Bio chemical faculty of nursing tanta university
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The document defines biochemistry and discusses its main components in living cells, including water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and inorganic constituents. It then focuses on the importance of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and inorganic constituents. Specifically, it discusses glucose metabolism and diabetes mellitus, explaining the different types of diabetes, associated biochemical disturbances, and changes in blood glucose levels.
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2. There are two main types of lipids - simple lipids like fats and oils which are esters of fatty acids and alcohols, and compound lipids which also contain phosphate, nitrogenous bases or other groups.
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1. Digestion breaks down carbohydrates into monosaccharides like glucose and fructose. Salivary amylase and enzymes in the small intestine like maltase, lactase, and sucrase aid in this process.
2. Monosaccharides are absorbed into the bloodstream via active transport against concentration gradients or facilitated diffusion. Glucose is transported to tissues like the liver and brain, while pentoses are excreted by the kidneys.
3. Lactose intolerance occurs when lactase enzyme is deficient, causing undigested lactose to pass to the colon and cause gas, bloating, and diarrhea.
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2. Pancreatic Digestion of Proteins
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This document summarizes lipoproteins and their classification and functions. Lipoproteins are complexes of lipids and proteins that transport lipids in the bloodstream. They are classified into five main types based on density: chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), and high density lipoproteins (HDL). Chylomicrons transport dietary triglycerides from the intestine to tissues, VLDL transports endogenous triglycerides from the liver, and HDL transports cholesterol from tissues back to the liver in reverse cholesterol transport. Apolipoproteins associated with each lipoprotein particle facilitate their metabolism and functions.
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Biomolecules are organic compounds that are essential for life. The main biomolecules are carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Glucose is an important monosaccharide that tissues use for energy. Proteins are made of amino acids and perform many functions. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA control genetic inheritance and cellular functions. Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes and store energy. These biomolecules perform critical roles in biological processes and are the building blocks of living organisms.
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This document discusses carbohydrates and provides classifications and sources of carbohydrates. It defines carbohydrates as compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that can be classified as simple (monosaccharides and disaccharides like glucose, fructose, sucrose) or complex (polysaccharides like starch, glycogen, dietary fiber). Sources of carbohydrates include grains, fruits, vegetables, and dairy. Key functions of carbohydrates are to provide energy to cells and regulate blood glucose levels.
Basics of Carbohydrates Chemistry
Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules in nature.
They are commonly known as saccharides or sugars.
They are primarily composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
The name carbohydrate literally means “hydrates of carbon”.
Carbohydrates are widely distributed in nature in plants and animals.
The most important carbohydrate found in plants is starch.
It occurs abundantly in roots, tubers, vegetables and grains. The carbohydrate found in animals is glycogen.
It is a storage form of carbohydrate present in liver and muscles, which serves as important sources of energy for vital activities.
Carbohydrated Food In Our Daily Diet
this presentation is about carbohydrate, its classification, as food, its different sources and malnutrition of carbohydrates.
you can understand all about carbohydrates if you read this presentation.
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Place the diaphragm of the stethoscope on the
back and listen for breath sounds during inspiration and
expiration. Move systematically down the back, listening
in the same areas on both sides.
• Breath sounds should be equal, clear, and
vesicular (like a light breeze) on both sides
- Note any adventitious sounds such as wheezes, crackles,
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Bio chemical faculty of nursing tanta university
- 3. Introduction
- 12. Total body water is About 45 liters Extracellular fluid (outside cells , 15 liters) Intracellular fluid (inside the cell 30 liters) tissue fluid (12 liters) Plasma (3 liters) introduction
- 14. Carbohydrate
- 28. Classification of polysaccharides carbohydrate Examples: gums, pectin and mucopolysaccharides Examples: starch, dexterines, dextrans, glycogen and cellulose Contain different Sugar Formed of only one type of sugar B-Heteropolysaccharides A-Homopolysaccharides
- 32. Glycogen granules in a hepatocyte. These granules form in the cytosol, and are much smaller than starch granules in plants. Glycogen granules
- 49. Types of diabetes mellitus
- 54. change in glucose blood level in diabetes mellitus: >200 mgl Range from 140-200 mgl Range from 70-140 mgl Two hours postprandial >126 mgl Range from 110-120 mgl Range from 110-120 mgl Fasting blood glucose Diabetic Impaired glucose utilization Normal
- 55. The End
- 56. Good Luck