This paper investigate the performance ofInstrumentation amplifier (INA) using three operationalAmplifier. The proposed circuit works for low input voltageequalised to the heart beat of the human being to analyses theECG (Biomedical application) response. The analyses ofGain, Bandwidth, Unity GBW, Phase margin and outputnoise for operational amplifier used in INA and For the INAGain, Bandwidth, output noise and power Dissipation areanalysed. The proposed circuit designed on UMC 180nmCMOS technology file and all the simulation done onCADENCE SPECTRE Simulator.
Design and Analysis of CMOS Instrumentation AmplifierIJEEE
This paper presents the design and analysis of CMOS Instrumentation Amplifier in terms of gainas a performance metric. CMOSInstrumentation Amplifier has been designed using three Operational Amplifiers. Two basic op-amps have been used at the input stage and the output stage have been analysed for three different configurations. These configurations are: basic op-amp, body bias op-amp and folded cascode op-amp. A comparison has been drawn for all the three configurations.Most of the previous work has been done usingthe same type of op-amp at both the input and output stages of instrumentation amplifier. To obtain the desirableGain, focus has been laid upon transistor sizing for designing. The design models have been implemented using Cadence Virtuoso Analog Design Suite in 0.18µm CMOS technology.The simulations have been analysed in detail. A significant gain improvement has been observed in the circuit design with body bias and folded cascode as compared to the basic cascade design.
This document discusses instrumentation amplifiers. It describes how instrumentation amplifiers can be used for both passive and active transducer measurements. It then discusses different types of instrumentation amplifier circuits including a differential amplifier using a single op-amp, an external circuit instrumentation amplifier, and a three op-amp instrumentation amplifier. The three op-amp instrumentation amplifier is described in more detail, noting that common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) and input impedance (Zin) are important attributes, and that Zin can be increased by adding buffers. Some applications of instrumentation amplifiers are also listed, such as in audio amplifiers, biomedical systems, power amplifiers, and analog computers.
The document summarizes instrumentation amplifiers and peaking amplifiers. It defines an instrumentation amplifier as a difference amplifier that meets requirements for amplifying low-level signals from transducers, such as high input impedance, high gain accuracy, low noise, and high common mode rejection ratio. A common three op-amp instrumentation amplifier circuit is described that provides adjustable gain. Applications discussed include temperature controllers, indicators, and light intensity meters. The document also defines a peaking amplifier as one that uses a parallel LC network in the feedback path to peak the frequency response at the LC resonance frequency.
The document discusses the instrumentation amplifier (IA). It begins by introducing the IA, noting its high input impedance, precisely adjustable gain using a single resistor, and high common mode rejection. It then describes the two stages of an IA: the first offers high input impedance and sets the gain, while the second is a differential amplifier with feedback and grounding that offers very high input impedance. Applications discussed include using a thermistor in a bridge circuit with an IA to indicate temperature.
A complete description of including circuit diagram, gain equation, features of Instrumentational amplifier , its working principle, applications, practical circuits, Proteus simulation and conclusion.
Uet, Peshawar Pakistan
Batch-06
This document discusses different types of amplifiers:
1. Power/current amplifiers increase the power or current of an input signal, while decreasing voltage.
2. Frequency amplifiers increase the frequency component of an input signal.
3. Voltage amplifiers increase the voltage of an input signal. Voltage amplifiers are further divided into pre-amplifiers, differential amplifiers, and single-ended amplifiers.
Differential amplifiers are important in EEG machines as they can reject common mode signals and accurately amplify small voltage differences in brain waves.
Instrumentation amplifier in heart beat monetering.Shrikant Chandan
The document discusses the use of an instrumentation amplifier in heart monitoring applications. An instrumentation amplifier is used as the initial stage to amplify the small voltage signals from the heart. It provides high gain while rejecting common mode noise. The amplified signal is then processed using a microcontroller to calculate heart rate, which is displayed on an LCD screen. Power is supplied from batteries using voltage regulators to provide the necessary voltages to different stages of the circuit.
Design and Analysis of CMOS Instrumentation AmplifierIJEEE
This paper presents the design and analysis of CMOS Instrumentation Amplifier in terms of gainas a performance metric. CMOSInstrumentation Amplifier has been designed using three Operational Amplifiers. Two basic op-amps have been used at the input stage and the output stage have been analysed for three different configurations. These configurations are: basic op-amp, body bias op-amp and folded cascode op-amp. A comparison has been drawn for all the three configurations.Most of the previous work has been done usingthe same type of op-amp at both the input and output stages of instrumentation amplifier. To obtain the desirableGain, focus has been laid upon transistor sizing for designing. The design models have been implemented using Cadence Virtuoso Analog Design Suite in 0.18µm CMOS technology.The simulations have been analysed in detail. A significant gain improvement has been observed in the circuit design with body bias and folded cascode as compared to the basic cascade design.
This document discusses instrumentation amplifiers. It describes how instrumentation amplifiers can be used for both passive and active transducer measurements. It then discusses different types of instrumentation amplifier circuits including a differential amplifier using a single op-amp, an external circuit instrumentation amplifier, and a three op-amp instrumentation amplifier. The three op-amp instrumentation amplifier is described in more detail, noting that common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) and input impedance (Zin) are important attributes, and that Zin can be increased by adding buffers. Some applications of instrumentation amplifiers are also listed, such as in audio amplifiers, biomedical systems, power amplifiers, and analog computers.
The document summarizes instrumentation amplifiers and peaking amplifiers. It defines an instrumentation amplifier as a difference amplifier that meets requirements for amplifying low-level signals from transducers, such as high input impedance, high gain accuracy, low noise, and high common mode rejection ratio. A common three op-amp instrumentation amplifier circuit is described that provides adjustable gain. Applications discussed include temperature controllers, indicators, and light intensity meters. The document also defines a peaking amplifier as one that uses a parallel LC network in the feedback path to peak the frequency response at the LC resonance frequency.
The document discusses the instrumentation amplifier (IA). It begins by introducing the IA, noting its high input impedance, precisely adjustable gain using a single resistor, and high common mode rejection. It then describes the two stages of an IA: the first offers high input impedance and sets the gain, while the second is a differential amplifier with feedback and grounding that offers very high input impedance. Applications discussed include using a thermistor in a bridge circuit with an IA to indicate temperature.
A complete description of including circuit diagram, gain equation, features of Instrumentational amplifier , its working principle, applications, practical circuits, Proteus simulation and conclusion.
Uet, Peshawar Pakistan
Batch-06
This document discusses different types of amplifiers:
1. Power/current amplifiers increase the power or current of an input signal, while decreasing voltage.
2. Frequency amplifiers increase the frequency component of an input signal.
3. Voltage amplifiers increase the voltage of an input signal. Voltage amplifiers are further divided into pre-amplifiers, differential amplifiers, and single-ended amplifiers.
Differential amplifiers are important in EEG machines as they can reject common mode signals and accurately amplify small voltage differences in brain waves.
Instrumentation amplifier in heart beat monetering.Shrikant Chandan
The document discusses the use of an instrumentation amplifier in heart monitoring applications. An instrumentation amplifier is used as the initial stage to amplify the small voltage signals from the heart. It provides high gain while rejecting common mode noise. The amplified signal is then processed using a microcontroller to calculate heart rate, which is displayed on an LCD screen. Power is supplied from batteries using voltage regulators to provide the necessary voltages to different stages of the circuit.
Isolation amplifiers provide electrical isolation and safety barriers between input and output stages. They use transformer, optical, or capacitive isolation methods and isolated power supplies to break continuity while amplifying low-level signals. Common applications include medical equipment, industrial processes, and data acquisition where electrical isolation is needed to protect patients or eliminate noise.
Amplifiers, filters and digital recording systemsBenjamin Jacob
The document describes the key components of a cardiac electrophysiology (EP) lab, including recording systems, amplifiers, filters, catheters, and other equipment. It discusses the purpose and function of diagnostic and ablation catheters, signal processing components like amplifiers, filters, and A/D conversion. It also covers topics like appropriate gain and filter settings, sources of noise, and the functions of an EP recording system including real-time monitoring, review capabilities, and additional analysis tools.
Fabrication Of Low Power Audio Amplifier Using IC LM386Kapil Tapsi
This document describes the fabrication of an audio amplifier using the IC-LM386. It provides the circuit diagram and lists the components required, including the IC-LM386, capacitors, resistors, potentiometer, battery, speaker, and PCB board. It then explains the working principle of the circuit, describing the role of each pin of the IC-LM386 and how it functions as an audio amplifier. Details of the components used such as the IC, PCB board, capacitors, and resistors are also provided.
Design of Ota-C Filter for Biomedical ApplicationsIOSR Journals
This document describes the design of an OTA-C filter for biomedical applications such as ECG signals. A fifth-order low pass Chebyshev filter with a cutoff frequency of 300Hz and power dissipation of 779nW was designed using a 0.18um CMOS process. Simulation results showed a gain of 22.5dB and CMRR of 93dB. The fully differential OTA-C filter provides higher common mode rejection and dynamic range compared to single-ended designs, while operating transistors in the sub-threshold region reduces power consumption. The proposed filter is suitable for low power portable biomedical applications.
This document discusses low current electrochemical measurement techniques for biotechnology applications. It provides basics on electrochemical cell measurement using a potentiostat, examples of low current measurement systems, considerations for analog-to-digital converter and operational amplifier selection. Integrating ADCs are recommended for precision current measurement due to their noise filtering properties. Operational amplifiers must have very low noise and offset to measure currents as low as picoamps. The document reviews existing opamp designs and considers options like gain boosting for further improvement.
Biopotential amplifiers increase the amplitude of weak electric signals from the body. They must have high input impedance, safety features to prevent shocks, isolation circuitry, and gains over 1000. Instrumentation amplifiers are often used as they have high common mode rejection and input impedance. Driven right leg circuits reduce interference by sensing the common mode voltage on the body and feeding it back, effectively ungrounding the patient to stop current flow if a high voltage appears.
This document provides information about class-D audio power amplifiers, including:
1. Class-D amplifiers are switching amplifiers that use pulse-width modulation to drive output devices. This significantly reduces power losses and allows efficiencies as high as 90-95%.
2. Advantages of class-D amplifiers include reduced heatsink size, low voltage requirements, and high theoretical efficiency. Disadvantages include higher cost and greater EMC challenges due to the need for multiple inductors.
3. Proper PCB layout is important for audio quality and EMC performance. This includes using a ground plane, placing decoupling caps close to the IC, and properly locating EMC filters and inputs
The document introduces Cirrus Logic's digital power factor correction (PFC) solution. It discusses how PFC works to improve power efficiency by correcting the phase difference between voltage and current waveforms. Cirrus Logic's digital PFC controllers use techniques like variable switching frequency and digital spread spectrum to reduce electromagnetic interference noise and improve efficiency at light loads. The CS1500 and CS1600 are highlighted as examples of Cirrus Logic's digital PFC integrated circuits.
Timer with audible warning with circuit Diagram Team Kuk
From detectors to automobiles, audible alarms (also known to be called buzzers) have become a part of our everyday life. Some of the uses of these alarms are innocuous such as in a microwave oven. However, in some applications such as in a smoke detector or medical equipment, a person’s life may depend upon the audible warning sound. In all cases, the equipment designer should consider the desired characteristics of the audible alarm at the initial design-planning phase to obtain satisfactory performance and avoid costly redesign. The first characteristic for a designer to consider is the type of sound such as a continuous, intermittent or specialty sound. Other critical criteria include sound level, frequency, current draw, quality, mounting configuration, cost, and availability
1. An amplifier takes an input signal and increases its power output while maintaining the same signal shape, using energy from a power supply. It does this by controlling the output to match the input signal but with a larger amplitude.
2. A basic amplifier uses a transistor in a voltage divider circuit, where a small input current can vary the transistor's resistance dramatically. Multiple transistor amplifiers can be connected in series to further amplify the signal.
3. When digitizing biological signals like EEGs, the sampling rate and amplitude resolution of the analog-to-digital converter determine the time and amplitude resolution of the digitized recordings.
The term amplifier refers to any device that increases the amplitude of a signal, usually measured in voltage or current. This versatile device is used in a variety of different electronic applications. Especially in audio technology, a wide range of amplifiers can be produced based on product specifications (i.e. power, voltage, current). Currently, there are many types of audio amplifiers available for consumers. Sound signal amplification is used for instruments, such as the guitar or the bass. They are also used commonly in home theater systems and with stereo speakers. The basic design behind all of these amplifiers is derived from the simplest concepts of circuit design.
For our project, we set out to design an audio amplifier. The inputs of our circuit were stereo signals from a portable music player. Although we used a low-power speaker, we needed to achieve approximately three times gain over the entire circuit. In addition, the amplifier had to be produced at a low cost with available materials. Before building the actual amplifier, we realized that we had to design, simulate, and test the circuit. Each step was necessary to understand the concepts involved in amplification
This document describes the design of a pre-amplifier for physiological signals like ECG, EMG, and EEG. The pre-amplifier aims to have low cost, good noise removal ratio, compact design, and low power consumption. It discusses the need for pre-amplification to obtain weak signals and remove various noises. The pre-amplifier design involves three stages - an instrumentation amplifier to differentially amplify signals while removing common mode voltages, Sallen-Key bandpass filters to filter out unwanted frequencies, and a notch filter to attenuate 50Hz power line interference. The document provides details on the components used, including operational amplifiers, and filter designs.
M.Tech Voltage Reference Thesis PresentationRohit Singh
The document summarizes the design and performance evaluation of sub-1V voltage reference generators at a 45nm CMOS technology node. It discusses two designs - one based on cancelling the temperature dependence of a CTAT current with a PTAT current, and the other based on utilizing the threshold voltage difference between high and low threshold voltage transistors. Both designs are analyzed theoretically and through simulation. The CTAT-PTAT design achieves a temperature coefficient of 19ppm/C and line sensitivity of 0.93%/V. The VTH-based design has a temperature coefficient of 16ppm/C and line sensitivity of 0.53%/V. Both designs demonstrate good power supply rejection ratios and meet the objectives of
This document reports on the design and simulation of an audio amplifier circuit. Key specifications of the amplifier include a voltage gain of 76db, input impedance greater than 10k ohms, lower cutoff frequency of 2.572Hz, and upper cutoff frequency of 852.56kHz. The circuit uses BJT transistors in three gain stages and a complementary-symmetry Darlington pair power stage. Simulation results show the circuit meets specifications for voltage gain, frequency response, input resistance, and voltage swing. Some challenges included achieving the needed 15V swing but this was solved using variable resistors.
A Bioamplifier is an electrophysiological device, a variation of the instrumentation amplifier, used to gather and increase the signal integrity of physiologic electrical activity for output to various sources. It may be an independent unit, or integrated into the electrodes.
Improved power quality buck boost converter for SMPSIJECEIAES
In this paper, a Neural Network (NN) controlled Buck-Boost Converter (BBC) based Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) for a PC application is proposed. The proposed BBC is analyzed, modeled and designed for the rated load. Generally, the utilization of Multiple Output SMPS (MOSMPS) for PC application introduces Power Quality (PQ) issues in the power system network. Unlike conventional SMPS the proposed NN controlled BBC can accomplish improvement of power quality. The NN controller reduces the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of source current below 5%, maintains input side Power Factor (PF) to be nearly unity and improves the output voltage regulation. In the proposed system, NN controller replaces the conventional PI controller and overcomes the drawbacks of the conventional system. The proposed BBC is validated adopting MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The simulation analysis validate that the proposed NN controlled BBC performs better than conventional converter in terms of PQ indices under fluctuating conditions.
Design of Low Power, High PSRR Error Amplifier for Low Drop-Out CMOS Voltage...IJEEE
This paper presents design of an improved Error amplifier (EA) for Low Drop-Out Voltage Regulator. The proposed circuit shows good behaviour as compared to the previous Error Amplifier. The Gain, Unity Gain Bandwidth, Phase Margin, CMRR and PSRR of an Error Amplifier is analysed. The proposed circuit is designed on UMC 180nm CMOS technology with supply voltage of 1.8Volts. All the simulation results are calculated through SPECTRE Simulator of cadence.
Non-conventional Energy Operated ECG SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a solar-powered, PC-based ECG device. It aims to provide a low-cost portable ECG machine for poor people using hybrid power from solar and wind sources. The key components of the design include an instrumentation amplifier to amplify the weak ECG signals, a bandpass filter to remove noise, and an indicator circuit to detect any loose electrode connections. The output can be viewed on a laptop using the sound card. The overall goal is to provide accessible ECG monitoring in rural areas lacking reliable electricity.
2.4GHZ CLASS AB POWER AMPLIFIER FOR HEALTHCARE APPLICATIONijbesjournal
This document describes the design of a 2.4GHz class AB power amplifier for healthcare applications using a 0.18um CMOS process. The power amplifier consists of two stages - a driver stage and an output stage. It can transmit 10dBm of output power to a 50Ω load with a power gain of 10dB and power added efficiency of 7.5% at 1dB compression. The total power consumption is 0.135W, meeting the design requirements. The power amplifier is intended for use in wireless medical sensor networks to closely monitor patient vital signs.
The document describes the development and implementation of a portable ultrasonic sensor circuit with USB interface to detect damages in mild steel structures. The circuit amplifies and shifts ultrasonic waves captured by a PZT sensor. A microcontroller digitizes the waves at 2 MHz and transfers the data to a PC via USB. The PC filters the waves and calculates RMS values, which can identify differences between intact and damaged steel conditions. Testing showed the circuit successfully detected a 1mm x 10mm x 5mm damage in a 10 kg steel structure. The portable ultrasonic sensor circuit can effectively detect damages in mild steel.
Isolation amplifiers provide electrical isolation and safety barriers between input and output stages. They use transformer, optical, or capacitive isolation methods and isolated power supplies to break continuity while amplifying low-level signals. Common applications include medical equipment, industrial processes, and data acquisition where electrical isolation is needed to protect patients or eliminate noise.
Amplifiers, filters and digital recording systemsBenjamin Jacob
The document describes the key components of a cardiac electrophysiology (EP) lab, including recording systems, amplifiers, filters, catheters, and other equipment. It discusses the purpose and function of diagnostic and ablation catheters, signal processing components like amplifiers, filters, and A/D conversion. It also covers topics like appropriate gain and filter settings, sources of noise, and the functions of an EP recording system including real-time monitoring, review capabilities, and additional analysis tools.
Fabrication Of Low Power Audio Amplifier Using IC LM386Kapil Tapsi
This document describes the fabrication of an audio amplifier using the IC-LM386. It provides the circuit diagram and lists the components required, including the IC-LM386, capacitors, resistors, potentiometer, battery, speaker, and PCB board. It then explains the working principle of the circuit, describing the role of each pin of the IC-LM386 and how it functions as an audio amplifier. Details of the components used such as the IC, PCB board, capacitors, and resistors are also provided.
Design of Ota-C Filter for Biomedical ApplicationsIOSR Journals
This document describes the design of an OTA-C filter for biomedical applications such as ECG signals. A fifth-order low pass Chebyshev filter with a cutoff frequency of 300Hz and power dissipation of 779nW was designed using a 0.18um CMOS process. Simulation results showed a gain of 22.5dB and CMRR of 93dB. The fully differential OTA-C filter provides higher common mode rejection and dynamic range compared to single-ended designs, while operating transistors in the sub-threshold region reduces power consumption. The proposed filter is suitable for low power portable biomedical applications.
This document discusses low current electrochemical measurement techniques for biotechnology applications. It provides basics on electrochemical cell measurement using a potentiostat, examples of low current measurement systems, considerations for analog-to-digital converter and operational amplifier selection. Integrating ADCs are recommended for precision current measurement due to their noise filtering properties. Operational amplifiers must have very low noise and offset to measure currents as low as picoamps. The document reviews existing opamp designs and considers options like gain boosting for further improvement.
Biopotential amplifiers increase the amplitude of weak electric signals from the body. They must have high input impedance, safety features to prevent shocks, isolation circuitry, and gains over 1000. Instrumentation amplifiers are often used as they have high common mode rejection and input impedance. Driven right leg circuits reduce interference by sensing the common mode voltage on the body and feeding it back, effectively ungrounding the patient to stop current flow if a high voltage appears.
This document provides information about class-D audio power amplifiers, including:
1. Class-D amplifiers are switching amplifiers that use pulse-width modulation to drive output devices. This significantly reduces power losses and allows efficiencies as high as 90-95%.
2. Advantages of class-D amplifiers include reduced heatsink size, low voltage requirements, and high theoretical efficiency. Disadvantages include higher cost and greater EMC challenges due to the need for multiple inductors.
3. Proper PCB layout is important for audio quality and EMC performance. This includes using a ground plane, placing decoupling caps close to the IC, and properly locating EMC filters and inputs
The document introduces Cirrus Logic's digital power factor correction (PFC) solution. It discusses how PFC works to improve power efficiency by correcting the phase difference between voltage and current waveforms. Cirrus Logic's digital PFC controllers use techniques like variable switching frequency and digital spread spectrum to reduce electromagnetic interference noise and improve efficiency at light loads. The CS1500 and CS1600 are highlighted as examples of Cirrus Logic's digital PFC integrated circuits.
Timer with audible warning with circuit Diagram Team Kuk
From detectors to automobiles, audible alarms (also known to be called buzzers) have become a part of our everyday life. Some of the uses of these alarms are innocuous such as in a microwave oven. However, in some applications such as in a smoke detector or medical equipment, a person’s life may depend upon the audible warning sound. In all cases, the equipment designer should consider the desired characteristics of the audible alarm at the initial design-planning phase to obtain satisfactory performance and avoid costly redesign. The first characteristic for a designer to consider is the type of sound such as a continuous, intermittent or specialty sound. Other critical criteria include sound level, frequency, current draw, quality, mounting configuration, cost, and availability
1. An amplifier takes an input signal and increases its power output while maintaining the same signal shape, using energy from a power supply. It does this by controlling the output to match the input signal but with a larger amplitude.
2. A basic amplifier uses a transistor in a voltage divider circuit, where a small input current can vary the transistor's resistance dramatically. Multiple transistor amplifiers can be connected in series to further amplify the signal.
3. When digitizing biological signals like EEGs, the sampling rate and amplitude resolution of the analog-to-digital converter determine the time and amplitude resolution of the digitized recordings.
The term amplifier refers to any device that increases the amplitude of a signal, usually measured in voltage or current. This versatile device is used in a variety of different electronic applications. Especially in audio technology, a wide range of amplifiers can be produced based on product specifications (i.e. power, voltage, current). Currently, there are many types of audio amplifiers available for consumers. Sound signal amplification is used for instruments, such as the guitar or the bass. They are also used commonly in home theater systems and with stereo speakers. The basic design behind all of these amplifiers is derived from the simplest concepts of circuit design.
For our project, we set out to design an audio amplifier. The inputs of our circuit were stereo signals from a portable music player. Although we used a low-power speaker, we needed to achieve approximately three times gain over the entire circuit. In addition, the amplifier had to be produced at a low cost with available materials. Before building the actual amplifier, we realized that we had to design, simulate, and test the circuit. Each step was necessary to understand the concepts involved in amplification
This document describes the design of a pre-amplifier for physiological signals like ECG, EMG, and EEG. The pre-amplifier aims to have low cost, good noise removal ratio, compact design, and low power consumption. It discusses the need for pre-amplification to obtain weak signals and remove various noises. The pre-amplifier design involves three stages - an instrumentation amplifier to differentially amplify signals while removing common mode voltages, Sallen-Key bandpass filters to filter out unwanted frequencies, and a notch filter to attenuate 50Hz power line interference. The document provides details on the components used, including operational amplifiers, and filter designs.
M.Tech Voltage Reference Thesis PresentationRohit Singh
The document summarizes the design and performance evaluation of sub-1V voltage reference generators at a 45nm CMOS technology node. It discusses two designs - one based on cancelling the temperature dependence of a CTAT current with a PTAT current, and the other based on utilizing the threshold voltage difference between high and low threshold voltage transistors. Both designs are analyzed theoretically and through simulation. The CTAT-PTAT design achieves a temperature coefficient of 19ppm/C and line sensitivity of 0.93%/V. The VTH-based design has a temperature coefficient of 16ppm/C and line sensitivity of 0.53%/V. Both designs demonstrate good power supply rejection ratios and meet the objectives of
This document reports on the design and simulation of an audio amplifier circuit. Key specifications of the amplifier include a voltage gain of 76db, input impedance greater than 10k ohms, lower cutoff frequency of 2.572Hz, and upper cutoff frequency of 852.56kHz. The circuit uses BJT transistors in three gain stages and a complementary-symmetry Darlington pair power stage. Simulation results show the circuit meets specifications for voltage gain, frequency response, input resistance, and voltage swing. Some challenges included achieving the needed 15V swing but this was solved using variable resistors.
A Bioamplifier is an electrophysiological device, a variation of the instrumentation amplifier, used to gather and increase the signal integrity of physiologic electrical activity for output to various sources. It may be an independent unit, or integrated into the electrodes.
Improved power quality buck boost converter for SMPSIJECEIAES
In this paper, a Neural Network (NN) controlled Buck-Boost Converter (BBC) based Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) for a PC application is proposed. The proposed BBC is analyzed, modeled and designed for the rated load. Generally, the utilization of Multiple Output SMPS (MOSMPS) for PC application introduces Power Quality (PQ) issues in the power system network. Unlike conventional SMPS the proposed NN controlled BBC can accomplish improvement of power quality. The NN controller reduces the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of source current below 5%, maintains input side Power Factor (PF) to be nearly unity and improves the output voltage regulation. In the proposed system, NN controller replaces the conventional PI controller and overcomes the drawbacks of the conventional system. The proposed BBC is validated adopting MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The simulation analysis validate that the proposed NN controlled BBC performs better than conventional converter in terms of PQ indices under fluctuating conditions.
Design of Low Power, High PSRR Error Amplifier for Low Drop-Out CMOS Voltage...IJEEE
This paper presents design of an improved Error amplifier (EA) for Low Drop-Out Voltage Regulator. The proposed circuit shows good behaviour as compared to the previous Error Amplifier. The Gain, Unity Gain Bandwidth, Phase Margin, CMRR and PSRR of an Error Amplifier is analysed. The proposed circuit is designed on UMC 180nm CMOS technology with supply voltage of 1.8Volts. All the simulation results are calculated through SPECTRE Simulator of cadence.
Non-conventional Energy Operated ECG SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a solar-powered, PC-based ECG device. It aims to provide a low-cost portable ECG machine for poor people using hybrid power from solar and wind sources. The key components of the design include an instrumentation amplifier to amplify the weak ECG signals, a bandpass filter to remove noise, and an indicator circuit to detect any loose electrode connections. The output can be viewed on a laptop using the sound card. The overall goal is to provide accessible ECG monitoring in rural areas lacking reliable electricity.
2.4GHZ CLASS AB POWER AMPLIFIER FOR HEALTHCARE APPLICATIONijbesjournal
This document describes the design of a 2.4GHz class AB power amplifier for healthcare applications using a 0.18um CMOS process. The power amplifier consists of two stages - a driver stage and an output stage. It can transmit 10dBm of output power to a 50Ω load with a power gain of 10dB and power added efficiency of 7.5% at 1dB compression. The total power consumption is 0.135W, meeting the design requirements. The power amplifier is intended for use in wireless medical sensor networks to closely monitor patient vital signs.
The document describes the development and implementation of a portable ultrasonic sensor circuit with USB interface to detect damages in mild steel structures. The circuit amplifies and shifts ultrasonic waves captured by a PZT sensor. A microcontroller digitizes the waves at 2 MHz and transfers the data to a PC via USB. The PC filters the waves and calculates RMS values, which can identify differences between intact and damaged steel conditions. Testing showed the circuit successfully detected a 1mm x 10mm x 5mm damage in a 10 kg steel structure. The portable ultrasonic sensor circuit can effectively detect damages in mild steel.
Swarm algorithm based adaptive filter design to remove power line interferenc...eSAT Journals
Abstract
ECG signal is having wide importance in the biomedical field, but for proper diagnosis of ECG always a noise free ECG signal is needed. Many researchers have already developed filters for getting appropriate desirable ECG signal and till today many researchers are still developing different filters using different algorithms in order to get clearer ECG signal for proper diagnosis. Noises and Interferences get added in the ECG by different ways, at the time of ECG Acquisition or at the time of ECG signal recording.
In this paper newly adapted algorithm is used for the filtering of ECG signal that is a Swarm algorithm which is used for the Error signal optimization from the original corrupted ECG signal. This algorithm is implemented with Adaptive filter to removes Power Line Interference noise having Frequency component of 50 Hz. The ECG signal considered may be retrieved from ECG acquisition system or from MIT-BIH database.
Keywords: Adaptive Filter, SWARM Algorithm, MIT-BIH Database, Matlab, ECG Signal and Power line Noise Signal etc.
Design of an IOT based Online Monitoring Digital StethoscopeIJAAS Team
Acoustic stethoscopes have low sound levels. Digital stethoscope overcomes this issue by amplifying body sounds electronically. As the sound signals are transmitted electronically, it can be wireless and can provide noise reduction. Acoustic stethoscope can be changed into a digital stethoscope by inserting an electric capacity microphone onto its head. Heart sounds received from the microphone are processed, sampled and sound signals are converted analog to digital and sent wirelessly using the Internet of Things(IOT) techniques, so that multiple doctors can do auscultation and monitor conditions of the patient.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Detection of heart murmurs using phonocardiographic signalseSAT Journals
Abstract The realization of cardio vascular diseases is low due to which most of the rural people were expired. The early recognisation of heart diseases is done by using phonocardiogram. This paper presents a non invasive technique to estimate the beat-to-beat information, phases and its durations, detection of heart diseases. Phonocardiogram is a representation of heart sounds done by means of ultrasonic transducer probe, LM386L which is the low voltage audio power amplifier and 8 ohms speaker. The real time and cost effective system for the heart auscultation monitoring and detection. During the cardiac cycle the heart normally produces repeatable heart sounds. However, under pathological conditions, such as with heart valves stenosis, ventricular septal defect, blood flow, turbulence may leads to the production of additional sounds called murmurs. These are random in nature, while the underlying heart sounds are being deterministic. The heart sound signal has much more information that can be assessed by the human ear are by visual inspection of the signal tracing as currently practiced. The system designed comprises of a phonocardiographic low voltage audio power amplifier circuit with LM386L and it is consist of an ultrasonic transducer probe which is used to pickup electrical signals into sound signals which is used as input for the circuit. The systolic and diastolic heart sounds are heard in the speaker. The designed circuit board is interfaced with arduino to record the analog values. These analog values are programmed in MATLAB and graphical is shown. Keywords:-Phonocardiogram, Auscultations, stenosis, Ventricular septal defect, murmurs, Arduino, Matlab
This document investigates the performance of two-stage operational amplifiers at different CMOS technology nodes. Electrical characteristics like differential gain, bandwidth, slew rate, and power dissipation are evaluated for 16nm, 22nm, and 32nm processes. Temperature effects on characteristics are also analyzed for the 32nm node. Results show that performance generally decreases with scaling while power is reduced. Characteristics like gain, bandwidth, and slew rate are negatively impacted by increases in temperature. The document aims to understand how technology scaling and temperature variations affect conventional CMOS operational amplifier design.
This document investigates the performance of two-stage operational amplifiers at different CMOS technology nodes. Electrical characteristics like differential gain, bandwidth, slew rate, and power dissipation are evaluated for 16nm, 22nm, and 32nm processes. Temperature effects on characteristics are also analyzed for the 32nm node. Results show that performance generally decreases with scaling while power is reduced. Characteristics like gain, bandwidth, and slew rate are negatively impacted by increases in temperature. The document aims to understand how technology scaling and temperature variations affect conventional CMOS operational amplifier design.
IRJET- A Comparative Analysis of CMOS Amplifiers for ECG SignalsIRJET Journal
The document compares different amplifiers for amplifying electrocardiography (ECG) signals, including differential amplifiers, operational amplifiers, and operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs). It analyzes the gain, common mode rejection ratio (CMRR), and other performance parameters of each amplifier through simulations and calculations. The OTA is found to have higher gain and comparable CMRR to operational amplifiers. Overall, the OTA provides better amplification of low-level ECG signals and is well-suited for biomedical applications requiring low noise and power efficient amplification.
Artifact elimination in ECG signal using wavelet transformTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Electrocardiogram signal is the electrical actvity of the heart and doctors can diagnose heart disease based on this electrocardiogram signal. However, the electrocardiogram signals often have noise and artifact components. Therefore, one electrocardiogram signal without the noise and artifact plays an important role in heart disease diagnosis with more accurate results. This paper proposes a wavelet transform with three stages of decomposition, filter, and reconstruction for eliminating the noise and artifact in the electrocardiogram signal. The signal after decomposing produces approximation and detail coefficients, which contains the frequency ranges of the noise and artifact components. Hence, the approximation and detail coefficients with the frequency ranges corresponding to the noise and artifact in the electrocardiogram signal are eliminated by filters before they are reconstructed. For the evaluation of the proposed algorithm, filter evaluation metrics are applied, in which signal-to-noise ratio and mean squared error along with power spectral density are employed. The simulation results show that the proposed wavelet algorithm at level 8 is effective, in which the with the “dmey” wavelet function was selected be the best based power spectrum density.
This document describes the design of a 2.4GHz CMOS power amplifier for wireless communication using a 130nm technology. It begins with an introduction to power amplifiers and their importance in wireless transmitters for amplifying transmitted signals. It then reviews previous work on power amplifier design using different technologies. The document proposes a class-B power amplifier design using a 130nm technology to achieve a gain of more than 15dB. Simulation results show the designed class-B power amplifier meets the frequency response requirement at 2.4GHz with a gain of 67.321dB. The power amplifier is designed to operate with a power supply voltage range of 1.3-3V, making it suitable for battery-powered portable electronics and wireless communication
IRJET- Hall Effect Sensor Based Digital Smart Three Phase Energy MeterIRJET Journal
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Identification of Myocardial Infarction from Multi-Lead ECG signalIJERA Editor
Electrocardiogram (ECG) is the cheap and noninvasive method of depicting the heart activity and abnormalities.
It provides information about the functionality of the heart. It is the record of variation of bioelectric potential
with respect to time as the human heart beats. The classification of ECG signals is an important application since
the early detection of heart diseases/abnormalities can prolong life and enhance the quality of living through
appropriate treatment. Since the ECG signals, while recording are contaminated by several noises it is necessary
to preprocess the signals prior to classification. Digital filters are used to remove noise from the signal. Principal
component analysis is applied on the 12 lead signal to extract various features. The present paper shows the
unique feature, point score calculated on the basis of the features extracted from the ECG signal. The point
score calculation is tested for 40 myocardial infarction ECG signals and 25 Normal ECG signals from the PTB
Diagnostic database with 94% sensitivity.
IRJET- Combine RF Ambient for Power Harvesting using Power Detector for Senso...IRJET Journal
1. The document describes a circuit designed to harvest ambient radio frequency (RF) energy from base transceiver stations (BTS) for powering wireless sensor applications.
2. The circuit combines dual RF input signals using a T-junction power combiner coupler to maximize output power. It then uses an L-type matching network and voltage doubler rectifier to convert the alternating current to a direct current.
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This document describes a proposed low power and high speed voltage sense amplifier circuit. The circuit replaces the back-to-back inverters in a previous design with a dual input single output differential amplifier. This modification improves noise immunity and reduces delay and power consumption. Simulation results show a 24% reduction in delay and 23% reduction in energy usage compared to the previous circuit, while maintaining the same offset voltage. The circuit is designed using a 180nm CMOS process at 1.8V.
IRJET- Design and Development of Arduino based Radiation Survey Meter wit...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of an Arduino-based radiation survey meter with two scintillation detectors. Key features include:
- Uses an Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller to control the system and display results on an LCD screen.
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IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Class D Power Amplifier for Medical Applicationieijjournal
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Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
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Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
Volume URL: https://airccse.org/journal/ijc2022.html
Abstract URL:https://aircconline.com/abstract/ijcnc/v14n5/14522cnc05.html
Pdf URL: https://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V14N5/14522cnc05.pdf
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Here's where you can reach us : ijcnc@airccse.org or ijcnc@aircconline.com
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
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High Gain, Low Noise Instrumentation Amplifier Using Three Operational Amplifiers for Weak Biomedical Signal
1. Int. Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engg. Vol. 2, Spl. Issue 1 (2015) e-ISSN: 1694-2310 | p-ISSN: 1694-2426
33 NITTTR, Chandigarh EDIT-2015
High Gain, Low Noise Instrumentation
Amplifier Using Three Operational Amplifiers
for Weak Biomedical Signal
1
Amit Kumar Chidar, 2
Pramod Kumar Jain, 3
D.S Ajnar
1,2,3
Microelectronics and VLSI Design, E&I Department, S.G.S.I.T.S Indore, M.P, India
1
amitchidar08@gmail.com, 2
prjain@sgsits.ac.in, 3
ajnards@gmail.com
Abstract:- This paper investigate the performance of
Instrumentation amplifier (INA) using three operational
Amplifier. The proposed circuit works for low input voltage
equalised to the heart beat of the human being to analyses the
ECG (Biomedical application) response. The analyses of
Gain, Bandwidth, Unity GBW, Phase margin and output
noise for operational amplifier used in INA and For the INA
Gain, Bandwidth, output noise and power Dissipation are
analysed. The proposed circuit designed on UMC 180nm
CMOS technology file and all the simulation done on
CADENCE SPECTRE Simulator.
Keyword: Amplifier basics, Differential Amplifier using
MOSFET, Operational Amplifier, Instrumentation Amplifier,
ECG (Biomedical application), Analog Electronics.
I. INTRODUCTION
Today Biomedical Application play a vital role in the field
of Technology but, it is very challenging task to fetch the
biomedical signal because of very small amplitude and
frequency of few hertz. As the biomedical signal is very
small and equal to noise if it is difficult task to find it’s
presence. Like Heart Beat signal or Pulse Signal which are
very weak in nature [1, 2]. So, to overcome from this
problem we need proper amplification, modified Gain,
Higher Bandwidth and suppressed noise device like,
Instrumentation Amplifier. An instrumentation amplifier is
the one of the most effective block of Biomedical field
mainly used in some application such as ECG, Transducer
or sensor based biomedical devices, Microelectronics
Devices etc. It provides better amplification, good
linearity, Gain, Bandwidth and having properties of
suppressing noise from the weak biomedical signal.
Basically it constitute of two differential input and single
ended output. The basic building block of biomedical
device is shown below in the Fig.1
Fig. 1 Biomedical Signal Fetching and Detecting Device
The Amplifier used in the device shown above is an
Instrumentation Amplifier working over the Biomedical
signal, the Amplifier shows good CMRR, Gain, BW, Low
power dissipation [3] and Low noise. The Device shown
above with Instrumentation Amplifier provided digital
output pulse after analysing Bio-medical signal. The
Biomedical device such as ECG having quite similar
blocks shown in the Fig. 1 and Instrumentation Amplifier
play an important role in it.
In this paper, SECTION II and SECTION III describe the
operational amplifier and the proposed instrumentation
amplifier respectively. SECTION IV and SECTION V
describe the simulation results and conclusion respectively.
II. DESCRIPTION OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
FOR DESIGNING OF INA
The basic building block of proposed circuit is an
Operational amplifier. There are three operational
amplifiers used in the proposed INA. Each operational
amplifier is dual stage amplifier basically used to enhance
the gain of the INA. The schematic of operational amplifier
shown below in the Fig. 2.
Fig.2 Operational Amplifier for the Proposed INA
The operational amplifier consist [5] of two stages first
stage is gain stage and second stage is called output stage.
Basically, second stage enhances the gain and provides
frequency compensation through compensation
capacitance Cc. The nmos MOS transistor M1, M2 act as
the differential stage, pmos transistor M3,M4 act as current
mirror, M5, M6 and M8 are used for biasing. The output is
taken out from the output load capacitance, the relationship
between load capacitance CL and compensation
capacitance CC are shown below:-
CL ≥ 2.2Cc........................(1)
Aspect ratio i.e. (W/L ratio) of MOS transistor for the
operational amplifier shown below in the TABLE I:-
TABLE I
Aspect
ratio
M1,
M2
M3,
M4
M5,
M6
M7 M8
W/L
(µm/ µm)
3/.5 7/.5 12/1 87/.5 75/1
Int. Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engg. Vol. 2, Spl. Issue 1 (2015) e-ISSN: 1694-2310 | p-ISSN: 1694-2426
33 NITTTR, Chandigarh EDIT-2015
High Gain, Low Noise Instrumentation
Amplifier Using Three Operational Amplifiers
for Weak Biomedical Signal
1
Amit Kumar Chidar, 2
Pramod Kumar Jain, 3
D.S Ajnar
1,2,3
Microelectronics and VLSI Design, E&I Department, S.G.S.I.T.S Indore, M.P, India
1
amitchidar08@gmail.com, 2
prjain@sgsits.ac.in, 3
ajnards@gmail.com
Abstract:- This paper investigate the performance of
Instrumentation amplifier (INA) using three operational
Amplifier. The proposed circuit works for low input voltage
equalised to the heart beat of the human being to analyses the
ECG (Biomedical application) response. The analyses of
Gain, Bandwidth, Unity GBW, Phase margin and output
noise for operational amplifier used in INA and For the INA
Gain, Bandwidth, output noise and power Dissipation are
analysed. The proposed circuit designed on UMC 180nm
CMOS technology file and all the simulation done on
CADENCE SPECTRE Simulator.
Keyword: Amplifier basics, Differential Amplifier using
MOSFET, Operational Amplifier, Instrumentation Amplifier,
ECG (Biomedical application), Analog Electronics.
I. INTRODUCTION
Today Biomedical Application play a vital role in the field
of Technology but, it is very challenging task to fetch the
biomedical signal because of very small amplitude and
frequency of few hertz. As the biomedical signal is very
small and equal to noise if it is difficult task to find it’s
presence. Like Heart Beat signal or Pulse Signal which are
very weak in nature [1, 2]. So, to overcome from this
problem we need proper amplification, modified Gain,
Higher Bandwidth and suppressed noise device like,
Instrumentation Amplifier. An instrumentation amplifier is
the one of the most effective block of Biomedical field
mainly used in some application such as ECG, Transducer
or sensor based biomedical devices, Microelectronics
Devices etc. It provides better amplification, good
linearity, Gain, Bandwidth and having properties of
suppressing noise from the weak biomedical signal.
Basically it constitute of two differential input and single
ended output. The basic building block of biomedical
device is shown below in the Fig.1
Fig. 1 Biomedical Signal Fetching and Detecting Device
The Amplifier used in the device shown above is an
Instrumentation Amplifier working over the Biomedical
signal, the Amplifier shows good CMRR, Gain, BW, Low
power dissipation [3] and Low noise. The Device shown
above with Instrumentation Amplifier provided digital
output pulse after analysing Bio-medical signal. The
Biomedical device such as ECG having quite similar
blocks shown in the Fig. 1 and Instrumentation Amplifier
play an important role in it.
In this paper, SECTION II and SECTION III describe the
operational amplifier and the proposed instrumentation
amplifier respectively. SECTION IV and SECTION V
describe the simulation results and conclusion respectively.
II. DESCRIPTION OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
FOR DESIGNING OF INA
The basic building block of proposed circuit is an
Operational amplifier. There are three operational
amplifiers used in the proposed INA. Each operational
amplifier is dual stage amplifier basically used to enhance
the gain of the INA. The schematic of operational amplifier
shown below in the Fig. 2.
Fig.2 Operational Amplifier for the Proposed INA
The operational amplifier consist [5] of two stages first
stage is gain stage and second stage is called output stage.
Basically, second stage enhances the gain and provides
frequency compensation through compensation
capacitance Cc. The nmos MOS transistor M1, M2 act as
the differential stage, pmos transistor M3,M4 act as current
mirror, M5, M6 and M8 are used for biasing. The output is
taken out from the output load capacitance, the relationship
between load capacitance CL and compensation
capacitance CC are shown below:-
CL ≥ 2.2Cc........................(1)
Aspect ratio i.e. (W/L ratio) of MOS transistor for the
operational amplifier shown below in the TABLE I:-
TABLE I
Aspect
ratio
M1,
M2
M3,
M4
M5,
M6
M7 M8
W/L
(µm/ µm)
3/.5 7/.5 12/1 87/.5 75/1
Int. Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engg. Vol. 2, Spl. Issue 1 (2015) e-ISSN: 1694-2310 | p-ISSN: 1694-2426
33 NITTTR, Chandigarh EDIT-2015
High Gain, Low Noise Instrumentation
Amplifier Using Three Operational Amplifiers
for Weak Biomedical Signal
1
Amit Kumar Chidar, 2
Pramod Kumar Jain, 3
D.S Ajnar
1,2,3
Microelectronics and VLSI Design, E&I Department, S.G.S.I.T.S Indore, M.P, India
1
amitchidar08@gmail.com, 2
prjain@sgsits.ac.in, 3
ajnards@gmail.com
Abstract:- This paper investigate the performance of
Instrumentation amplifier (INA) using three operational
Amplifier. The proposed circuit works for low input voltage
equalised to the heart beat of the human being to analyses the
ECG (Biomedical application) response. The analyses of
Gain, Bandwidth, Unity GBW, Phase margin and output
noise for operational amplifier used in INA and For the INA
Gain, Bandwidth, output noise and power Dissipation are
analysed. The proposed circuit designed on UMC 180nm
CMOS technology file and all the simulation done on
CADENCE SPECTRE Simulator.
Keyword: Amplifier basics, Differential Amplifier using
MOSFET, Operational Amplifier, Instrumentation Amplifier,
ECG (Biomedical application), Analog Electronics.
I. INTRODUCTION
Today Biomedical Application play a vital role in the field
of Technology but, it is very challenging task to fetch the
biomedical signal because of very small amplitude and
frequency of few hertz. As the biomedical signal is very
small and equal to noise if it is difficult task to find it’s
presence. Like Heart Beat signal or Pulse Signal which are
very weak in nature [1, 2]. So, to overcome from this
problem we need proper amplification, modified Gain,
Higher Bandwidth and suppressed noise device like,
Instrumentation Amplifier. An instrumentation amplifier is
the one of the most effective block of Biomedical field
mainly used in some application such as ECG, Transducer
or sensor based biomedical devices, Microelectronics
Devices etc. It provides better amplification, good
linearity, Gain, Bandwidth and having properties of
suppressing noise from the weak biomedical signal.
Basically it constitute of two differential input and single
ended output. The basic building block of biomedical
device is shown below in the Fig.1
Fig. 1 Biomedical Signal Fetching and Detecting Device
The Amplifier used in the device shown above is an
Instrumentation Amplifier working over the Biomedical
signal, the Amplifier shows good CMRR, Gain, BW, Low
power dissipation [3] and Low noise. The Device shown
above with Instrumentation Amplifier provided digital
output pulse after analysing Bio-medical signal. The
Biomedical device such as ECG having quite similar
blocks shown in the Fig. 1 and Instrumentation Amplifier
play an important role in it.
In this paper, SECTION II and SECTION III describe the
operational amplifier and the proposed instrumentation
amplifier respectively. SECTION IV and SECTION V
describe the simulation results and conclusion respectively.
II. DESCRIPTION OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
FOR DESIGNING OF INA
The basic building block of proposed circuit is an
Operational amplifier. There are three operational
amplifiers used in the proposed INA. Each operational
amplifier is dual stage amplifier basically used to enhance
the gain of the INA. The schematic of operational amplifier
shown below in the Fig. 2.
Fig.2 Operational Amplifier for the Proposed INA
The operational amplifier consist [5] of two stages first
stage is gain stage and second stage is called output stage.
Basically, second stage enhances the gain and provides
frequency compensation through compensation
capacitance Cc. The nmos MOS transistor M1, M2 act as
the differential stage, pmos transistor M3,M4 act as current
mirror, M5, M6 and M8 are used for biasing. The output is
taken out from the output load capacitance, the relationship
between load capacitance CL and compensation
capacitance CC are shown below:-
CL ≥ 2.2Cc........................(1)
Aspect ratio i.e. (W/L ratio) of MOS transistor for the
operational amplifier shown below in the TABLE I:-
TABLE I
Aspect
ratio
M1,
M2
M3,
M4
M5,
M6
M7 M8
W/L
(µm/ µm)
3/.5 7/.5 12/1 87/.5 75/1
2. Int. Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engg. Vol. 2, Spl. Issue 1 (2015) e-ISSN: 1694-2310 | p-ISSN: 1694-2426
NITTTR, Chandigarh EDIT -2015 34
III. PROPOSED INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
The proposed Instrumentation Amplifier consist of three
operational amplifier and six resistor to carry out
maximum gain [6]. The schematic of proposed circuit
shown below in the Fig.3
Fig. 3 Proposed Instrumentation Amplifier (INA)
The proposed circuit are basically used to amplifying small
or weak signals of few volts i.e. (0.5mv-4mv) range at
some common mode voltage range [4]. The output and
differential input voltage relationship for INA are shown
below:-
= −( − ) ∗ ((1 + 2 ) ).............(2)
The resistances of the proposed circuit can be designed
through the nmos transistor by which the chip area can be
reduced.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
The proposed circuit is designed on UMC 180nm CMOS
technology file using cadence tool. All the simulated
results related to Operational Amplifier and Proposed INA
is obtained by SPECTRE SIMULATOR tool. The
simulated results for Operational Amplifier are shown
below from Fig. 4 to Fig. 6.
Fig. 4 Operational Amplifier Gain
Fig.5 3-dB Bandwidth of Operational Amplifier
Fig.6 Phase Margin and Unity GBW
The related results for Operational Amplifier are shown in
the TABLE II.
TABLE II
Results for Operational Amplifier
PARAMETERS Result Obtained
Technology 180 nm
Supply voltage 1.8 v
Gain 67.083 dB
3-dB Bandwidth 11.496 KHz
Unity GBW 25.2678 MHz
Phase Margin 63.858 deg
B. Simulated Results for Proposed Instrumentation
Amplifier (INA)
All the Simulation results for proposed INA i.e. Gain, 3-dB
Bandwidth and output referred noise are shown below in
the Fig. 7, Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 respectively. All results are
obtained by using SPECTRE SIMULATOR tool.
Fig.7 Gain of proposed INA
Fig.8 3-dB Bandwidth of Proposed INA
Fig.9
Output Referred Noise (V/sqrt(Hz))
The related results for INA are shown below in the TABLE III.
Int. Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engg. Vol. 2, Spl. Issue 1 (2015) e-ISSN: 1694-2310 | p-ISSN: 1694-2426
NITTTR, Chandigarh EDIT -2015 34
III. PROPOSED INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
The proposed Instrumentation Amplifier consist of three
operational amplifier and six resistor to carry out
maximum gain [6]. The schematic of proposed circuit
shown below in the Fig.3
Fig. 3 Proposed Instrumentation Amplifier (INA)
The proposed circuit are basically used to amplifying small
or weak signals of few volts i.e. (0.5mv-4mv) range at
some common mode voltage range [4]. The output and
differential input voltage relationship for INA are shown
below:-
= −( − ) ∗ ((1 + 2 ) ).............(2)
The resistances of the proposed circuit can be designed
through the nmos transistor by which the chip area can be
reduced.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
The proposed circuit is designed on UMC 180nm CMOS
technology file using cadence tool. All the simulated
results related to Operational Amplifier and Proposed INA
is obtained by SPECTRE SIMULATOR tool. The
simulated results for Operational Amplifier are shown
below from Fig. 4 to Fig. 6.
Fig. 4 Operational Amplifier Gain
Fig.5 3-dB Bandwidth of Operational Amplifier
Fig.6 Phase Margin and Unity GBW
The related results for Operational Amplifier are shown in
the TABLE II.
TABLE II
Results for Operational Amplifier
PARAMETERS Result Obtained
Technology 180 nm
Supply voltage 1.8 v
Gain 67.083 dB
3-dB Bandwidth 11.496 KHz
Unity GBW 25.2678 MHz
Phase Margin 63.858 deg
B. Simulated Results for Proposed Instrumentation
Amplifier (INA)
All the Simulation results for proposed INA i.e. Gain, 3-dB
Bandwidth and output referred noise are shown below in
the Fig. 7, Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 respectively. All results are
obtained by using SPECTRE SIMULATOR tool.
Fig.7 Gain of proposed INA
Fig.8 3-dB Bandwidth of Proposed INA
Fig.9
Output Referred Noise (V/sqrt(Hz))
The related results for INA are shown below in the TABLE III.
Int. Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engg. Vol. 2, Spl. Issue 1 (2015) e-ISSN: 1694-2310 | p-ISSN: 1694-2426
NITTTR, Chandigarh EDIT -2015 34
III. PROPOSED INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
The proposed Instrumentation Amplifier consist of three
operational amplifier and six resistor to carry out
maximum gain [6]. The schematic of proposed circuit
shown below in the Fig.3
Fig. 3 Proposed Instrumentation Amplifier (INA)
The proposed circuit are basically used to amplifying small
or weak signals of few volts i.e. (0.5mv-4mv) range at
some common mode voltage range [4]. The output and
differential input voltage relationship for INA are shown
below:-
= −( − ) ∗ ((1 + 2 ) ).............(2)
The resistances of the proposed circuit can be designed
through the nmos transistor by which the chip area can be
reduced.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
The proposed circuit is designed on UMC 180nm CMOS
technology file using cadence tool. All the simulated
results related to Operational Amplifier and Proposed INA
is obtained by SPECTRE SIMULATOR tool. The
simulated results for Operational Amplifier are shown
below from Fig. 4 to Fig. 6.
Fig. 4 Operational Amplifier Gain
Fig.5 3-dB Bandwidth of Operational Amplifier
Fig.6 Phase Margin and Unity GBW
The related results for Operational Amplifier are shown in
the TABLE II.
TABLE II
Results for Operational Amplifier
PARAMETERS Result Obtained
Technology 180 nm
Supply voltage 1.8 v
Gain 67.083 dB
3-dB Bandwidth 11.496 KHz
Unity GBW 25.2678 MHz
Phase Margin 63.858 deg
B. Simulated Results for Proposed Instrumentation
Amplifier (INA)
All the Simulation results for proposed INA i.e. Gain, 3-dB
Bandwidth and output referred noise are shown below in
the Fig. 7, Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 respectively. All results are
obtained by using SPECTRE SIMULATOR tool.
Fig.7 Gain of proposed INA
Fig.8 3-dB Bandwidth of Proposed INA
Fig.9
Output Referred Noise (V/sqrt(Hz))
The related results for INA are shown below in the TABLE III.
3. Int. Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engg. Vol. 2, Spl. Issue 1 (2015) e-ISSN: 1694-2310 | p-ISSN: 1694-2426
35 NITTTR, Chandigarh EDIT-2015
TABLE III
Results for Proposed Instrumentation Amplifier
PARAMETER This
work
[4] [6] [7]
Technology (um) 0.18 0.18 0.5 0.8
Supply voltage 1.8v N/A N/A N/A
Gain (dB) 42.330 19.6 19.9 40
Bandwidth 135.91
KHz
N/A N/A N/A
Output noise
(V**
2/(Hz))
3.05µ N/A N/A N/A
Power dissipation 0.792m
W
N/A N/A 122u
V. CONCLUSION
The proposed Instrumentation Amplifier basically used for
amplifying the small amplitude and low frequency signal
equalized to heart beat or pulse. The designed circuit
shows high gain, low power dissipation and smaller area
wise. The supply voltage of 1.8 volts required for the
circuit. All the simulation results are clearly obtained by
the help of cadence spectre simulator.
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Yazicioglu,R.F.; Merken,P and Van Hoof, C.,“ Integrated low power 24-
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Shojaei-Baghini, M.; Lal, R.K.; and Sharma, D.K., “An ultra low power
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Applications,” In Proc. of 5th
WSEAS, Spain, pp 168-171, 2006.
Philip E. Allen and Douglas R.Holberg, CMOS Analog Circuit Design,
Oxford University Press, pp 180-196, March 2002.
Chih-Jen Yen ; Wen-Yaw Chung and Mely Chen Chi ,“Micro-Power
Low Offset Instrumentation Amplifier IC Design For BioMedical System
Applications”,IEEE Transactions On Circuits And Systems-I:Regular
Papers ,Vol.51,No.4, pp 691-699 April 2004.
Ananth, R.S. and Lee, E.K., “Design of a low power implantable
electromyogram amplifier,” In Proc.IEEE Inter.Symp.on Circuits and
Systems (ISCAS’04), vol 4, pp. 9-12, 2004.