Benzene sulphonic acid
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Benzene sulfonic acid is an organosulfur compound that is the simplest aromatic sulfonic acid. It is a light yellow-brown viscous liquid. It is soluble in water and alcohol, and slightly soluble in ether and carbon disulfide. Benzene sulfonic acid is prepared through direct sulfonation of benzene with sulfuric acid, from sulfonyl chlorides, or from thiophenols. The direct sulfonation reaction involves electrophilic aromatic substitution of the benzene ring by sulfur trioxide.
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Calcium carbonate chemical properties, Calcium carbonate methods of preparation, Calcium carbonate, uses, applications, toxicity
Oral hypoglycemic agents
This document discusses the management of type 2 diabetes. It outlines lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise and weight loss that can help control blood glucose levels. It also discusses various classes of diabetic medications, including their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects and examples of drugs in each class. The goal of treatment is to achieve adequate glycemic control while preventing complications through a stepped care approach involving lifestyle changes and gradual escalation of medications if needed.
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1) Oral hypoglycemic drugs are classified into several categories including sulphonylureas, biguanides, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, and alpha glucosidase inhibitors.
2) Sulphonylureas work by binding to receptors on pancreatic beta cells, reducing potassium channel conductance, enhancing calcium influx, and stimulating insulin secretion.
3) Potential drug interactions with sulphonylureas include those that increase their effects through plasma protein displacement or decreased metabolism, and those that decrease their effects through increased metabolism or antagonistic action.
Organic Chemistry: Benzene and Its Derivates
The organic reactions involving benzene emphasising on the electrophilic substitution on benzene ring, phenol and aniline.
Chemistry of benzene
Benzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H6 that is a colorless, flammable liquid. It is a natural constituent of crude oil and is produced industrially from petroleum as well as through catalytic reforming, toluene hydrodealkylation, toluene disproportionation, and steam cracking. Benzene's structure involves delocalized pi bonding that contributes to its stability and defines its chemical properties. It is used mainly to produce other chemicals including styrene, phenol, cyclohexane, and naphthalene.
How to Manufacture Detergents Powder, Active Ingredients for Detergents, Surf...
The Indian detergent industry is about three decades old. An interesting and unique feature of detergent industry in India is the existence of non power operated units which do not use any electrical power for the production of detergent powder. But the production technology of detergents have been changed involving high technique in process control, more skilled personnel and requiring large input.
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ISO 22000 Food Safety Management System
Presentation on ISO 22000 food safety management system, an international standard. It helps give to ISO 22000 training to teach food safety requirements, steps for FSMS implementation as well as food safety system advantages to the performance of organization.
Safety Management System framework
The document outlines the framework for a Safety Management System (SMS), including its four main components and twelve elements. The four components are: 1) Safety policy and objectives, 2) Safety risk management, 3) Safety assurance, and 4) Safety promotion. Each component contains several elements that further define it. The document also discusses the processes for hazard identification, safety risk assessment and mitigation, safety performance monitoring, and safety communication. It provides a two-phase plan for implementing an SMS over one year.
Safety management plan by DGMS
Mines are recommended to implement Safety Management Plans to address key risk areas such as ventilation, spontaneous combustion, gas management, inundation, emergency evacuation, and transportation machinery. These plans should consist of two levels: a Management Overview Plan and individual Hazard Management Plans for each identified risk. The Management Overview Plan includes sections on introduction, scope, mine characteristics, hazard identification, and organizational responsibilities. Hazard Management Plans for each risk include controls, roles, resources, response plans, training, reviews, audits, and documentation. Comprehensive record keeping is also recommended.
Aromatic compounds
Kekulé had a dream in which he envisioned snakes grasping their own tails and forming rings, inspiring his hypothesis that carbon atoms in benzene are arranged in a ring structure with alternating single and double bonds. This ring structure explains benzene's stability and resistance to addition reactions compared to open-chain alkenes. Aromatic compounds are named for many originally having pleasant aromas, though the term now refers to chemical stability conferred by conjugated planar ring structures like benzene that allow for resonance. These compounds are important industrially as precursors to dyes, drugs, polymers, and other chemicals.
Concrete in Aggressive Environment
The document discusses various aggressive environments that can affect concrete structures:
(1) Alkali-aggregate reaction caused by reactive aggregates reacting with alkalis in cement.
(2) Sulphate attack where sulphates react with calcium hydroxide and calcium aluminates in concrete.
(3) Chloride attack which can induce corrosion of reinforcement. Special coatings can provide waterproofing against chloride and other attacks.
Safety Management System
This document outlines the key components and requirements of a Safety Management System (SMS) as defined by CAR Section 1 Series C Part 1. An SMS is a management system for organizing safety practices through defined processes. It includes establishing a safety policy, identifying hazards, managing risk, training personnel, reporting/analyzing incidents, auditing the system, and monitoring safety performance. The Accountable Executive has overall responsibility for the SMS, and a Safety Manager is responsible for implementing and maintaining the SMS processes. An SMS Manual documents all SMS processes and personnel responsibilities.
Sulphate attack
Sulphate attack occurs most commonly in mortar, concrete foundations and floors, rising walls, flue liners, and chimneys. It is caused by soluble sulphate salts in some clay bricks reacting with constituents in portland cement, forming crystals that expand and cause cracking. Signs include lightening and cracking of mortar joints. Prevention methods include using sulphate-resisting cement and bricks with low salt levels, and keeping brickwork from becoming saturated. Sulphate attack is difficult to repair and often requires rebuilding. Proper inspection of moisture, soil chemistry, and structure is needed to identify the causes, which can include sulphate attack, wall tie failure, or salt erosion.
SMS - Safety Management Systems
This document provides an overview of a Safety Management System (SMS). It defines SMS according to the FAA as a formalized approach to managing safety that integrates operations and technical services. The purpose of SMS is to take a proactive, systematic approach to controlling risks. It consists of 4 main components: safety policy, risk management, safety assurance, and safety promotion. The document discusses each component and provides guidance on implementing an SMS, including conducting a safety culture assessment, developing SMS manuals and procedures, and implementing hazard reporting and risk mitigation processes.
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Common laboratory preparation and binary mixture (2)
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Calcium carbonate indusrial production, uses, applications, toxicity
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MAKAUT/SEM 1/ PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY/ UNIT 3/GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS_ACIDIFIERS
BY
KUNAL DATTA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
B.PHARM , M.PHARM
NETAJI SUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
CHAKDAHA , NADIA
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Emetics
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Gastro ia ppt
Gastrointestinal agents are drugs used to treat gastrointestinal disorders like achlorhydria, hyperacidity, constipation, and diarrhea. Acidifiers increase acid concentration in the GI tract and are used to treat achlorhydria. Dilute hydrochloric acid maintains or increases stomach acid levels and pH. Antacids neutralize excess stomach acid in hyperacidity. Common acidifiers and antacids include ammonium chloride, dilute hydrochloric acid, and sodium bicarbonate.
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Expectorants are drugs that enhance sputum secretion from the airways, making it easier to cough up phlegm. Ipecacuanha and potassium iodide are common expectorants that work by irritating the stomach or bronchial mucosa to stimulate sputum production. Ammonium chloride and antimony potassium tartrate are also used as expectorants. Potassium iodide, ammonium chloride, and sodium potassium tartrate (Rochelle salt) can also act as emetics in small doses to induce vomiting. Activated charcoal, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulphate are common antidotes used to treat poisoning from substances like cyanide.
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Introduction and preparation of salicylic acid (1)
Salicylic acid is obtained from the bark of willow trees. It has the formula C7H6O3 and is a colorless crystalline organic acid. It was first discovered in 1839 by fusing salicylic aldehyde with potassium hydroxide. Salicylic acid is used externally to treat skin conditions like athlete's foot and warts, and is also used in acne treatments. It is synthesized commercially via the Kolbe-Lautemann process, which involves reacting phenol with sodium and carbon dioxide to produce sodium salicylate, then converting it to salicylic acid.
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Benzene sulphonic acid
- 1. BENZENE SULFONIC ACID Prepared By: Guided By: Aashish Prajapati -13BCH001 Dr. Shibu Pillai Abhijeet Tewari -13BCH002
- 3. INTRODUCTION • Organosulfur compound • C6H5SO3H • Simplest Aromatic sulfonic acid. • Aqueous solution – strongly acidic. • Catalyst • Phenol, resorcinol.
- 7. PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIES BOILING POINT • 190 0C MELTING POINT 51 0C MOLAR MASS 158.15 g/mol DENSITY 1.32 g/cm3 Light yellow brown viscous liquid
- 8. SOLUBILITY • Water • Alcohol SOLUBLE • Benzene • Cold dilute HCl SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE • Ether • Carbon disulfide INSOLUBLE
- 9. SUPPLIER New India Detergents Limited 80,000 MT ELAB , Egypt 60,000 ton Advance surfactants India Ltd. 250 million USD
- 10. PREPARATION Aromatic sulphonic acids are mostly prepared by the following methods. 1)Direct sulphonation 2)From sulphonyl chlorides 3)From thiophenols
- 12. Mechanism
- 15. THANK YOU