Introduction and preparation of salicylic acid
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Salicylic acid is obtained from the bark of willow trees. It has the formula C7H6O3 and is a colorless crystalline organic acid. It was first discovered in 1839 by fusing salicylic aldehyde with potassium hydroxide. Salicylic acid is used externally to treat skin conditions like athlete's foot and warts, and is also used in acne treatments. It is synthesized commercially via the Kolbe-Lautemann process, which involves reacting phenol with sodium and carbon dioxide to produce sodium salicylate, then converting it to salicylic acid.
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Secondary metabolites
1. Secondary metabolites are molecules produced by organisms that are not essential for growth but provide other important functions.
2. Alkaloids are an important class of secondary metabolites derived from amino acids. They have diverse pharmacological effects used in medicine.
3. Terpenoids are another major class of secondary metabolites derived from chains of isoprene units. They contribute flavors, scents, pigments and hormones in plants.
Plant hormone
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) mediates plant adaptation to stress by inducing stomatal closure to reduce water loss, inhibiting cell growth and seed germination to promote dormancy, and regulating bud formation and abscission. ABA is produced in response to stresses like drought, cold temperatures, and soil compaction and translocates from roots to leaves to trigger closing of stomata and reduce transpiration. It plays important roles in enforcing bud and seed dormancy, inhibiting seedling growth, and preventing premature sprouting or germination until conditions are suitable.
Presentation 18 - Plant Hormones
Plant hormones are chemical messengers that are transported within plants and trigger substantial changes even at minute concentrations. They coordinate growth, development, and responses to stimuli. For example, tropisms like phototropism occur when plant organs curve towards or away from a stimulus like light due to the differential growth of cells on opposite sides caused by the distribution of the plant hormone auxin, as shown through experiments by Darwin and Went.
PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
Plant growth regulators (also called plant hormones) are numerous chemical substances that profoundly influence the growth and differentiation of plant cells, tissues and organs.
Plant growth regulators
Plant growth regulators include hormones and vitamins that control plant growth and development. The major plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Auxins were the first to be discovered and include natural auxins like IAA as well as synthetic auxins such as IBA and NAA. Their structure requires an aromatic ring and acidic side chain. Auxins promote cell elongation and division, stem elongation, apical dominance, phototropism, and root initiation. They have various agricultural applications such as rooting cuttings and fruit thinning. Gibberellins were discovered due to their role in causing excessive stem growth in diseased rice. Cytokinins
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Auxins and gibberellins would enhance stem elongation and fruit growth.
- Auxins promote cell elongation and division, resulting in stem elongation.
- Gibberellins also promote stem elongation by overcoming the inhibitory effect of other hormones.
- Ethylene and cytokinins generally do not directly promote stem or fruit growth. Cytokinins promote cell division but not elongation. Ethylene inhibits stem elongation.
- Abscisic acid and phytochrome are not directly involved in promoting stem or fruit growth. Abscisic acid inhibits growth and phytochrome regulates photoperiodism.
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This document describes the procedure for preparing adipic acid from cyclohexanol via oxidation. Cyclohexanol is oxidized using nitric acid and ammonium metavanadate catalyst at 65-70°C to yield adipic acid crystals. The theoretical and experimental yields and melting point of adipic acid are calculated and measured. Adipic acid is an important industrial dicarboxylic acid used to produce nylon polymers.
Antacid || B pharmacy First Year|| Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry|| Marke...
Antacid || B pharmacy First Year|| Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry|| Marke...K.K.Wagh College of Pharmacy, Nashik
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• Introduction
• characteristics of ideal antacid
• classification of antacid
• Some common use antacid5-Tropane_Akaloids_.pptx
content
Solanaceous alkaloids
(Atropine, Hyoscyamine and Hyoscine).
Coca alkaloids
(Cocaine, Cinnamyl cocaine and α- and β-truxillines).
Aromatic acids
This document discusses various methods for preparing carboxylic acids, including the oxidation of primary alcohols, hydrolysis of nitriles, reaction of Grignard reagents with carbon dioxide, hydrolysis of esters, and the malonic ester synthesis. The malonic ester synthesis involves treating malonic ester with sodium ethoxide to form its salt, then reacting the salt with an alkyl halide to form a dialkyl malonic ester which decarboxylates to form a substituted acetic acid. Important carboxylic acids like acetic and benzoic acid are prepared industrially using these oxidation, nitrile hydrolysis, and substitution reactions.
Lecture 42
Potassium sulfate is a white crystalline salt commonly used as a fertilizer. It can be manufactured through the Mannheim process, which involves reacting potassium chloride with sulfuric acid, or by recovering it from natural complex salts like kainite. It provides both potassium and sulfur to plants. Potassium sulfate's main use is as a fertilizer for chloride sensitive crops like tobacco, grapes, and potatoes. It is also used to reduce muzzle flash in artillery charges.
Laboratory experiment(org chem) no.5
1) The student conducted an experiment to prepare methyl butyrate through Fischer esterification. Butyric acid and methanol were reacted in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst.
2) The reaction mixture was refluxed for 30 minutes and then distilled to separate the methyl butyrate product. Tests were performed to identify and check the purity of the ester.
3) The student answered questions about the mechanism of Fischer esterification versus Schotten-Baumann reaction and the purpose of various steps in the experiment like using sulfuric acid and sodium bicarbonate. Common drying agents and their properties were also discussed.
Aromatic Organic Chemistry Research
The document summarizes research on aromatic carboxylic acids and their conversion to amides. It describes various methods for synthesizing amides, including the reaction of carboxylic acids with isocyanates. The document reports on a study investigating this amidation reaction using ionic liquids (ILs) as solvents. It finds that ILs provide higher yields of amides than traditional solvents, without side products. The properties and reactions of aromatic carboxylic acids are also discussed.
Carboxylic Acids.pptx
Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group and include common derivatives like acid halides, acid anhydrides, esters, and amides. They are named using IUPAC or common systems and are acidic due to resonance stabilization of the carboxyl group. Carboxylic acids are prepared through oxidation reactions of alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, and alkyl benzenes or by hydrolysis of nitriles and carbonation of Grignard reagents. Common reactions produce esters, acid halides, anhydrides, and amides. Ibuprofen is a carboxylic acid used as an NSAID with adverse effects including nausea, diarrhea, and headache.
Bnzoic acid ppt
Benzoic acid is a colorless crystalline solid that occurs naturally in many plants. It can be produced commercially through the partial oxidation of toluene or synthesized in the laboratory through various methods like the hydrolysis of benzonitrile. Its main use is in the production of phenol, and it is also used to make plasticizers and in some medicinal ointments. Benzoic acid is metabolized in the body and excreted as hippuric acid in urine. Reactions can occur on the aromatic ring or carboxyl group, with electrophilic aromatic substitutions favoring the meta position.
Terpenoids
Triterpenes are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain. Squalene is a 30-carbon triterpene containing six double bonds. Its structure was elucidated through reactions showing the presence of double bonds and the absence of conjugated double bonds. Oxidation and ozonolysis reactions provided further insight into its structure. Carotenoids are tetraterpenoids containing 9-11 double bonds that may terminate in rings. Alpha and beta carotene are prominent carotenoids, with beta carotene being the most well-known and a provitamin A.
Phytochemistry essential oils aldehydes and ketones
This document summarizes information about various aldehydes and ketones found in plants. It discusses acyclic, alicyclic, and aromatic aldehydes including citronellal, citral, perillaldehyde, benzaldehyde, and vanillin. It also covers monocyclic, bicyclic, and degraded terpene ketones such as carvone, menthone, fenchone, camphor, and ionones. The document provides details on the occurrence, isolation, identification, properties, synthesis and uses of these compounds. It is a comprehensive overview of important phytochemicals within the classes of aldehydes and ketones.
Chlorine.pptx
This document discusses calcium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite, two common chlorine compounds. Calcium hypochlorite is a white solid used as a bleaching agent and disinfectant. It is produced by treating lime with chlorine gas. Sodium hypochlorite is a pale green-yellow solution known as liquid bleach. It is produced through the chlorination of sodium hydroxide and is widely used as a disinfectant. Both compounds are used for water treatment, aquaculture, agriculture, veterinary purposes, and in the fish processing industry.
Advantages Of Biodegradable Polymers
Here are a few suggestions to optimize Ritalin for more effective results:
1. Increase lipophilicity. Methylphenidate's phenyl ring makes it moderately lipophilic, allowing it to cross the blood-brain barrier. Adding additional alkyl chains could increase its lipid solubility and rate of permeation into the brain. However, this could also increase its half-life and side effects.
2. Modify binding affinity. Methylphenidate binds strongly to dopamine and norepinephrine transporters. Adding substituents to fine-tune its binding affinity/selectivity could potentially improve efficacy and tolerability. However, this risks disrupting its transporter interactions.
3. Develop prodrug
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives (Acid Anhydride)
1. Acid anhydrides are formed when two carboxylic acid molecules lose a water molecule. The simplest and most common acid anhydride is acetic anhydride.
2. Acid anhydrides can be prepared through various methods including the dehydration of carboxylic acids using a dehydrating agent or through the reaction of acid chlorides with carboxylic acids.
3. Acid anhydrides undergo hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids and can react with alcohols to form esters or with amines to form amides, making them useful for ester and amide synthesis. They also act as acylating agents in reactions like Friedel-
Unit-IV Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry II.pdf
Unit IV
Industrial Production, Estimation and Utilization of
the Phytochemicals:
1. Sennoside
2. Artemisinin
3. Diosgenin
4. Digoxin
5. Atropine
6. Podophyllotoxin
7. Caffeine
8. Taxol
9. Vincristine and Vinblastine
10. Forskolin
11. Caffeine
Esters2015
Esters are organic compounds formed through the reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid. They have many applications in medicine, biology, chemistry and industry. Esters can be naturally occurring or made in the laboratory through esterification reactions. The structure of esters is such that the main chain comes from the carboxylic acid and the alkyl group comes from the alcohol used. Esters have various smells and flavors that make them useful in producing fragrances, flavors and perfumes.
Oxidation (pharmaceutical process chemistry)
The document discusses various types of oxidative reactions and oxidizing agents used in liquid phase oxidation. It describes oxidation of several organic compounds like aniline and furfural using oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, oxygen gas, and ozone. Details about the structures and production methods of these oxidizing agents are provided. Common applications and reactions of the oxidizing agents are also summarized.
Similar to Introduction and preparation of salicylic acid (20)
Oxidation (Unit Process-1) Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry
Oxidation (Unit Process-1) Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry
Oxidation of cyclohexanol or preparation of adipic acid
Oxidation of cyclohexanol or preparation of adipic acid
Antacid || B pharmacy First Year|| Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry|| Marke...
Antacid || B pharmacy First Year|| Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry|| Marke...
Phytochemistry essential oils aldehydes and ketones
Phytochemistry essential oils aldehydes and ketones
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Methanol oc
This document summarizes reactions and applications of methanol. It describes reactions involving cleavage of the O-H bond including reactions with active metals and acids, and oxidation reactions. It also describes reactions involving cleavage of the C-O bond including reactions with hydrochloric acid and phosphorus compounds. Applications discussed include use as a fuel in vehicles and for producing biodiesel, as a solvent, in waste water treatment, as an intermediate in chemical synthesis, and in direct methanol fuel cells, camping stoves, and formerly as an antifreeze.
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Formaldehyde is a colorless, flammable gas that is produced industrially from methanol through catalytic oxidation. It is commonly used to produce other chemical compounds and products like plastics and building materials. The document discusses the forms, hazards, production methods, and some major manufacturers of formaldehyde worldwide and in India. The largest producers globally are BASF in Germany, Dynea in the Netherlands, and Perstorp Formox in the Netherlands. Common hazards of formaldehyde include cancer, irritation to eyes/skin/respiratory tract, and sensitization of skin and respiratory systems.
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Introduction and preparation of salicylic acid (1)
Salicylic acid is obtained from the bark of willow trees. It has the formula C7H6O3 and is a colorless crystalline organic acid. It was first discovered in 1839 by fusing salicylic aldehyde with potassium hydroxide. Salicylic acid is used externally to treat skin conditions like athlete's foot and warts, and is also used in acne treatments. It is synthesized commercially via the Kolbe-Lautemann process, which involves reacting phenol with sodium and carbon dioxide to produce sodium salicylate, then converting it to salicylic acid.
I@pnew oc
Acetic anhydride is a colorless liquid with a pungent smell and molecular formula C4H6O3. It is produced industrially by reacting methyl acetate or acetic acid with ketene. Acetic anhydride reacts as an acid chloride but is less reactive due to its structure. It is used to produce cellulose acetate and can react with nucleophiles through substitution reactions. Acetic anhydride is a flammable and corrosive liquid that rapidly hydrolyzes in water to acetic acid.
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This document summarizes information about ethanol, including its molecular formula, physical properties, methods of production, and flammability. Ethanol can be produced from biomass like sugar, starch, and cellulose via acid-catalyzed processes or from acetylene. The primary production methods are the sulfuric acid process and phosphoric acid process. Ethanol is also commonly produced via fermentation of sugar or biomass like corn, sugar cane, and wheat. The document provides details on ethanol production from various feedstocks and outlines some major global producers.
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Introduction and preparation of salicylic acid (1)
Introduction and preparation of salicylic acid (1)
Introduction and preparation of salicylic acid
- 1. Introduction and Preparation of Salicylic Acid Guided By:- By:- Shibu.G.Pillai 13BCH012 (Asst. Professor) 13BCH013
- 2. SALICYLIC ACID (C7H6O3) It is obtained from the bark of the willow tree which is the substance used to be obtained is a monohydrobenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid and a betahydroxy acid. It has the formula C7H6O3. This colourless crystalline organic acid is widely used in organic synthesis and functions as a plant hormone. It is derived from the metabolism of salicin. COOH OH
- 3. The acid was first discovered by H. Piria in 1839, by fusing salicylic aldehyde with potassium hydroxide.
- 4. Salicylic Acid is used externally on the skin. It helps in the treatment of athlete’s foot, ringworm of the scalp, and the removal of warts, corns, and calluses. Salicylic acid is also incorporated into preparations for the treatment of acne, dandruff, seborrhea, and insect bites
- 5. Molecula r wt. • 138.12 g/mol Physical State • White crystalline solid Boiling and Melting point • B.P-211ºC • M.P-159ºC • 1.44Specific Gravity Slightly soluble in water but soluble in organic solventsSpecific Gravity
- 6. Autoignitio n and Flash point • Auto-ignition-570ºC • Flash Point-157ºC pH • 2.4 Stability • Stable under ordinary conditions but sensitive to light
- 8. Major Manufacturers of Salicylic Acid in India All India Drugs Supply Co. Alliance Global-Mumbai Hindustan Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals. Forbes Pharmaceuticals. Triveni Chemicals-Vapi,Gujarat Samrat enterprise-Ahmedabad
- 9. Methods of Preparation By oxidation of or by fusion with potassium hydroxide, or by electrolysis of one of the following substances:- salicin, salicaldehyde, and saligenin. By heating with water ortho-diazo amidobenzoic acid. By heating phenol with carbon tetrachloride and alcoholic potash.
- 10. By electrolysis of a solution of benzoic acid in acetic acid. By exposing a solution of benzoic acid to the sunlight in the presence of a ferric salt. From Methyl Salicylate in presence of Sodium Hydroxide and Sulphuric acid. By passing dry carbon dioxide into a hot mixture of phenol and sodium.(Kolbe and Lautemann reaction)
- 11. Kolbe-Lautemann’s Process for synthesis of Salicylic Acid.(Commercial Process) 1. Phenol and sodium hydroxide form sodium phenoxide. C6H5OH + NaOH C6H5ONa + H2O 2. Carbon dioxide when added to the sodium phenoxide forms sodium phenyl carbonate: C6H5ONa + CO2 C6H5OCOONa This stage is completed then the mass is heated to about 110°C for one hour and at about 6 atmosphere.
- 12. 3. The sodium phenylcarbonate is transformed into sodium salicylate: C6H5OCO2Na C6H4OHCOONa The CO2 goes into the Ortho-position between the hydrogen atom and the nucleus, producing a carboxyl group. 4. In the last stage the salt acts with some unchanged sodium phenate and sets free the Phenol in the disodium salt. C6H4OHCOONa + C6H5ONa C6H5ONaCOONa + C6H5OH
- 13. Mechanism
- 14. Process Flow Diagram for Kolbe’s Synthesis
- 16. Mechanism