perform by these systems
Design of artificial respiratory modelShîvãm Gûptå
Design of Artificial Respiratory Model.. Know about the respiratory system.
The respiratory system consists of the upper respiratory tract (nasal passages), the airway conduction system (larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles), and the lower respiratory tract (alveolar ducts and alveoli). Not all segments of the respiratory system mature at the same pace. The olfactory epithelium matures earliest by PND 7. The lung, however, is not considered mature until PND 21, when alveolarization and microvascular maturation are complete. This chapter will discuss the embryological development (briefly), adult histomorphology, and postnatal histologic development of each major component of the respiratory system.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
5. Biomedical Engineering
Biomedical Engineering is the application of engineering
principles and design concepts to medicine and biology
The biomedical engineering provides electrical, electronic,
electro-optical, and computer engineering support to clinical
and biomedical applications.
Biomedical Engineering improves the field of healthcare
diagnosis, monitoring and therapy.
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9. Components in Man – Instrument system
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Control feedback
Recording , data
processing and
transmission of data
Signal
conditioning
equipment
Display
Transducer
Transducer
Transducer
Stimulus
10. Man – Instrument system
Measurement in biomedical instrumentation can be divided
in to two
1.VIVO
•Measurement is made on or within the human body
•Eg . Device inserted in to the blood stream to measure PH of blood
2.VITRO
•Measurement is performed outside of the body.
•Eg . Measurement of blood PH from blood samples.
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12. Sources of Bioelectric potentials
The systems in the human body generate their on
monitoring signals when they carry out their functions.
These signals provide useful information about their
function.
Bioelectric potentials are actually ionic voltages produced
as a result of electro chemical activity of certain cell.
Transducers are used to convert these ionic potentials in to
electrical signals
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13. Resting and Action potentials
Certain types of cells within the body , such as nerve and
muscle cells are encased in a semi permeable membrane.
This membrane permits some substances to pass through
while others are kept out.
Surrounding the cells of the body are the body fluids
These fluids are conductive solutions containing charged
atoms known as ions
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14. Resting potentials
The principle ions are sodium(Na+
) Potassium(K+
) and
chloride(C-
)
The membrane of excitable cells permit entry of Potassium(K+
)
and chloride(C-
) ions but blocks the entry of sodium(Na+
)
ions.
So inside the cell is more negative than outside cell
This membrane potentials is called Resting potentials
This potential is measured from inside the cell with respect
to body fluids.
So resting potential of a cell is negative.
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15. Resting potentials/Polarization
This resting potential ranging from -60mv to -100 mv.
Cell in the resting state is called polarized cell.
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Ground
V
Cell Membrane
-70 mV
16. Depolarization of cell
When a cell is exited, the membrane change its
characteristic.
The sodium ions are rushed in to the cell.
At the same time potassium ions try move from inside.
After a equilibrium state is reached, the sodium is
moved back to outside
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21. Propagation of Action potentials
When a cell is exited and generates an action potentials
ionic currents to flow.
This process excite neighboring cells or adjacent area of
the same cell
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23. Physiological systems of human body
In simple terms "Human Physiology" is the study of
the body and its functions in each of the different
systems in any living body.
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SystemInput Output
24. Physiological Systems in the Human body
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Behavior
Liquid wastes
Solid wastes
Body movements
Expired air
Appearance
Speech
Food intake
Liquid intake
Vision
Smell
Taste
Hearing
Inspired air
Tactile sensation
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
25. Physiological systems of human body
There are 11systems in the body:
1. The Skeletal System Bones & joints
2. Muscular System Skeletal muscle
3. Nervous System Brain, spinal cord & nerves
4. Endocrine System Hormone-producing cells & glands
5. Cardiovascular System Blood, heart & blood vessels
6. Respiratory System Lungs & airways
7. Digestive System Organs of the gastrointestinal tract
8. Urinary System Kidneys, bladder and ureters
9. Reproductive System Male & female reproductive organs
10.The Integumentary System The skin & derived structures
11.Lymphatic & Immune System Lymphatic vessels & fluid
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27. Physiology
•Physiology can be classified in to
1.Cell Physiology
• Study of cells
2.Patho Physiology
• Pathological Functions
3.Circulatory Physiology
• Study of blood circulation
4.Respiratory Physiology
• Study of breathing organs
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28. Cardio Vascular system
Cardio vascular system can be viewed as closed hydraulic
system with 4 chamber pump.
Cardio Vascular system is mainly used for transportation of
oxygen, Carbon dioxide, numerous chemical compounds
and the blood cells.
•Pump-----Heart
•Flexible tubes---Blood vessels
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29. Cardio Vascular system
•In some part of the system diameter of the arteries are
changed to control pressure.
•Pump(heart) is a isolated two stage synchronized chamber
1.The first stage is to collect blood from the system and pump
it in to 2nd
stage.
2.The second stage then pump these blood to the system
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30. Heart & Valves
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Right Atrio-ventricular valve
Bicuspid/
Left Atrio-ventricular
valve
31. Heart Layers
Heart wall consists of three layers
1.Pericardium
• Outer most layer, keeps outer surface moist, prevents
friction
1.Myocardium
• Middle layer, Main muscle of heart, made up of short
cylindrical fibres
1.Endocardium
• Inner layer of heart, Provides smooth lining for blood flow
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32. Heart Valves
Heart has 4 valves
1.Tricuspid/Right Atrio-Ventricular valve
• Between Right A and V, Prevents blood flow from right V to A
1.Bicuspid/ left Atrio-Ventricular valve
• Between left A and V, Prevents blood flow from left V to A
1.Pulmonary valve
• At right ventricle, It has 3 cusps
1.Aortic Valve
• Between left ventricle and aorta, It has 3 cusps
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34. Cardio Vascular System
One of the two stage pump(Right side) collect fluid from the
system and pump it through oxygenation system(Lungs).
Other side pump receives blood from oxygenation
system(Lungs) and pump blood to main hydraulic system.
Blood act as communication and supply network for all
parts of the body
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35. Cardio Vascular system
Fluid contains fuel suppliers and waste particles are
transported to destination.
Fluid contain mechanism for rejecting foreign elements and
mechanism for repairing small system puncture.
Sensors are provided to detect the changes in the need of
suppliers, the build of waste material and out-of- tolerance
pressure in the system known as chemoreceptors, Pco2
sensors and baroreceptors respectively.
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36. Cardio Vascular Circulation
The blood is carried out to the various parts of the body through
blood vessels.
There are three types of blood vessels
1)Arteries--- Thick, Carries oxygenated blood
2)Veins--- Thin, De-oxygenated blood
3)Capillaries---Smallest, Last level of blood vessels, 800000 km
of capillaries
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37. Cardio Vascular Circulation
Heart pumps blood through the pulmonary circulation to the
lungs and through the systemic circulation to the other parts of the
body.
1)Pulmonary circulation
2)Systemic circulation
In pulmonary circulation, venous blood(de-oxygenated) flows
from right ventricle through pulmonary artery to lungs .
The arterial( oxygenated) blood flows to left atrium through
pulmonary veins.
In systemic circulation blood flows from left auricle to left
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40. Respiratory systems
It is the Pneumatic system.
A system that work with air pressure.
An air pump(diaphragm) which alternatively create negative
and positive pressures in a sealed chamber(Thoracic cavity).
Thoracic cavity sucked air in to and forced out to two elastic
bags(Lungs).
The lungs are connected to the external environment through a
pass way (nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and
bronchioles)
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42. Respiratory systems
At one point , this passage is common with the tube that carries
liquid and solids to stomach.
A special valving arrangement interrupts the respiratory system
whenever solid or liquid passes through the common region.
The passage divides to carry air in to each bag.
In each bag , it is sub divided many times to carry air in to and
out of each of many tiny air spaces (pulmonary alveoli).
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43. Respiratory systems
In case of nasal blockage , air input can be taken from mouth.
Oxygen is taken from the air and transferred in to blood.
Cabondioxide is transferred from blood to air.
The system has a number of fixed volumes and capacities.
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44. Respiratory systems
Tidal volume
The volume inspired and expired during each normal breath
Inspiratory reserve volume
Additional volume that can be inspired after a normal
inspiration.
Expiratory reserve volume
Additional volume that can be expired after a normal
expiration.
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45. Respiratory systems
Residual volume
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after all possible air has
been forced out.
Vital capacity
Tidal volume+ Inspiratory reserve volume+ Expiratory reserve
volume
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47. Blood purification in the human body
The overall functioning of our body heavily depends on the
proper functioning of our blood.
We take toxins into our body daily and these toxins
disrupts the functions of our internal organs.
Regular detoxification of our blood is important
Detoxifying the blood and body helps to remove harmful
toxins from our body and improve the functioning of our
vital organs such as the kidney and liver
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48. Blood purification in the human body
When our body has too much toxins, our vital organs
start to get damage and under-perform and we start to
develop symptoms of allergies, low immunity,
headaches, fatigue and several other health related
problems.
The lungs help remove carbon dioxide, the kidneys
remove water-soluble waste and the liver removes
fat soluble wastes and many other impurities from the
blood.
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49. Blood purification by lungs
The un oxygenated (unpurified) blood comes into right
atrium of heart by superior and inferior vena-cava
which then passes to right ventricle, then to lungs by
pulmonary artery.
In lungs this blood gets oxygenated (purified) which
then goes into left chamber of heart from which blood
is passed to aorta and then circulated to whole body
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53. Muscular System
The muscular system is the biological system of humans that
produces movement.
It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and
circulates blood throughout the body.
The muscular system is controlled through the nervous
system.
Muscles provide strength, balance, Posture, movement and
heat for the body to keep warm.
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54. Muscular System
• More than 50% of body weight is muscle.
• Muscle is made up of proteins and water
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55. Muscular System
There are three distinct types of muscles: skeletal muscles,
cardiac or heart muscles, and smooth muscles.
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56. Muscular System
Smooth muscle or "involuntary muscle" consists of spindle
shaped muscle cells found within the walls of stomach,
intestines, bronchi, uterus, ureters, bladder, and blood
vessels.
Smooth muscle cells contain only one nucleus.
Cardiac muscle is also an "involuntary muscle" but it is
striated in structure and appearance.
Like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle cells contain only one
nucleus.
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57. Muscular System
Cardiac muscle is found only within the heart.
Skeletal muscle or "voluntary muscle" is anchored by
tendons to the bone and is used to effect skeletal movement
such as locomotion.
Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated with the nuclei peripherally
located.
Skeletal muscle is called 'striated' because of the longitudinally
striped appearance under light microscopy.
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58. Muscular System
Muscle is composed of muscle cells (sometimes known as
"muscle fibers").
Within the cells are myofibrils; myofibrils contain sarcomeres
which are composed of actin and myosin.
Individual muscle cells are lined with endomysium.
Muscle cells are bound together by perimysium into bundles
called fascicles.
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63. Nervous systems
The task of controlling various functions of body and
coordinating them in to a integrated living organism(human
body) is the function of Nervous system
It is the most complex system in the human body
It is the communication network in the human body.
It composed of Brain, Sensors, high speed communication
links ,spinal cord.
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64. Nervous systems
It provides regulation of body functions and sensory
perception.
Functions of Nervous systems
1. Control of the body
2. Integration
3. Communication
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65. Nervous systems
Its center is a self adapting processor(Brain).
Self adapting means --- If a certain section is damaged, other
sections can adapt take over the function of damaged sections
This processor has memory, computational power, decision
making capability.
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66. Nervous systems
With the use of this processor , human can take decisions,
solve complex problems, create art, poetry and music, feel
emotions and integrate input information from all parts of
the body and produce output signals of meaningful
information.
Central computer has millions of communication lines( afferent
and efferent nerves) that bring sensory information and
transfer control information from brain.
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68. Nervous systems
This lines are not single lines but complicated networks.
Information signal are normally coded by means of electro
chemical pulses that travel along the nerves.
The output control signals are channeled to specific motor
devices(motor units of muscles)
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69. Nervous systems
In addition to brain , a large number of simple decision making
g devices(Spinal reflexes) are present to control directly
certain motor devices from certain sensory inputs.
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70. Divisions of Nervous systems
The human nervous system can be divided into three main parts:
1. Central nervous system (CNS)
*is composed of brain and spinal cord...*
2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
*is composed of all body nerves that lie outside of your
central nervous system...*
3. Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
*Controls the involuntary actions of your body organs...*
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71. 1. Central Nervous systems
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Structures of the CNS:
[1] Brain
[2] Spinal cord
The CNS coordinates and interprets information to
determine the best response
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72. Anatomy of the Central Nervous systems
72
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Spinal cord
Cerebellum
Brain stem
Cerebrum
73. 2. Peripheral Nervous systems
The primary role of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the
organs, limbs and skin.
The nerves that make up the peripheral nervous system are
actually the axons or bundles of axons from neuron cells.
The peripheral nervous system is divided into two parts:
The somatic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system
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74. Somatic Nervous systems
The somatic system is the part of the peripheral nervous
system responsible for carrying sensory and motor
information to and from the central nervous system.
This system contains two major types of neurons:
Sensory neurons (or afferent neurons) that carry information
from the nerves to the central nervous system.
Motor neurons (or efferent neurons) that carry information from
the brain and spinal cord to muscle fibers throughout the body.
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75. 3. Autonomic Nervous systems
The autonomic system is the part of the peripheral nervous
system responsible for regulating involuntary (reflex/Un
intentional)body functions, such as blood flow, heartbeat,
digestion and breathing.
This system is further divided into two branches:
The sympathetic system regulates the flight-or-fight responses.
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76. Autonomic Nervous systems
The "fight or flight response" is our body's primitive,
automatic, inborn response that prepares the body to "fight" or
"flee" from perceived attack, harm or threat to our survival.
Parasympathetic system helps maintain normal body
functions and conserves physical resources
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77. Anatomy of the Nervous systems
Basic unit of nervous system is the neuron.
Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system.
Neuron is a single cell with a cell body.
It is sometimes called soma
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78. Anatomy of the Nervous systems
Neuron cells are the information-processing units of the brain
responsible for receiving and transmitting information.
One or more I/P fibers branches are called dendrites
Long transmitting fiber is called axon
Each part of the neuron plays a role in the communication of
information throughout the body.
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80. Anatomy of the Nervous systems
Neurons
Composed of:
a. Cell Body
Part that contains the nucleus
b. Dendrite(s)
Carries a nerve impulse towards the cell body
c. Axon(s)
Carries a nerve impulse away from the cell body (and
towards the dendrite of the next neuron)
Axons are also called nerve fibers.
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81. Types of Neurons
The three basic types of idealized neurons include;
Bipolar, (Pseudo)
Uni polar
Multi polar neurons,
Typically these neurons are found in different places around
the body:
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83. Types of Neurons
Bipolar – Specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of
special senses.
As such, they are part of the sensory pathways for smell, sight,
taste and hearing functions.
The most common example are the bipolar neurons found in
the retina
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84. Types of Neurons
(Pseudo) Unipolar
Many types of primary sensory neurons are Unipolar.
Multi polar – Multi polar neurons constitute the
majority of neurons in the brain and include motor
neurons and interneuron's.
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88. Measurement of Bioelectric potentials
To measure bioelectric potentials , a transducer is required.
Electrical signals produced by various body activities are
used in monitoring / diagnosis
In order to measure and record potentials and, hence, currents
in the body, it is necessary to provide some interface
between the body and the electronic measuring apparatus.
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89. Bio Potential Electrodes
Bio-potential electrodes carry out this interface function.
A transducer consists of two electrodes, which measure ionic
potential difference between two points.
The designation of the Bio potential waveform ends with
“Gram”.
The name of the instrument bio potential normally ends
with “Graph”
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90. Bio Potential Electrodes
Propagation of action potential through different body tissues
produces final waveform recorded by electrodes
Electrical activity is explained by differences in ion
concentrations within the body (sodium, Na+; cloride, Cl–;
potassium, K+)
A potential difference (voltage) occurs between 2 points with
different ionic concentrations
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92. Equivalent circuit for bio-potential electrode
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Body
Electrolytes
Vha=Electrode potential developed across interface
C=Charges at the Interface at the skin metal interface
MetalElectrode
94. Bio Potential Electrodes
Bio-potential electrodes transduce ionic conduction to
electronic conduction so that bio-potential signals can be
obtained
They generally consist of metal contacts packaged so that they
can be easily attached to the skin or other body tissues
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96. Bio Potential Electrodes
1. Micro Electrodes--- Bio electric potential near or within a
single cell
Metal Type—Tip must be tungsten or stainless steel
Micro pipette---It is a glass micropipet with size of 1
micron, It is filled with electrolyte
2. Skin surface electrode —Measure ECG,EEG,EMG
3. Needle electrode ---Penetrate the skin to record EEG
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97. Microelectrodes
Used to measure bio-potential signals at the cellular
level
Due to small dimensions (mm), impedance levels are
high
So amplifier needs very high input impedance
101. Surface electrodes
These are placed in contact with the skin of the subject
Early stages immersion electrodes were used.
A bucket of saline water is used
An improvement of immersion electrode is the plate
electrode.
Another old type electrode is suction type
104. METAL-PLATE ELECTRODES
Historically, one of the most frequently used forms of
bio-potential sensing electrodes is the metal-plate
electrode.
In its simplest form, it consists of a metallic
conductor in contact with the skin.
An electrolyte soaked pad or gel is used to establish
and maintain the contact.
107. Needle electrodes
Unipolar electrode---Single wire inside a needle
Bipolar electrode---Two wires inside a needle
Mostly used for contacting with internal body tissues
(a) Insulated needle electrode .
(b) Coaxial needle electrode .
(c) Bipolar coaxial electrode .
(d) Fine -wire electrode connected to hypodermic needle,
before being inserted .
(e) Coiled fine -wire electrode in place
113. Transducers
A transducer is necessary to convert one variable in to another
form
Used to measure physiological variables
Variable is a quantity that vary with time.
The term active and passive has different meaning when they
are applied to Transducers
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114. Transducers
Transducer can be classified in to two
Active Transducer
Known principles is used to convert variables in to
electrical signal
Passive Transducer
It involves control of an excitation voltage or modulation
of a carrier signal
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115. Principles used in Active Transducers
It can convert electrical signal in to physical variables and
also in reverse direction.
1. Magnetic Induction
2. Piezoelectric effect
3. Thermoelectric effect
4. Photoelectric effect
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116. Passive Transducers
Utilize the principles of controlling a DC excitation or an AC
carrier signal.
It consists of a passive circuit element which changes it value
as a function of physical variables to be measured.
It cannot convert electrical signal in to physical variables
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117. Principles used in Passive Transducers
Using Resistive element
1. Ordinary Potentiometer
a. Linear
b. Rotary
2. Strain gage
a. Un bonded
b. Bonded
c. Semiconductor strain gage
Using Inductive element
1. Variable reluctance Transducer
LVDT
• Using Capacitive element
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118. Transducers for Biomedical field
1. Force transducer
2. Photoelectric displacement transducer
3. Pressure Transducers
4. Flow transducers
5. Transducers with digital O/P
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121. Reference Electrode
The usual method of measuring the ion concentration by
combination of two electrode.
1. Active Electrode
2. Reference Electrode
• Commonly used reference electrode is Hydrogen Electrode.
• It contains a piece of platinum wire partially immersed in
a solution containing hydrogen ions.
• This electrode is not stable.
• Two stable electrodes are
1. Silver- Silver chloride Electrode
2. Calomel Electrode
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122. Ag-Agcl Electrode
A silver chloride electrode is a type of reference electrode,
commonly used in electrochemical measurements.
The silver/silver chloride reference electrode is a widely used
reference electrode because it is simple, inexpensive, very
stable and non-toxic.
Typical laboratory electrodes use a silver wire that is coated
with a thin layer of silver chloride either by electroplating or
by dipping the wire in molten silver chloride.
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124. Ag-Agcl Electrode
The electrode functions as a redox electrode and the reaction is
between the silver metal (Ag) and its salt — silver chloride
(AgCl, also called silver(I) chloride).
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127. pH Electrode
This is a device for measuring the concentration of hydrogen
ions and hence the degree of acidity of a solution.
pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion
concentration.
pH=7 means a concentration of 1x10-7
moles per litre.
The most essential component of a pH electrode is a special,
sensitive glass membrane which permits the passage of
hydrogen ions, but no other ionic species.
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128. pH Electrode
The relationship between the ionic concentration (activity)
and the electrode potential is given by the Nernst equation:
E = E0
+ (2.303RT/ nF) x Log(A)
Where
E = the total potential (in mV) developed between the sensing and reference electrodes.
E0
= is a constant which is characteristic of the particular ISE/reference pair.
(It is the sum of all the liquid junction potentials in the electrochemical cell, see later)
2.303 = the conversion factor from natural to base10 logarithm.
R = the Gas Constant (8.314 joules/degree/mole).
T = the Absolute Temperature.
n = the charge on the ion (with sign).
F = the Faraday Constant (96,500 coulombs).
Log(A) = the logarithm of the activity of the measured ion.
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129. pH Electrode
When the electrode is immersed in a test solution containing
hydrogen ions the external ions diffuse through the
membrane until an equilibrium is reached between the
external and internal concentrations.
Thus there is a build up of charge on the inside of the
membrane which is proportional to the number of hydrogen
ions in the external solution.
The potential difference developed across the membrane is in
fact directly proportional to the Logarithm of the ionic
concentration in the external solution.
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