This document summarizes information about various aldehydes and ketones found in plants. It discusses acyclic, alicyclic, and aromatic aldehydes including citronellal, citral, perillaldehyde, benzaldehyde, and vanillin. It also covers monocyclic, bicyclic, and degraded terpene ketones such as carvone, menthone, fenchone, camphor, and ionones. The document provides details on the occurrence, isolation, identification, properties, synthesis and uses of these compounds. It is a comprehensive overview of important phytochemicals within the classes of aldehydes and ketones.
General Methods for Isolation of Terpene Hydrocarbons
1. Fractional Distillation:
• This usually takes place under vacuum or in an atmosphere of inert gas,?? as many hydrocarbons are sensitive to heat in atmospheric oxygen (product name? ? ?).
• This can carried out by gradual increase of the distillation temperature by (1-5oC) or (5-10 oC) according to the boiling point of components.
2. Preparation of the Corresponding Crystalline Additive Products “Adducts”:
Characteristic addition products are formed by N2O3 (Dinitrogen trioxide), N2O4, NOCl (Nitrosyl chloride) and NOBr to yield nitrosites, nitrosates, nitrosochlorides, and nitrosobromides, respectively.
General Methods for Isolation of Terpene Hydrocarbons
1. Fractional Distillation:
• This usually takes place under vacuum or in an atmosphere of inert gas,?? as many hydrocarbons are sensitive to heat in atmospheric oxygen (product name? ? ?).
• This can carried out by gradual increase of the distillation temperature by (1-5oC) or (5-10 oC) according to the boiling point of components.
2. Preparation of the Corresponding Crystalline Additive Products “Adducts”:
Characteristic addition products are formed by N2O3 (Dinitrogen trioxide), N2O4, NOCl (Nitrosyl chloride) and NOBr to yield nitrosites, nitrosates, nitrosochlorides, and nitrosobromides, respectively.
Synonyms: Rhizoma Hydrastis, GoldenSeal, Yellow root, Gelbwurzel.
Origin: Dried rhizomes and roots of Hydrastis Canadensis (Fam. Ranunculaceae).
Ph. Eur. 6.2 Hydrastis Canadensis containing not less than 2.5% of hydrastine and not less than 3.0% of berberine, calculated on the dried basis. .
Colchicum - Anti Rheumatic agent | Cultivation | Description | Chemical Const...Chetan Prakash
This presentation provides knowledge about Colchicum, its description, collection& cultivation, Morphological characters, microscopical characters, powder characters, chemical constituents, chemical tests and its uses. This is an assignment in the subject Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, IIIrd B.Pharm
This slide includes the plants containing Volatile oil, their chemical components, Structures and uses. As well as how the volatile oil is being obtained from different methods and techniques with the pictorial representation.
Yohimbine occurs in the barks of the West African tree Pausinystalia yohimbe = Coryanthe yohimba, Fam. Rubiaceae.
* Rauwolfia was used as an antidote to snake-bite, to remove white spots in the eyes, against stomach pains, fever, vomiting, and headache.
* Excellent antihypertensive and tranquillizer activity.
Uses
* Pilocarpine is a cholinergic agent and stimulates the muscarinic receptors in the eye, causing constriction of the pupil (miotic) and enhancement of outflow of aqueous humour (treatment of glaucoma).
The effects are similar to those of physostigmine and the two agents are sometimes combined.
Pilocarpine gives relief for dryness of the mouth that results in patients undergoing radiotherapy for mouth and throat cancers.
Pilocarpine is antagonistic to Atropine.
As muscarinic agonists, pilocarpine and analogues are also being investigated for potential treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
Synonyms: Rhizoma Hydrastis, GoldenSeal, Yellow root, Gelbwurzel.
Origin: Dried rhizomes and roots of Hydrastis Canadensis (Fam. Ranunculaceae).
Ph. Eur. 6.2 Hydrastis Canadensis containing not less than 2.5% of hydrastine and not less than 3.0% of berberine, calculated on the dried basis. .
Colchicum - Anti Rheumatic agent | Cultivation | Description | Chemical Const...Chetan Prakash
This presentation provides knowledge about Colchicum, its description, collection& cultivation, Morphological characters, microscopical characters, powder characters, chemical constituents, chemical tests and its uses. This is an assignment in the subject Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, IIIrd B.Pharm
This slide includes the plants containing Volatile oil, their chemical components, Structures and uses. As well as how the volatile oil is being obtained from different methods and techniques with the pictorial representation.
Yohimbine occurs in the barks of the West African tree Pausinystalia yohimbe = Coryanthe yohimba, Fam. Rubiaceae.
* Rauwolfia was used as an antidote to snake-bite, to remove white spots in the eyes, against stomach pains, fever, vomiting, and headache.
* Excellent antihypertensive and tranquillizer activity.
Uses
* Pilocarpine is a cholinergic agent and stimulates the muscarinic receptors in the eye, causing constriction of the pupil (miotic) and enhancement of outflow of aqueous humour (treatment of glaucoma).
The effects are similar to those of physostigmine and the two agents are sometimes combined.
Pilocarpine gives relief for dryness of the mouth that results in patients undergoing radiotherapy for mouth and throat cancers.
Pilocarpine is antagonistic to Atropine.
As muscarinic agonists, pilocarpine and analogues are also being investigated for potential treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
This presentation is the second part of the previously uploaded presentation with the title amino compounds. please read that presentation first.
In this presentation, I explained the Derivatives of amino compounds with their reactivity.
Structural features of Cinchona alkaloids
1- The basic skeleton of Cinchona alkaloids is Ruban-9-Ol.
2- Ruban nucleus is a combined skeleton formed from a quinoline ring attached to a quinuclidine ring (a bicyclic ring contain N) through methylene group.
Aromatic carboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain both a carboxyl functional group (-COOH) and an aromatic ring, which is a cyclic arrangement of atoms with alternating double bonds. These compounds are also known as aryl carboxylic acids.
Examples of aromatic carboxylic acids include benzoic acid, salicylic acid, and phenylacetic acid. These compounds are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as starting materials for the synthesis of drugs, as well as in the food industry as preservatives due to their antimicrobial properties.
Aromatic carboxylic acids are typically weak acids, meaning that they do not readily donate a proton (H+) to a solvent. This is due to the resonance stabilization of the aromatic ring, which delocalizes the negative charge of the carboxylate ion (-COO-) over the ring, making it less reactive. However, under certain conditions, such as in the presence of a strong base, these acids can undergo deprotonation to form the corresponding carboxylate salt.
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Phytoconstituents.pptxZuli Shingala
general Isolation methods for alkaloids
isolation, identification and analysis of phytoconstituents like Caffeine, Atropine, Glycyrrhetinic acid, Podophyllotoxin
content
Flavonoids (importance, Physiological role and Therapeutic uses).
Flavonoids biosynthesis, General Properties and Tests for identity.
Flavone Glycosides (Diosmin and Apiin)
Flavonol Glycosides (rutin and Quercetrin)
Flavanone Glycosides (Hesperidin)
Silymarin (flavonolignans)
Isoflavonoids (Genistein)
Coumarin Glycosides
content
Anthracene glycosides
mechanism of Action
Chemistry
Tests for Identification of anthracene glycosides
I- Anthraquinones (alizarin, aloe-emodin and rhein)
Metabolism of Diacerein (1-8 Diacetyl Rhein)
II- Anthranols and anthrones (Chrysarobin and Barbaloin)
III- Dianthrones (Sennosides A-D and Hypericin)
Definition
Glycosides are non-reducing organic compounds that on hydrolysis with acids or enzymes yield:
1- A sugar part (or glycone, formed of one or more sugar units).
2- A non-sugar part (or aglycone, also called genin).
content
The evaluation of drugs
Evaluation methods of the crude drugs
Chemistry of Crude Drugs
Primary Metabolites (starch, protein and fixed oil)
secondary Metabolites (glycosides, alkaloids and volatile oil)
The living plant cell
What is the main differences between plant cell and animal cell??
Cell wall: Formed of cellulose.
Chloroplast: Responsible for photosynthesis.
Vacuole: much larger in plant cells, store any nutrients and waste products .
content
Deterioration of Herbal Drugs
Primary Factors (Light, Moisture/ Humidity, Temperature and Air Oxidation)
Secondary Factors
Control Measures for Deterioration
Adulteration of Crude Drugs
Detection of Adulterants
content
Cultivation and preparation of crude drugs
1- Cultivation
2- Collection
3- Preservation of plant material (Drying, stabilization and fermentation)
4- Packing
5- Storage
6- Grinding of crude drugs
7- crude drug extraction
content
Important definitions
Crude drug description
Pharmacist should have a good knowledge of natural drugs (why)
Nomenclature of drugs (Origin of the crude drug)
Classification of drugs for study
Definitions “volatile oils”, “Ethereal oils” or Essential oils”
Volatile oils: Complex liquid mixtures of odoriferous compounds of varying chemical composition, which easily evaporate when exposed to air at room temperature, and which are used for either their specific therapeutic activity or their aroma.
Aromatherapy is a branch of complementary medicine, which depends on the use of aromatic plants, their extracts, mainly their essential oils to promote health, beauty and vitality.
بعض العلاقات... مثل القرابة والصداقة...
تشتمل على معاني جميلة... و روابط انسانيه مهمة...
ولكن البعض يتغيرون ... تغيرهم الاحداث ...
فالاحداث هي امتحانات لقوة طرفي اي معادلة تربط اي اثنين...
أستاذ جامعي يقع قتيلا في مؤتمر تقيمه كلية الحقوق... أثناء نقاش مع زميل له ...
على الرغم من ان القتيل كان شخص وفيا ومعطاء لكل المحيطين به...
لكن هذا لم يمنع يد خائنة وخسيسة من ان تقتله...
وتجعل من الخيانة والغدر مقابلا للوفاء... كما كانت من قبل جزاء لسنمار.
عندما يتلوث الدم.... ليس بالجراثيم وانما بآثام القلب وشروره ليضخ دما ملوثا بالحقد والكراهيه لينقله الى اقدام تسوقك الى جريمه والى يدا لتجعل من السلاح الذي تمسكه ادآة سوداء ورسالة من قلب مريض رسالة بالموت
عندما يتحول نجاحك الى مرض وعقده نفسيه كبيره لشخص لا يستطيع ان يلاحقه .....
عندما لا تفلح مؤمرات ذلك الشخص في افشالك.....
عندما يقرر انك من يقف في طريقه وانه يتوجب عليه ازاحتك من طريقه بأي وسيله وان كانت القتل..
عندها فقط بدأت المذبحه...
هاجس جال بخاطر رجل الاعمال الناجح حسن المصري بأن اذى ما سيلحق بابنه الوحيد خالد وان كارثة ما ستحدث لشركته...
وبدون مقدمات تحول الهاجس لسلسله من الجرائم البشعه والغامضه التي راح ضحيتها هو وكل الموجوديين بقصره ...
وفي لحظاته الاخيره ... وبدون ادنى تفكير حاول ان يحمي اغلى الناس في حياته ...ابنه ....من تلك اليد الاثمه...
لتكن تلك المكالمه ذات الكلمات القليله .... يبلغ فيها خالد ابنه برساله...
رساله من قلب محب.... رساله مضمونها
ان الاب هو الملاذ الاخير
حصن يحمي ابنائه الى النهايه
ان الاب هو.....
الطابية الاخيره
Phenolic compounds
Precipitate animal proteins in hides and converting them into leather. “Tanning Industry”
Present in plants, ex. grapes, cranberry, hamamelis and tea leaves.
Opium is the air-dried milky exudate, or latex, obtained by incising the unripe capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum (Papaveraceae).
the ripe capsule can contain up to 0.5% total alkaloids
Opium represents a much concentrated form and up to 25% of its mass is composed of alkaloids ( more than 40 alkaloids).
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
3. Common reactions of
aldehydes and
ketones(Derivatization):
• to facilitate their isolation, identification,
and estimation
4. 1- Reaction with sodium bisulfite:
C O NaHSO3 C
OH
SO3Na
C
OH
SO3 Na++
-
or
dilute acid or
Na2CO3/ heatSodium bisulfite Bisulfite derivative
2- Reaction with neutral sodium sulfite:
C O Na2SO3 H2O C
OH
SO3Na
+ + + NaOH
Sodium sulfite dilute acid or
Na2CO3/ heat
3- Reaction with semicarbazide:
C O
N
H
H2N
O
NH2 N
H
N
O
NH2
C H2O+
semicarbazide semicarbazone
+
Addition or adsorption reactions
7. • Isolation: through its crystalline
bisulphite compound, the aldehyde can be
regenerated by treating the normal bisulphite with
dil. Alkalies (Sodium bicarbonate), strong alkali
hydroxides cause resinification
CHO
SO3Na
SO3Na
OH
SO3Na
OH
SO3Na
8. Separation of citronellal from citral:
citral more reactive than citronellal…… why?
1- neutral sulfite method: With dilute soluton of sod.
Sulphite/ sod. bicarb. mix., in which citral reacts only
(citronellal reacts with conc. solution with passing CO2
at first)
2- bisulfite method:
• With dil. sod. bisulphite citral reacts giving
normal bisulphite which can be regenerated,
while citronellal reacts only with coc. sol.
9. Uses:
• Citronellal used in perfumes industry and
for scenting of soaps.
• It may serves in artificial citrus flavors.
• insect repellent
10. Citral
•Mixture of at least 4 geometrical isomers of di-olefinic
aldehyde
•In oil of lemon grass, Cymbopogon spp.
•Lemon-like odor, yellowish, optically inactive
CHO
CHOCHO
CHO
H H
H H
Geranial (Citral a) Neral (Citral b)
13. Separation of Citral a and b
Mixture of Citral a and b + NaHSO3 sodium
bisulfite derivative of Citral a is sparingly soluble while that of
Cital b is readily soluble.
14. Properties
•It is slightly yellowish optically inactive,
possessing a powerful lemon-like odor and
flavor.
•Upon hydrogenation with Na/Hg/H+
→
geraniol or citronellal and citronellol.
Identification: through semicarbazone derivative
15. Uses
• Compounding of synthetic lemon, lime and orange
flavor
• Scenting soaps, cosmetics, perfumes
• Synthesis of ionone: the starting material for synthesis
of vitamin A
CHO
H
condensation
CH3H3C
O
H
O
CYCLIZATION
O O
α-ionone β-ionone
pseudo ionone
Citral
- H2O
17. Perillaldehyde
• Oil of Perilla (Labiatae)
• Give oxime with hydroxylamine called
perillatrine or prilla sugar which is 200
time as sweet as sucrose and used as
sweetening agent in Japan
18. Aromatic aldehydes
(Benzaldehyde(
• In bitter almond in glycosidic form “Amygdalin”
• Colorless with bitter almond odor found also in peach and apricot
kernels
• In air, it oxidizes to benzoic acid which can be prevented by
adding 10% alcohol
• Isolated by formation of sod. bisulfite adduct and the aldehyde
can be regenerated by alkali
CH
H2O
CHO 2Glucose
+
+
Amygdalin
(non-volatile)
Benzaldehyde
(Volatile)
H2O
emulsin
O gentiobiose
CN
HCN
(Volatile)
+
20. • Separation of benzaldehyde
from HCN:
By shaken with calcium hydroxide and
ferrous sulphat, stay for a long time to
fix HCN as calcium ferrocyanide,then distilling
benzaldehyde
21. Synthesis
1- By oxidation of benzyle alcohol
2- Oxidation of toluene with manganese
oxide or chromyl chloride
3- Hydrolysis of benzoyl chloride using
ferric benzoate or powdered iron as a
catalyst
22. Vanillin
• In vanilla pods in the form of glucovanillin
CHO
O-glc
OCH3
H2O
CHO
OH
OCH3
Glucose+ +
Glucovanillin
(non-volatile)
Vanillin
(Volatile)
H2O
β-glucosidase
Prepared by:
•Hydrolysis of Vanilla pods powder then extraction with ether;
after evaporating ether, vanillin is crystallized from alcohol
26. Vanillin as Phenolic Aldehyde
• Vanillin possesses both characters of
aldehydes and phenols, thus acidic to litmus
and give blue color with ferric chloride
27. • Uses
• It used mostly for the
flavoring of food, candies,
and chocolate.
• It serves in perfumes and
cosmetics for imparting
odor.
28. Ketones
Acyclic ketones Alicyclic ketones Aromatic ketones
Monocyclic Bicyclic
e.g.
Menthone
Carvone
Diosphenol
e.g.
Fenchone
Camphor
30. Isolation
Oil + aq. Na2SO3 solution
- Neutalization of the liberated
NaOH with dil. acid
-
ether layer
Non reacting compounds
Hydrosulfonic acid salt
Carvone
NaOH
Shake with ether
31. Isolation
The alcoholic solution of oil + NH3
- H2S gas
Carvone
alkali
Carvone hydrogen sulphide complex
O
SO3Na
OH
O
SO3Na
H
. H2S 2 NaOH
Carvone Carvone
disulphonic
acid sodium salt
Carvone
hydrogen sulphide
complex
+ H2S / NH3 + 2 Na2SO3.H2O
+
32. Properties
•Colorless liquid, with caraway odor.
O
Carvone
(Ketone)
• H2SO4
or
H3PO4
or
ZnCl2
OH
Carvacrol
(Phenol)
Uses
Carminative, flavoring, gargles, toothpaste
and substitute for caraway oil.
33. Monocyclic Terpene Ketones
Diosphenol
O
OH
Diosphenol
It is known also as “Buchu camphor”.
Occurrence:
•It occurs in oil of Buchu leaves.
Isolation:
1-rich oil repeatedly cooled to – 20 °C separated
as crystals.
2-for oil with moderate amounts By fractional
distillation in vacuum, collecting the fraction distilling at
109-110°C;
•3-extraction with alkali …acidifiction. and ext. with ether..Being enolic
OH (phenolic properties), it can form water-soluble salt with alkali
34. Properties:
Diosphenol is a crystalline, colorless, sublimable
substance with a camphor-like odor.
Identification:
•It reduces Fehling’s solution and ammoniacal AgNO3
solution.
•It gives intense green color with FeCl3.
Uses: Antiseptic
35. Menthone
• Occurs as a mixture of d-, l-,
and dl- of menthone and
isomenthone.
• Heating of l-menthone with acid
or alkali gives d-isomenthone.
• l-menthone occurs in oils of
Peppermint, Buchu.
• Ment-like odor.
O
Menthone
H
36. Isolation
• Menthone does not react easily with
bisulphite, therefore, it can be isolated
through its oxime or semicarbazone
derivatives, menthone can be
regenerated with dilute acid.
• Uses:
Ingredient in compounding artificial
essential oils.
37. Bicyclic terpene ketones
Occurrence
The d-Fenchone occurs in Fennel oil,
while Thuja oil contains the l-form.
Isolation:
1-The fraction boils between
190-195 °C is rich in fenchone.
O
Fenchone
38. 2(By gentle warming with conc. HNO3,
)Fenchone is stable, Not oxidizing with HNO3, other
constituents are oxidized(.
3-extraction with organic solvent then cooling for
crystalization
Uses:
It is used as a flavoring agent in foods and perfumes
and as a counter irritant.
antiseptic and antispasmodic )it passes kidney stones(
39. Bicyclic terpene ketones Camphor
• d-camphor in camphor tree
)Cinnamomum camphora(,
sassafras, lavander, rosemary
• l and dl present in Lavander,
Salvia
• Crystalline and sublimable
• Identified by semicarbazone derivatives
O
(+)-Camphor
40. Preparation
• Isolation:
• from camphor tree by steam distillation …. then purification with
mix. of charcoal and soda lime….. then sublimation
• Cooling or freezing the oil )high %(
• Fractional distillation then cooling )low %(
• Formation of insoluble complex with strong acids e.g. 80% H2SO4
• Synthesis: From alpha-pinene
41. HO
Cl
Cl
HCl gas
- 10 o
C
isomerization KOH
(+)-α-Pinene Pinene HCl Bornyl chloride
(white ppt.)
Borneol
(pinnane to camphane)
O
Camphor
HNO3
Oxid.
α-pinene therefore used for preparation of synthetic Camphor
molecular
rearrangment
Property Natural camphor Synthetic camphor
Optical Rotation Optically active )d or l( Optically inactive )dl(
Test for Chlorides Negative Positive
Vanillin /HCl and
careful heating
Yellow to green to blue color
)due to other volatile
contaminants(
Yellow
43. •Separation of camphor from borneol
1( Borneol with phthalic or succinic anhydride,
add NaOH → borneol acid phthalate or
succinate ) sol. in aq. alk. layer(. Camphor is
separated by extraction with organic solvent e.g.
ether or by distillation.
2( Camphor can be converted to its oxime, the
oxime is then dissolved in H2SO4, borneol
removed by extraction with ether
44. Uses
Excellent plasticizer for cellulose esters and ethers; used in manufacture of
plastics especially celluloid.
It is used in manufacture of varnishes and explosives, as a moth repellent
and preservative in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
Camphor is an ingredient of camphorated parachlorophenol and paregoric.
It is applied as a topical anti-infective and counter irritant.
Camphor derivatives of pharmaceutical importance:
Bromo d-Camphor is powerful counter irritant.
d-Camphor carboxylic acid was used as its basic bismuth sodium salt as
antisyphilitic.
Camphotamide, prepared by condensation of camphor sulphonic acid with
nikethamide, is used as analeptic.
45. Ketones arising from terpene degradation
Ionones O
β-Ionone
O
α-Ionone
C-13 isoprenoids that arise
from the autoxidation of carotenes
Irones
O
β-Irone
C-14 ketones