Carbohydrates and lipids

1. BIOLOGICAL
MACROMOLECULES
CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS

3. Mortality attributeable to dietary composition and weight

5. Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

6. Elements found in the Biomacromolecules
are the following:

10. Fiber- a carbohydrates that helps in digestion.

11. The term carbohydrate is derived from the French term hydrate
de carbone
i.e. It is a hydrate (compound with the union of water) of carbon
or Cn (H2O)n.
It serves as precursors for many organic compounds (fats, amino
acids). It is also present as glycoproteins and glycolipids in the
cell membrane and functions such as cell growth and
fertilization. Present as structural components like cellulose in
plants, exoskeleton of some insects, cell wall of microorganisms.
Serves also as a storage form of energy (glycogen) to meet the
energy demands of the body.

14. (mono- = “one”; sacchar- =“sweet”) are simple sugars, the most
common of which is glucose. In monosaccharides, the number of
carbon atoms usually ranges from three to six.
. Monosaccharides contain two kinds of functional groups-two or
more hydroxyl groups (-OH) and a carbonyl group (C=O).
. Glucose has many isomers. Isomers are two or more compounds
that have the same molecular formula but different arrangements
of atoms.
Because they have polar, hydroxyl (-OH) groups in their molecular
structure, they are very soluble in water.

18. There are 3 classifications of
monosaccharide:
1. Glucose
◦ The most common simple sugar in our body.
◦ It is also known as “blood sugar” since it is the principal sugar in the blood
,
“dextrose”, and “grape sugar” or “wine sugar” due to its
abundance in grapes. - It is also the chief source of energy for our
body cells.
2. Fructose
◦ It is the sugar present in fruits, honey and vegetables.
◦ Fructose has been used as a sweetener.
◦ It is often called “fruit sugar”.

19. 3. Galactose
◦ It is the simple sugar present in milk and peas.
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20. MONOMERS- Single units of Carbohydrates

23. SUCROSE
Sucrose or table sugar is a type of sugar that is present in almost everything we eat. It is a
natural compound and one that gives us valuable energy. We are energetic because of this.
It is obtained commercially from sugarcane, sugar beet, and other plants and used
extensively as a food and sweetener. It is obtained when
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

24. Sucrose with the molecular formula C12H22O11. (table sugar)
A disaccharide consists of 2 monosaccharide units (similar or
dissimilar) held together by a glycosidic bond. They are
crystalline, water soluble and sweet to taste.
Maltose
It is also called malt sugar, the least common disaccharide in
nature. It is present in germinating grain, in a small proportion in
corn syrup, and forms on the partial digestion of starch. It can be
obtained when
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose

25. DISACCHARIDES- mixture of two simple sugars of carbohydrates
SUCROSE

26. DISACCHARIDES- mixture of two simple sugars of carbohydrates

27. DISACCHARIDES- mixture of two simple sugars of
carbohydrates

28. LACTOSE
It is a disaccharide sugar composed of galactose and
glucose is found naturally in milk, thus so called as
milk sugar. It makes up around 2-8% of milk (by
weight), although the amount varies among species
and individuals, and milk with lactose also exists. The
souring of milk is due to conversion of lactose to
lactic acid.

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31. POLYSACCHARIDES- long chains of carbohydrates

32. POLYSACCHARIDES- long chains of carbohydrates

33. GLYCOGEN
it is what we store as we digest starch.
found in the muscle and liver - it acts as an immediate source of energy in the muscles.
- it is concentrated in the liver and can constitute up to 10 percent of the dry weight of the liver.
muscle glycogen is diminished during
exercise.

34. GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES
CHITIN

36. LIPIDS

37. Lipids are hydrophobic (water fearing), or
insoluble in water, because they are
nonpolar molecules. This is because they
are hydrocarbons that include only nonpolar
carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds.

38. The most abundant of the lipids are the fat
and oils also called triglycerides or
triacylglycerols.
Animal fats are mixed fats containing more saturated (no double
bonds) fatty acids than unsaturated fatty acids. Remember that
all saturated hydrocarbons contain only a single bond and they
are produced only by animals. Examples of animal fats are lard
and butter. Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain one or more
double bonds. Most oils such as vegetable oils, corn oil, and
olive oil are produced by plants.
The presence of double bonds in the fatty acids lower its melting point.

40. TYPES OF LIPIDS

41. Steroids, also called corticosteroids, are anti-inflammatory
medicines that quickly fight inflammation in the body. These are
lipids characterized by three cyclohexane rings and one cyclo-
pentane ring. The steroid nucleus is found in the structure of
several vitamins and hormones, drugs, poisons, bile acids and
sterol (sterol alcohol).
The most important steroid is cholesterol. It is a sterol because of
the presence of alcohol or the hydroxyl functional group. It is
found mainly in animal cells although cell membranes of plants
may contain small quantities of cholesterol as well as its major
derivatives, sitosterol.

42. Cholesterol is a sterol formed in brain tissue, nerve tissue and the blood, and
is a major compound found in gallstones. An important nerve cell, myelin
covers nerve axons to help conduct the electrical impulses that make
movement, sensation, thinking, learning and remembering possible.
Studies have shown that cholesterol was found to be the most important
factor in the formation of synapses, which greatly affect our memory and
learning ability. It contributes to the formation of lipid depositions on the
inner walls of blood vessels, which harden them and obstruct blood flow,
this leads to high blood pressure, heart diseases and or stroke.

43. Figure 9 shows the unique structure of cholesterol which consists of four linked hydrocarbon
rings forming the bulky steroid structure. There is a hydrocarbon tail linked to the end of the
steroid and a hydroxyl group linked to the other end.

46. Endocrine system is a messenger system in an organism comprising the loops of
hormones that are released by internal glands directly into the circulatory system and
that target and regulate distant organs.

49. TYPES OF LIPIDS
2. Triglycerides

56. UNSATURATED FATS

60. TYPES OF LIPIDS
3. Waxes

62. Shingolipid- Contains backbone of
sphingoid bases, which are set of
aliphatic amino alcohols that
include sphingosine. They protect
the cell surface against harmful
environmental factors by forming a
mechanically stable and chemically
resistant outer leaflet of the plasma
membrane lipid bilayer. Also in cell
recognition and signaling

65. TYPES OF LIPIDS
4. Phospholipids

67. Each phospholipid is made up of two fatty acids, a
phosphate group and a glycerol molecule. When many
phospholipids line up, they form a double layer that is
characteristic of all cell membranes.
In association of proteins phospholipids form the structural components of
membranes and regulate membrane permeability. Phospholipids in the
mitochondria maintain the conformation of electron transport chain
components and thus cellular respiration. They participate in the absorption of
fats in the intestine. They are essential for the synthesis of different
lipoproteins and thus participate in the transport of lipids. They prevent
accumulation of fats in the liver. They participate in the transport of
cholesterol and thus help in the removal of cholesterol from the body. They
act as surfactants (respiratory distress syndrome). Cephaline is an example of
phophotide that participates in the blood clotting. Another is lecithin that
plays an important role in fat metabolism in the liver.