This document discusses various types of cathartics/laxatives including bulk forming, stimulant, stool softeners, and osmotic laxatives. It provides examples of specific cathartics that fall into each category such as magnesium sulfate, sodium orthophosphate, kaolin, and bentonite. Details are given on the properties, identification tests, uses and methods of preparation/assay for some of these cathartic agents. Constipation and the role of laxatives in treating it are also briefly covered.
This slide contains the details from topic, "Dental Product", B.Pharm 1st Semester, Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry.
Dental Product
Desensitizing Agent
Dental Caries
Dentifrices
Role of Fluoride
This slide contains the details from topic, "Dental Product", B.Pharm 1st Semester, Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry.
Dental Product
Desensitizing Agent
Dental Caries
Dentifrices
Role of Fluoride
Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-V Radiopharmaceutical.pptx
Isotopes Types of decay
Alpha rays, which could barely penetrate a piece of paper
Beta rays, which could penetrate 3 mm of aluminium
Gamma rays, which could penetrate several centimetres of lead
Units of Radioactivity:
Measurement of Radioactivity
The measurement of nuclear radiation and detection is an important aspect in the identification of type of radiations (, , ) and to assay the radionuclide emitting the radiation, suitable detectors are required. The radiations are identified on the basis of their properties.
e.g. Ionization effect is measured in Ionization Chamber, Proportional Counter and Geiger Muller Counter.
The scintillation effect of radiation is measured using scintillation detector and the photographic effect is measured by Autoradiography.
Gas Filled Detectors:
Ionization Chamber:
Proportional Counters:
Geiger-Muller Counter
Properties of α, β, γ radiations
Half –life of Radioelement
Sodium Iodide (I131)
Handling and Storage of Radioactive Material:
Storage of Radioactive Substances –
Precautions For Handling Radioactive Substances
Labelling of Radioactive Substances
Pharmaceutical Application Of Radioactive Substances
Neutralization curves in acid base analytical titrations, indicators.nehla313
Neutralization curves in acid base analytical titrations, indicators,
strong acid strong base
weak acid strong bse
strong acid weak base
weak acid and weak base
Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-V Radiopharmaceutical.pptx
Isotopes Types of decay
Alpha rays, which could barely penetrate a piece of paper
Beta rays, which could penetrate 3 mm of aluminium
Gamma rays, which could penetrate several centimetres of lead
Units of Radioactivity:
Measurement of Radioactivity
The measurement of nuclear radiation and detection is an important aspect in the identification of type of radiations (, , ) and to assay the radionuclide emitting the radiation, suitable detectors are required. The radiations are identified on the basis of their properties.
e.g. Ionization effect is measured in Ionization Chamber, Proportional Counter and Geiger Muller Counter.
The scintillation effect of radiation is measured using scintillation detector and the photographic effect is measured by Autoradiography.
Gas Filled Detectors:
Ionization Chamber:
Proportional Counters:
Geiger-Muller Counter
Properties of α, β, γ radiations
Half –life of Radioelement
Sodium Iodide (I131)
Handling and Storage of Radioactive Material:
Storage of Radioactive Substances –
Precautions For Handling Radioactive Substances
Labelling of Radioactive Substances
Pharmaceutical Application Of Radioactive Substances
Neutralization curves in acid base analytical titrations, indicators.nehla313
Neutralization curves in acid base analytical titrations, indicators,
strong acid strong base
weak acid strong bse
strong acid weak base
weak acid and weak base
MAKAUT/SEM 1/ PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY/ UNIT 3/GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS_CATHARTICS
BY
KUNAL DATTA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
B.PHARM , M.PHARM
NETAJI SUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
Sodium Alginate - A marine Source Purified Carbohydrates Dr-Jitendra Patel
Title: - A marine Source Purified Carbohydrates
Description: In this video the viewers will come to know about Sodium Alginate that is one of the carbohydrates containing crud drugs obtained from the algal growth of the species of family Phaeophyceae. This drug becomes important since it is obtained from marine source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the ocean & countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Sodium Alginate
2. Biological Sources of Sodium Alginate
3. Geographical Sources of Sodium Alginate
4. Collection of Sodium Alginate
5. Description of Sodium Alginate
6. Chemical Constituents of Sodium Alginate
7. Chemical Test of Sodium Alginate
8. Uses of Sodium Alginate
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
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3. Constipation
To infrequent passage of stool that may be due to decreased motility in colon
or due to difficulty in evacuation.
Drugs:
• Laxatives
• Purgatives
• Cathartic
4. Types/Classification
1. Bulk purgative or bulk forming laxative:
• Act by increasing the non absorbable solid residue.
• Made from cellulose, sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose and karaya gum.
2. Stimulant purgative:
• act by local irritation on the intestinal tract which increase peristaltic activity,
motility & secretion.
• E.g. phenolphthalein, aloin, cascara extract, rhubarb extract, senna extract,
podophyllin, castor oil, bisacodyl, calomel etc.
5. 3. Stool/Fecal Softeners or emollient laxatives or lubricants:
• act by altering the consistency of feces/stool or by facilitating the passage
of compacted stool/fecal material - easier to pass
• Promote more water & fat in the stools
• E.g. Liquid paraffin, mineral oil, d-octyl sodium sulfosuccinate, an anionic
surface active agent (detergents).
4. Osmotic purgative or saline cathartics or saline purgative
• Saline cathartics act by increasing the osmotic load of the GIT (retain water
osmotically).
• They are salts of poorly absorbable anions H2PO4 - (biphosphate), HPO4
2- (phosphate), sulphates, tartarates, and soluble magnesium salt.
• Saline cathartics are water soluble and are taken with large quantities of
water.
• They act in the intestine and a full cathartic dose produces a water
evacuation within 3-6 hrs.
6. Because of their quick onset of action they are given early in the morning
before breakfast.
• They are used for bowel evacuation before radiological, endoscopic and
surgical procedures and also to expel parasite and toxic materials.
• Small amounts of these drugs may be absorbed in the blood causing
occasional toxicity.
• The absorption of magnesium may cause marked CNS depression while
that of sodium worsens the existing congestive cardiac failure (CCF)
7. Magnesium
sulphate
• I.P. limit: It
contains not less
than 99.0% and not
more than 100.5% of
magnesium
sulphate.
• Properties: It
forms colorless
prismatic crystals. It
dissolves in water, is
practically insoluble
in
alcohol. It has
cooling saline bitter
taste.
• Preparation:
1) It can be prepared
by neutralizing hot
dilute
sulphuric acid with
magnesium or its
oxides or
carbonate. The
solution is filtered;
the filtrate is
concentrated and
recrystallized
8. prepared from magnesium oxide.
This is obtained by the thermal decomposition of: magnesium
hydroxide (obtained from sea water):
Mg(OH)2(s) → MgO(s) + H2O(g)
• magnesium carbonate (from the ore magnesite):
MgCO3(s) → MgO(s) + CO2(g)
• In either case, the oxide is reacted with sulfuric acid to produce
magnesium sulphate:
MgO(s) + H2SO4(aq) → MgSO4(aq)
9. Assay:
Weigh accurately
about 6.3gm of
sample dissolve in
50ml of water,
add 10ml of strong
ammonia
ammonium chloride
solution and
titrate with 0.05M
disodium EDTA
using 0.1gm of
moderate black II
mixture as indicator
until blue color is
obtained.
• Each ml of 0.05M
disodium EDTA≡
0.00602 gm of
MgSO4
Uses: It is used as
osmotic laxative,
in treatment of
electrolyte
deficiency,
in wet dressing in
boils,
in treatment of sea
sickness,
hypertension etc.
10. Sodium orthophosphate
• Properties: NaH3O4P + white odorless crystals, granules or a crystalline powder,
available in hydrated forms. Soluble in water
• Identification Test:
• Sodium: to a solution of sample add 1 ml of acetic acid and 1 ml of uranyl zinc
acetate.
A yellow crtystalline precipitate is formed within a few min.
• Phosphate: to 5 ml of solutoin add 1 ml of conc. nitric acid and 5 ml of
ammonium molybdate and warm.
A bright canary yellow precipitate is obtained
• Orthophosphate: acidify small amt of sample with dil. Acetic acid and add 1 ml of
silver nitrate.
A yellow precipitate is formed
11. Kaolin
• Kaolin is categorised as light kaolin, light kaolin (natural), heavy kaolin (china
clay).
• Light kaolin is used internally as adsorbent, it is a native hydrated aluminium
silicate. It contains a suitable dispersing agent.
Properties: white, odourless, tasteless powder ointment like (soft) to touch.
• It is insoluble in water, mineral acids & alkali hydroxides solutions.
Uses: Adsorbent for toxic substances form the GIT As dusting powders, toilet
powders and as filtering aid.
Ref: Concise Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, by Dr K R Mahadik
12. Bentonite
• Bentonite is widely known for its high swelling characteristics occurs as a
very fine buff or cream coloured powder.
• It is odourless, free from grit and has slightly an earthy taste.
• A typical bentonite is almost insoluble in water and has the ability to
absorb 4-5 times its own weight in water and can swell 5 - 15 times its dry
volume at full-unconfined saturation.
• It neither dissolves nor swells in organic solvents.
• Chemical composition: Al2O3.4(SiO2). H2O i.e., aluminium phyllosilicate
clay
13. • Uses:
As a bulk laxative, desiccant, base for many dermatologic formulas, emulsifier for oil in
water emulsion, granular bentonite is being studied for use in wound dressings and
bentonites are used for decolorizing various mineral, vegetable and animal oils.
• They are also used for clarifying wine, liquor, cider, beer and vinegar and also as a
lubricant to cool the cutting tools.
• Types/available forms: Sodium bentonite, Calcium bentonite and Potassium
bentonite
• The Free Swell test procedure is used to determine the general swelling
characteristics of bentonite.
• *Refer practical manual for Free Swell test.
14. Assay: Weigh accurately
4gm of substance
dissolve in 25ml of water
add
25ml 1N HCl and
titrate
potentiometrically with
1M NaOH to first
inflection point of the
pH curve (n1)
continue titration until
second inlfection of
curve is reached.
The total volume of
NaOH required is n2 ml.
calculate percent
content from the
expression
• 1420(25-n1)/w (100-d)
d is percentage of water
content.
Uses: • Widely used as
saline cathartic.
• It is a pharmaceutical
aid used as buffering
agent.