Gastrointestinal agents _ Acidifiers.ppt
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MAKAUT/SEM 1/ PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY/ UNIT 3/GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS_ACIDIFIERS BY KUNAL DATTA ASSISTANT PROFESSOR B.PHARM , M.PHARM NETAJI SUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY CHAKDAHA , NADIA
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Amonium chloride
Ammonium chloride is an inorganic compound that occurs as a white crystalline powder. It is highly soluble in water and solutions are mildly acidic. Ammonium chloride is prepared commercially by reacting ammonia with hydrogen chloride gas or hydrochloric acid. It has several applications, including use as an expectorant in cough medicines due to its irritating effect on the bronchial mucosa. Ammonium chloride is also used to acidify the urine and as a systemic acidifying agent to treat metabolic alkalosis. It is available in formulations like cough syrups and injections.
Limit test for heavy metals
The document describes three methods (A, B, and C) for performing a limit test for heavy metals according to the Indian Pharmacopoeia. The test involves reacting heavy metal ions in the sample with hydrogen sulfide or sodium sulfide to form colored heavy metal sulfides. The color produced is compared to that of a standard lead solution to determine whether the sample meets the limit of 20 parts per million for heavy metals. Method A is for clear, colorless solutions, Method B is for solutions that are not clear or colorless, and Method C uses sodium hydroxide for solutions that give a clear colorless solution in sodium hydroxide.
3.limit test for sulphate
This document describes the procedure for performing a limit test for sulphate according to the Indian Pharmacopoeia. A barium sulphate reagent is prepared containing barium chloride, potassium sulphate, alcohol and water. Standard sulphate solutions are also prepared. The test involves adding nitric acid and the reagent to samples and standards, observing any turbidity formed, and comparing the sample to the standard. If the sample turbidity is less than the standard, it passes the limit test, and if greater, it fails the test.
Antacid || B pharmacy First Year|| Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry|| Marke...
Antacid || B pharmacy First Year|| Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry|| Marke...K.K.Wagh College of Pharmacy, Nashik
Anatacid || B pharmacy First Year || Presentation || kkwagh ||
This presentation is helpful for your study
This Presentation Contain
• Introduction
• characteristics of ideal antacid
• classification of antacid
• Some common use antacidCathartics by adk
this contains all about cathartics or laxativs....its a very good presentation for pharmacy student to decribe about the catharics drug type
Gastrointestinal agents _ Cathartics.ppt
MAKAUT/SEM 1/ PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY/ UNIT 3/GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS_CATHARTICS
BY
KUNAL DATTA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
B.PHARM , M.PHARM
NETAJI SUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
Limit test of Arsenic
Arsenic is well known under desirable hand harmful due to its toxic nature, it poses the serious health hazard, which is present in medical substance, many qualitative and quantitative test for arsenic known, however Pharmacopoeia method is based on ‘Gutzeit Method’.
Concentration of arsenic beyond 0.01 mg/L in pollutant by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Reasons:
• Stannous chloride is used for complete evolution of arsine.
• Zinc, potassium iodide and stannous chloride is used as a reducing agent.
• Hydrochloride acid is used to make the solution acidic.
• Lead acetate pledger or papers are used to trap any hydrogen sulphide, which may be evolved along with arsine.
Miscllaneous inorganic Pharmaceutical agents
This document discusses various inorganic pharmaceutical agents including expectorants, terpin hydrate, ammonium chloride, potassium iodide, and emetics such as antimony potassium tartrate. Expectorants are drugs that stimulate respiratory tract secretions to loosen mucus. Terpin hydrate, ammonium chloride, and potassium iodide are expectorants. Emetics induce vomiting and were formerly used but are limited now due to their depression effects. Antimony potassium tartrate is an emetic with a slow onset of vomiting followed by marked depression.
Recommended
Amonium chloride
Ammonium chloride is an inorganic compound that occurs as a white crystalline powder. It is highly soluble in water and solutions are mildly acidic. Ammonium chloride is prepared commercially by reacting ammonia with hydrogen chloride gas or hydrochloric acid. It has several applications, including use as an expectorant in cough medicines due to its irritating effect on the bronchial mucosa. Ammonium chloride is also used to acidify the urine and as a systemic acidifying agent to treat metabolic alkalosis. It is available in formulations like cough syrups and injections.
Limit test for heavy metals
The document describes three methods (A, B, and C) for performing a limit test for heavy metals according to the Indian Pharmacopoeia. The test involves reacting heavy metal ions in the sample with hydrogen sulfide or sodium sulfide to form colored heavy metal sulfides. The color produced is compared to that of a standard lead solution to determine whether the sample meets the limit of 20 parts per million for heavy metals. Method A is for clear, colorless solutions, Method B is for solutions that are not clear or colorless, and Method C uses sodium hydroxide for solutions that give a clear colorless solution in sodium hydroxide.
3.limit test for sulphate
This document describes the procedure for performing a limit test for sulphate according to the Indian Pharmacopoeia. A barium sulphate reagent is prepared containing barium chloride, potassium sulphate, alcohol and water. Standard sulphate solutions are also prepared. The test involves adding nitric acid and the reagent to samples and standards, observing any turbidity formed, and comparing the sample to the standard. If the sample turbidity is less than the standard, it passes the limit test, and if greater, it fails the test.
Antacid || B pharmacy First Year|| Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry|| Marke...
Antacid || B pharmacy First Year|| Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry|| Marke...K.K.Wagh College of Pharmacy, Nashik
Anatacid || B pharmacy First Year || Presentation || kkwagh ||
This presentation is helpful for your study
This Presentation Contain
• Introduction
• characteristics of ideal antacid
• classification of antacid
• Some common use antacidCathartics by adk
this contains all about cathartics or laxativs....its a very good presentation for pharmacy student to decribe about the catharics drug type
Gastrointestinal agents _ Cathartics.ppt
MAKAUT/SEM 1/ PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY/ UNIT 3/GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS_CATHARTICS
BY
KUNAL DATTA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
B.PHARM , M.PHARM
NETAJI SUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
Limit test of Arsenic
Arsenic is well known under desirable hand harmful due to its toxic nature, it poses the serious health hazard, which is present in medical substance, many qualitative and quantitative test for arsenic known, however Pharmacopoeia method is based on ‘Gutzeit Method’.
Concentration of arsenic beyond 0.01 mg/L in pollutant by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Reasons:
• Stannous chloride is used for complete evolution of arsine.
• Zinc, potassium iodide and stannous chloride is used as a reducing agent.
• Hydrochloride acid is used to make the solution acidic.
• Lead acetate pledger or papers are used to trap any hydrogen sulphide, which may be evolved along with arsine.
Miscllaneous inorganic Pharmaceutical agents
This document discusses various inorganic pharmaceutical agents including expectorants, terpin hydrate, ammonium chloride, potassium iodide, and emetics such as antimony potassium tartrate. Expectorants are drugs that stimulate respiratory tract secretions to loosen mucus. Terpin hydrate, ammonium chloride, and potassium iodide are expectorants. Emetics induce vomiting and were formerly used but are limited now due to their depression effects. Antimony potassium tartrate is an emetic with a slow onset of vomiting followed by marked depression.
Introduction of Inorganic Chemistry, History of Pharmacopoeia.pptx
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry and the history of pharmacopoeias. It discusses how pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry studies inorganic substances used as drugs, and how pharmacopoeias set quality standards for drugs. The document outlines the contents of pharmacopoeias including monographs describing drugs' names, properties, purity standards, and approved tests. It provides a brief history of major pharmacopoeias like the USP and IP, and describes the development and editions of the Indian Pharmacopoeia since 1944.
Cathartics
This document discusses various types of saline cathartics (laxatives) including their definitions, mechanisms of action, preparations, and uses. The main types discussed are bulk forming laxatives, osmotic laxatives, lubricant laxatives, surfactant laxatives, and purgatives. Specific saline cathartics described in detail include magnesium hydroxide, magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt), and magnesium carbonate. Their preparations, assays, uses as laxatives or other purposes, and dosages are provided.
4.limit test for iron
This document describes the limit test for iron according to the Indian Pharmacopoeia. The test involves comparing the color produced by reacting a sample with thioglycolic acid in an ammonical citrate buffer to the color produced by a standard iron solution under the same conditions. If the color produced by the sample is less than the standard, it passes the limit test for iron. If the color is greater than the standard, it fails the limit test. The test is sensitive and uses citric acid to eliminate interference from other metal cations.
limit test for arsenic
This document describes the limit test for arsenic using the Gutzeit method. Arsenic in a sample is converted to arsine gas, which reacts with mercuric chloride paper to produce a stain that is compared to a standard stain. The test uses an apparatus with two glass tubes, where the sample is placed below zinc and hydrochloric acid to produce arsine gas, which passes through mercuric chloride paper to produce a stain after 40 minutes. By comparing the intensity of this test stain to the standard stain produced in the same way from a solution of known arsenic concentration, the document determines if the sample passes or fails the limit test for arsenic.
Emetics
Emetics are drugs that induce vomiting by causing the contents of the stomach to be expelled through the mouth. They are important for treating poisoning cases. Copper sulfate is a common emetic that is blue crystalline powder. It can be assayed through an oxidation-reduction titration with iodine and sodium thiosulfate. Sodium potassium tartrate, also known as Rochelle salt, is a crystalline powder that is soluble in water. It has uses as a laxative, diuretic, and food additive.
Limit test sulphate
Limit test of sulphate is based on the reaction of soluble sulphate with barium chloride in presence of dilute hydrochloric acid to form barium sulphate which appears as solid particles (turbidity) in the solution.
Limit test for sulphate
This document describes the limit test for sulfate. The test is based on the reaction between barium chloride and soluble sulfates in the presence of hydrochloric acid. This results in the precipitation of barium sulfate. The turbidity produced by the test solution is compared to that of a standard sulfate solution. If the turbidity of the test solution is less than the standard, then the sample passes the limit test for sulfate.
Gastrointestinal agents.Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-III pptx
Gastrointestinal agents.Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-III pptx
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Acidifiers: Ammonium chloride* and Dil. HCl
Antacid: Ideal properties of antacids, combinations of antacids, Sodium Bicarbonate*, Aluminum hydroxide gel, Magnesium hydroxide mixture
Cathartics: Magnesium sulphate, Sodium orthophosphate, Kaolin and
Bentonite
Antimicrobials: Mechanism, classification, Potassium permanganate, Boric
acid, Hydrogen peroxide*, Chlorinated lime*, Iodine and its preparations
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This document provides information about gastrointestinal agents (GI agents), which are drugs used to treat GI disorders. It discusses the classifications of GI agents including acidifying agents, antacids, protectives, adsorbents, and cathartics. It then describes common antacids including aluminum hydroxide gel, calcium carbonate, and magnesium salts. The ideal characteristics of antacids are outlined. Common calcium-containing and magnesium-containing antacids are also discussed in more detail.
Gastrointestinal agents
Subject : Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry
As per syllabus of Gujarat Technological University
Gastrointestinal Agents
Unit 1 PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
The document discusses various limit tests performed as per the Indian Pharmacopoeia to determine the presence of impurities below specified limits. It describes the principles, procedures and observations for limit tests of chloride, sulphate, iron, arsenic, heavy metals and lead. Limit tests involve comparing the color or turbidity developed in a test sample to a standard under defined reaction conditions. They provide a semi-quantitative analysis to check if impurity levels pass specified limits in the pharmacopoeia.
Major extracellular and intracellular electrolytes first semester b.pharm PTU...
Intracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid
Electrolytes
Physiological Importance of electrolytes
Intracellular Compartment
Extracellular Compartment
Transcellular Compartment
Functions of major physiological ions:
Chloride
Phosphate
Bicarbonate
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium replacement
Calcium replacement.
Calcium gluconate
Calcium chloride
Calcium lactate
Calcium levulinate
monophasic liquid dosage forms
This document discusses monophasic liquid dosage forms, which contain components dissolved in a single phase. It provides examples of internal monophasic liquids like syrups and elixirs, and external liquids like gargles and enemas. The advantages of liquids include ease of administration, rapid drug absorption, and uniform dosing. Disadvantages include bulkiness, potential for microbial growth, and reduced drug stability compared to solids. A variety of oral, ocular, nasal and rectal liquids are also described.
Misselaneous agents.pdf
This document provides information on various pharmaceutical compounds including expectorants, potassium iodide, copper sulfate, iron sulfate, zinc sulfate, and methods for their analysis. It discusses the definition, chemical and physical properties, preparation, uses and assays of these compounds by redox titration, gravimetric analysis, and complexometric titration. The document also covers emetics, astringents, antidotes and poisons including sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate and activated charcoal.
Limit test for lead
This document describes the limit test for lead using diphenylthiocarbazone (dithizone) which forms a violet colored lead-dithizonate complex in an alkaline medium. The method separates any lead impurity in a substance by extracting an alkaline solution with dithizone chloroform solution. The intensity of the violet color complex is then compared to a standard lead solution to determine the amount of lead present.
limit test for chloride
The document discusses the limit test for chloride. It defines a limit test as a quantitative or semi-quantitative test to identify and control small amounts of impurities likely to be present in a substance. The limit test for chloride determines the allowable limit of chloride in a sample. It involves dissolving the sample and standard sodium chloride solution, adding nitric acid and silver nitrate, and observing any opalescence or turbidity after 3 minutes. The sample passes the limit test for chloride if the opalescence is less than or equal to the standard solution.
7.limit test for arsenic
This document describes the Gutzeit test for detecting arsenic. The test works by first converting any arsenic in a sample into arsenious acid, then reducing it to arsine gas. Mercuric chloride paper placed in the apparatus will turn yellow if arsine gas is present, indicating the presence of arsenic in the original sample. The document provides details of the test apparatus, reagents used, procedure, and precautions to get accurate results and avoid contamination.
Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Unit IVMiscellaneous compounds Expectorant...
Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Unit IV Miscellaneous compounds Expectorants Emetics, Haematinics, Poison and Antidote and Astringents.
Expectorants: Potassium iodide, Ammonium chloride*.
Emetics: Copper sulphate*, Sodium potassium tartarate
Haematinics: Ferrous sulphate*, Ferrous gluconate
Poison and Antidote: Sodium thiosulphate*, Activated charcoal, Sodium nitrite333
Astringents: Zinc Sulphate, Potash Alum
Limt test Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-I (Part-III) Limit Test
Limt test Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-I (Part-III) Limit Test.
Limit tests:- Factors affecting limit tests:
Specificity of the tests
Sensitivity
Control of personal errors (Analyst errors)
Test in which there is no visible reaction
Comparison methods
Quantitative determination
Limit test for Chloride: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Limit test for Sulphate: Principle, Procedure, observation and result
Limit test for Iron: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Limit test for Heavy metal: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Limit test for Lead: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Limit test for Arsenic: Principle, Gutzet test Procedure, detail in Gutzet Apparatus. observation and result.
Modifies Limit test for Chloride: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Modified Limit test for sulphate: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Acids, Bases And Buffers Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-I)
Acids, Bases And Buffers Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-I)
Acids, Bases are defined by Four main theories,
1.Traditional theory / concept
2.Arrhenius theory
3.Bronsted and Lowry theory
4.Lewis theory
Importance of acids and bases in pharmacy
Buffers: Buffer action
Buffer capacity Buffers system
Types of Buffers : Generally buffers are of two types:
1. Acidic buffers
2. Basic buffers
There are some other buffer system:
3. Two salts acts as acid-base pair. Ex- Potassium hydrogen phosphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
4. Amphoteric electrolyte. Ex- Solution of glycine.
5. Solution of strong acid and solution of strong base. Ex- Strong HCl with KCl Mechanism of Buffer action: Mechanism of Action of acidic buffers: Buffer equation-Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
Standard Buffer Solutions Preparation of Buffer Solutions: Buffers in pharmaceutical systems or Application of buffer: Stability of buffers Buffered isotonic solution Types of Buffer Isotonic solution
1. Isotonic Solutions:
2. Hypertonic Solutions:
3. Hypotonic Solution:
Measurement of Tonicity: 1. Hemolytic method: 2. Cryoscopic method or depression of freezing point:
Methods of adjusting the tonicity:
Class I methods:
In this type, sodium chloride or other substances are added to the solution in sufficient quantity to make it isotonic. Then the preparation is brought to its final volume withan isotonic or a buffered isotonic diluting solution.
These methods are of two types:
Cryoscopic method
Sodium chloride equivalent method.
Class II methods:
In this type, water is added in sufficient quantity make the preparation isotonic. Then the preparation is brought to its volume with an isotonic or a buffered isotonic diluting solution.
These methods are of two types:
White-Vincent method
Sprowls method.
Gastro ia ppt
Gastrointestinal agents are drugs used to treat gastrointestinal disorders like achlorhydria, hyperacidity, constipation, and diarrhea. Acidifiers increase acid concentration in the GI tract and are used to treat achlorhydria. Dilute hydrochloric acid maintains or increases stomach acid levels and pH. Antacids neutralize excess stomach acid in hyperacidity. Common acidifiers and antacids include ammonium chloride, dilute hydrochloric acid, and sodium bicarbonate.
Flavor enhancers
This document provides information on flavor enhancers and stabilizers used in foods. It discusses flavor, common flavor enhancers like monosodium glutamate, and techniques for analyzing flavors like gas chromatography. It also defines food stabilizers, provides examples like alginates and agar, describes general confirmatory tests, and discusses applications such as preventing emulsions from separating.
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Introduction of Inorganic Chemistry, History of Pharmacopoeia.pptx
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry and the history of pharmacopoeias. It discusses how pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry studies inorganic substances used as drugs, and how pharmacopoeias set quality standards for drugs. The document outlines the contents of pharmacopoeias including monographs describing drugs' names, properties, purity standards, and approved tests. It provides a brief history of major pharmacopoeias like the USP and IP, and describes the development and editions of the Indian Pharmacopoeia since 1944.
Cathartics
This document discusses various types of saline cathartics (laxatives) including their definitions, mechanisms of action, preparations, and uses. The main types discussed are bulk forming laxatives, osmotic laxatives, lubricant laxatives, surfactant laxatives, and purgatives. Specific saline cathartics described in detail include magnesium hydroxide, magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt), and magnesium carbonate. Their preparations, assays, uses as laxatives or other purposes, and dosages are provided.
4.limit test for iron
This document describes the limit test for iron according to the Indian Pharmacopoeia. The test involves comparing the color produced by reacting a sample with thioglycolic acid in an ammonical citrate buffer to the color produced by a standard iron solution under the same conditions. If the color produced by the sample is less than the standard, it passes the limit test for iron. If the color is greater than the standard, it fails the limit test. The test is sensitive and uses citric acid to eliminate interference from other metal cations.
limit test for arsenic
This document describes the limit test for arsenic using the Gutzeit method. Arsenic in a sample is converted to arsine gas, which reacts with mercuric chloride paper to produce a stain that is compared to a standard stain. The test uses an apparatus with two glass tubes, where the sample is placed below zinc and hydrochloric acid to produce arsine gas, which passes through mercuric chloride paper to produce a stain after 40 minutes. By comparing the intensity of this test stain to the standard stain produced in the same way from a solution of known arsenic concentration, the document determines if the sample passes or fails the limit test for arsenic.
Emetics
Emetics are drugs that induce vomiting by causing the contents of the stomach to be expelled through the mouth. They are important for treating poisoning cases. Copper sulfate is a common emetic that is blue crystalline powder. It can be assayed through an oxidation-reduction titration with iodine and sodium thiosulfate. Sodium potassium tartrate, also known as Rochelle salt, is a crystalline powder that is soluble in water. It has uses as a laxative, diuretic, and food additive.
Limit test sulphate
Limit test of sulphate is based on the reaction of soluble sulphate with barium chloride in presence of dilute hydrochloric acid to form barium sulphate which appears as solid particles (turbidity) in the solution.
Limit test for sulphate
This document describes the limit test for sulfate. The test is based on the reaction between barium chloride and soluble sulfates in the presence of hydrochloric acid. This results in the precipitation of barium sulfate. The turbidity produced by the test solution is compared to that of a standard sulfate solution. If the turbidity of the test solution is less than the standard, then the sample passes the limit test for sulfate.
Gastrointestinal agents.Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-III pptx
Gastrointestinal agents.Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-III pptx
Gastrointestinal agents
Acidifiers: Ammonium chloride* and Dil. HCl
Antacid: Ideal properties of antacids, combinations of antacids, Sodium Bicarbonate*, Aluminum hydroxide gel, Magnesium hydroxide mixture
Cathartics: Magnesium sulphate, Sodium orthophosphate, Kaolin and
Bentonite
Antimicrobials: Mechanism, classification, Potassium permanganate, Boric
acid, Hydrogen peroxide*, Chlorinated lime*, Iodine and its preparations
Gastrointestinal agents
This document provides information about gastrointestinal agents (GI agents), which are drugs used to treat GI disorders. It discusses the classifications of GI agents including acidifying agents, antacids, protectives, adsorbents, and cathartics. It then describes common antacids including aluminum hydroxide gel, calcium carbonate, and magnesium salts. The ideal characteristics of antacids are outlined. Common calcium-containing and magnesium-containing antacids are also discussed in more detail.
Gastrointestinal agents
Subject : Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry
As per syllabus of Gujarat Technological University
Gastrointestinal Agents
Unit 1 PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
The document discusses various limit tests performed as per the Indian Pharmacopoeia to determine the presence of impurities below specified limits. It describes the principles, procedures and observations for limit tests of chloride, sulphate, iron, arsenic, heavy metals and lead. Limit tests involve comparing the color or turbidity developed in a test sample to a standard under defined reaction conditions. They provide a semi-quantitative analysis to check if impurity levels pass specified limits in the pharmacopoeia.
Major extracellular and intracellular electrolytes first semester b.pharm PTU...
Intracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid
Electrolytes
Physiological Importance of electrolytes
Intracellular Compartment
Extracellular Compartment
Transcellular Compartment
Functions of major physiological ions:
Chloride
Phosphate
Bicarbonate
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium replacement
Calcium replacement.
Calcium gluconate
Calcium chloride
Calcium lactate
Calcium levulinate
monophasic liquid dosage forms
This document discusses monophasic liquid dosage forms, which contain components dissolved in a single phase. It provides examples of internal monophasic liquids like syrups and elixirs, and external liquids like gargles and enemas. The advantages of liquids include ease of administration, rapid drug absorption, and uniform dosing. Disadvantages include bulkiness, potential for microbial growth, and reduced drug stability compared to solids. A variety of oral, ocular, nasal and rectal liquids are also described.
Misselaneous agents.pdf
This document provides information on various pharmaceutical compounds including expectorants, potassium iodide, copper sulfate, iron sulfate, zinc sulfate, and methods for their analysis. It discusses the definition, chemical and physical properties, preparation, uses and assays of these compounds by redox titration, gravimetric analysis, and complexometric titration. The document also covers emetics, astringents, antidotes and poisons including sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate and activated charcoal.
Limit test for lead
This document describes the limit test for lead using diphenylthiocarbazone (dithizone) which forms a violet colored lead-dithizonate complex in an alkaline medium. The method separates any lead impurity in a substance by extracting an alkaline solution with dithizone chloroform solution. The intensity of the violet color complex is then compared to a standard lead solution to determine the amount of lead present.
limit test for chloride
The document discusses the limit test for chloride. It defines a limit test as a quantitative or semi-quantitative test to identify and control small amounts of impurities likely to be present in a substance. The limit test for chloride determines the allowable limit of chloride in a sample. It involves dissolving the sample and standard sodium chloride solution, adding nitric acid and silver nitrate, and observing any opalescence or turbidity after 3 minutes. The sample passes the limit test for chloride if the opalescence is less than or equal to the standard solution.
7.limit test for arsenic
This document describes the Gutzeit test for detecting arsenic. The test works by first converting any arsenic in a sample into arsenious acid, then reducing it to arsine gas. Mercuric chloride paper placed in the apparatus will turn yellow if arsine gas is present, indicating the presence of arsenic in the original sample. The document provides details of the test apparatus, reagents used, procedure, and precautions to get accurate results and avoid contamination.
Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Unit IVMiscellaneous compounds Expectorant...
Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Unit IV Miscellaneous compounds Expectorants Emetics, Haematinics, Poison and Antidote and Astringents.
Expectorants: Potassium iodide, Ammonium chloride*.
Emetics: Copper sulphate*, Sodium potassium tartarate
Haematinics: Ferrous sulphate*, Ferrous gluconate
Poison and Antidote: Sodium thiosulphate*, Activated charcoal, Sodium nitrite333
Astringents: Zinc Sulphate, Potash Alum
Limt test Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-I (Part-III) Limit Test
Limt test Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-I (Part-III) Limit Test.
Limit tests:- Factors affecting limit tests:
Specificity of the tests
Sensitivity
Control of personal errors (Analyst errors)
Test in which there is no visible reaction
Comparison methods
Quantitative determination
Limit test for Chloride: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Limit test for Sulphate: Principle, Procedure, observation and result
Limit test for Iron: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Limit test for Heavy metal: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Limit test for Lead: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Limit test for Arsenic: Principle, Gutzet test Procedure, detail in Gutzet Apparatus. observation and result.
Modifies Limit test for Chloride: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Modified Limit test for sulphate: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Acids, Bases And Buffers Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-I)
Acids, Bases And Buffers Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-I)
Acids, Bases are defined by Four main theories,
1.Traditional theory / concept
2.Arrhenius theory
3.Bronsted and Lowry theory
4.Lewis theory
Importance of acids and bases in pharmacy
Buffers: Buffer action
Buffer capacity Buffers system
Types of Buffers : Generally buffers are of two types:
1. Acidic buffers
2. Basic buffers
There are some other buffer system:
3. Two salts acts as acid-base pair. Ex- Potassium hydrogen phosphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
4. Amphoteric electrolyte. Ex- Solution of glycine.
5. Solution of strong acid and solution of strong base. Ex- Strong HCl with KCl Mechanism of Buffer action: Mechanism of Action of acidic buffers: Buffer equation-Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
Standard Buffer Solutions Preparation of Buffer Solutions: Buffers in pharmaceutical systems or Application of buffer: Stability of buffers Buffered isotonic solution Types of Buffer Isotonic solution
1. Isotonic Solutions:
2. Hypertonic Solutions:
3. Hypotonic Solution:
Measurement of Tonicity: 1. Hemolytic method: 2. Cryoscopic method or depression of freezing point:
Methods of adjusting the tonicity:
Class I methods:
In this type, sodium chloride or other substances are added to the solution in sufficient quantity to make it isotonic. Then the preparation is brought to its final volume withan isotonic or a buffered isotonic diluting solution.
These methods are of two types:
Cryoscopic method
Sodium chloride equivalent method.
Class II methods:
In this type, water is added in sufficient quantity make the preparation isotonic. Then the preparation is brought to its volume with an isotonic or a buffered isotonic diluting solution.
These methods are of two types:
White-Vincent method
Sprowls method.
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This document discusses various electrolytes used in acid-base therapy and their properties and uses. It describes sodium acetate, potassium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate, potassium citrate, sodium lactate, ammonium chloride, and potassium bicarbonate. It also discusses oral rehydration solutions, their formulations and benefits. The World Health Organization recommends reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solutions containing sodium, potassium, citrate, magnesium, zinc, and glucose to effectively treat diarrhea and dehydration.
Gastrointestinal agents
The document discusses the gastrointestinal tract and its components and functions. It then discusses various types of acidifying reagents or acidifiers that can increase acidity in the gastrointestinal tract, including gastric, urinary, and systemic acidifiers. It provides ammonium chloride as an example of an acidifier, discussing its preparation, properties, identification tests, purity tests, and uses to produce mild acidosis.
Gastrointestinal agents
Gastrointestinal agents
Inorganic chemicals used to treat Castro intestinal tract by different class of agents
Acidifying Agents
ANTACID
PROTECTIVE AND ADSORBENTS
SALINE CATHARTICS
Gastrointestinal Tract
This document discusses gastrointestinal agents including acidifying agents, antacids, and cathartics. It provides details on various acidifying agents such as ammonium chloride, hydrochloric acid, and dilute hydrochloric acid. It also discusses antacids including sodium bicarbonate, aluminium hydroxide gel, and magnesium hydroxide mixture. Finally, it covers cathartics such as magnesium sulphate, sodium orthophosphate, and kaolin. The document provides information on the uses, properties, preparations and other details of these various gastrointestinal agents.
git-210408045019.pdf
This document discusses various gastrointestinal agents including acidifying agents, antacids, cathartics, and anti-microbial agents. It provides details on ammonium chloride, hydrochloric acid, and dilute hydrochloric acid which are used as acidifying agents to treat conditions where there is insufficient stomach acid production such as achlorhydria. It also discusses the uses, properties, methods of analysis and other details of these three acidifying agents.
Unit-III Gastro-intestinal agent for B&D Pharmacy.pptx by Bulet Kumar Gupta
The document discusses various agents used to treat gastrointestinal conditions. It describes the anatomy and functions of the gastrointestinal tract. It then discusses different types of gastric antacids including their classification, mechanisms of action, and examples like aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and sodium bicarbonate. It also covers acidifiers, cathartics, and their uses to treat conditions like achlorhydria, constipation, and diarrhea.
FOOD ADDITIVES
Food additives are substances added to food to preserve or enhance qualities like flavour, taste, texture and appearance. They help maintain or improve the keeping quality of foods. Additives are classified based on their function and include colours, preservatives, acids, antioxidants, sweeteners, flavours, stabilizers and thickeners. Common preservatives added are benzoic acid, sulphuric acid, nitrates/nitrites and propionates. Tests are used to identify and quantify levels of additives in foods.
SM_b70c6b76-9696-41a0-a265-34b997ffbbee_75.pdf
The document discusses gastrointestinal agents and provides information about antacids. It defines antacids as alkaline substances used to neutralize hydrochloric acid in the stomach and provides relief from pain caused by excess stomach acid. The summary discusses classification of antacids as systemic or non-systemic based on absorption and criteria for an ideal antacid preparation. It also mentions combination antacid preparations can help avoid side effects of individual compounds.
Antacid 1
This document discusses various gastrointestinal agents used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, including acidifiers, antacids, adsorbents, and cathartics. It provides details on specific agents such as ammonium chloride, dilute hydrochloric acid, and aluminum hydroxide gel. It explains that antacids are weak bases that neutralize stomach acid and relieve pain by raising the gastric pH to between 4-7 without causing systemic alkalosis. The document also outlines the ideal characteristics of antacids and categorizes them as either systemic/absorbable or non-systemic.
Gastrointestinal Agents
This document discusses several types of gastrointestinal agents including acidifiers, antacids, cathartics, and antimicrobials. It provides details on specific agents such as ammonium chloride, dilute hydrochloric acid, aluminum hydroxide gel, milk of magnesia, sodium bicarbonate, and their uses, preparations, and assays. Antacids are discussed in terms of their ideal properties and combinations used. Acidifiers are described as agents that increase acidity in the gastrointestinal tract for various purposes.
Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry -B Pharmacy First Year -First semester -PI...
This document provides an overview of gastrointestinal agents used to treat various gastrointestinal disorders. It discusses acidifiers that increase acid in the stomach and are used to treat achlorhydria. It also covers antacids that neutralize excess stomach acid and are used for hyperacidity/hyperchlorhydria. Finally, it discusses cathartics/laxatives that relieve constipation through increasing bowel movements. Specific agents covered include ammonium chloride, dilute hydrochloric acid, sodium bicarbonate, aluminum hydroxide gel, and magnesium hydroxide mixture.
Acidifiers
This document discusses several inorganic acids and bases. It provides details on the preparation, properties, uses and titration methods for hydrochloric acid, sodium phosphate, calcium phosphate, ammonium chloride and other compounds. Key points include that inorganic acids produce or become acid in water, are used as systemic acidifiers, and their concentrations can be determined through acid-base titration using various pH indicators.
To Determine which Antacid could Neutralize the most Stomach Acid
The document describes an experiment to determine which antacid could neutralize the most stomach acid. Materials used included various antacid samples, hydrochloric acid solution, and sodium carbonate solution. The antacids were tested by adding them to hydrochloric acid and titrating with sodium carbonate. The amount of sodium carbonate solution required indicated how much acid was neutralized. The results showed that Ocid was the most effective antacid, neutralizing the most stomach acid as it required the least amount of sodium carbonate solution at 7 mL.
Antacid
This document discusses various antacids, including their compositions, mechanisms of action, preparations, and analysis methods. It covers common antacid combinations containing aluminum hydroxide gel, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium trisilicate, and sodium bicarbonate. Individual antacids like milk of magnesia and aluminum hydroxide gel are also described, outlining their chemical properties, uses as antacids, and methods for quantitative analysis. Preparation processes are provided for sodium bicarbonate and analysis methods involve titrimetric techniques.
12. acidifying reagents or acidifiers
This document discusses acidifying reagents, including dilute hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride. It provides details on their preparation, properties, tests for identification and purity, assays, storage, and uses. Dilute hydrochloric acid is a clear, colorless liquid prepared by diluting concentrated hydrochloric acid with water. Ammonium chloride is a white, crystalline powder prepared by neutralizing ammonia with hydrochloric acid. Both are used as acidifiers in pharmaceutical preparations and to treat conditions like metabolic alkalosis.
GASTRO INTESTINAL AGENT (ACIDIFYING AGENT)
This document discusses acidifying agents used to treat conditions caused by low stomach acid such as achlorhydria. It describes two main acidifying agents - ammonium chloride and hydrochloric acid. Ammonium chloride is used as a systemic acidifier, expectorant, and diuretic. It is prepared by neutralizing hydrochloric acid with ammonia. Hydrochloric acid is used as an acidifying agent, solvent, and catalyst. It is prepared by reacting sulfuric acid with sodium chloride. Both agents work to increase stomach acid levels and support digestion when acid production is impaired.
Catheratics
This document discusses various types of cathartics/laxatives including bulk forming, stimulant, stool softeners, and osmotic laxatives. It provides examples of specific cathartics that fall into each category such as magnesium sulfate, sodium orthophosphate, kaolin, and bentonite. Details are given on the properties, identification tests, uses and methods of preparation/assay for some of these cathartic agents. Constipation and the role of laxatives in treating it are also briefly covered.
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To Determine which Antacid could Neutralize the most Stomach Acid
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Gastrointestinal agents _ Acidifiers.ppt
- 1. PT 103 PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY(THEORY) KUNAL DATTA UNIT III : Gastrointestinal Agents Acidifiers
- 2. Acidifiers
- 3. • Acidifiers or Acidifying Reagents are the drugs which are able to increase the acidity temporarily in GIT. • In another words Acidifiers are inorganic chemicals that either produce or become acid. • These chemicals increase the level of gastric acid in the stomach when ingested, thus decreasing the stomach pH. • Systemic acidifiers given via injection reduces the alkali accumulation in the body and useful in reducing metabolic alkalosis.
- 4. Types Of Acidifiers Mainly there are three types of acidifiers: 1.Gastric Acidifiers 2.Urinary Acidifiers 3.Systemic Acidifiers
- 5. Gastric Acidifiers • Used in controlling acidic pH in stomach.
- 6. Urinary Acidifiers • Used in controlling acidic pH in urine.
- 7. Systemic Acidifiers • Used in controlling acidic pH of all parts of the body.
- 9. Preparation • It is prepared by adding 274 g of concentrated HCl slowly into 726 g of purified water. • Pungent odour • Colorless liquid • Fuming • It reacts with metals and release hydrogen gas.
- 10. Assay • Acid base titration reaction. • An accurate amount about 4 g of HCl dissolved in 40 ml of water and titrated against 1 N NaOH using methyl orange as an indicator. • Neutralization reaction takes place. • Methyl orange is yellow in alkali medium and it changes to red in acid medium.
- 11. Uses • It is used as an acidifier.
- 12. Storage • It is stored in well closed containers.
- 13. Dose • 0.6 to 8 ml
- 15. Preparation • Ammonium chloride is prepared by commercial method. • Neutralization of Ammonia with HCl yields Ammonium Chloride. • The purification is done by sublimation process.
- 16. Properties • Appearance :White solid, hygroscopic • Odor: Odourless • Taste: Cooling saline • Density: 1.5274 g/cm3 • Melting point: 338 degree C (decomposes, sublimes) • Solubility: free soluble in water and glycerol, Sparingly soluble in alcohol.
- 17. Assay • Acid base titration reaction. • Dissolve 1.000 g of Ammonium chloride in 20 ml of water and add a mixture of 5 ml of formaldehyde solution, with few drops of phenolphthalein solution. After 1 min to 2 min, titrate slowly with 1M sodium hydroxide. • Neutralization reaction takes place. • End point is the appearance of pale permanent pink color.
- 18. Assay • Indicator is colorless in acid and pink in alkaline medium.
- 19. Uses Ammonium chloride is used as an expectorant in cough medicine. Ammonium salts are an irritant to the gastric mucosa and may induce nausea and vomiting. Ammonium chloride is used as a systemic acidifying agent in treatment of severe metabolic alkalosis. The main application of ammonium chloride is as a nitrogen source in fertilizers. Ammonium chloride is used as a flux in preparing metals to be tin coated, galvanized or soldered.
- 20. Storage • It is stored in highly closed containers.
- 21. Dose 1 to 2 gm (As systemic acidifier) 0.3 to 0.5 gm (Expectorant)
- 22. THANK YOU