Basics of developmental biology 1
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in developmental biology. It discusses induction, in which one cell or tissue signals another to influence developmental fate. Competence is the ability of a cell to respond to inductive signals through expression of receptors. Commitment is when a cell decides its fate, either through inductive signals or cytoplasmic determinants distributing asymmetrically. Specification is a reversible commitment, while determination is irreversible. Differentiation allows cells to become specialized through protein synthesis. Morphogenesis involves a cell gaining shape. Autonomous and conditional specification are strategies where cells determine fate independently or through interactions, respectively.
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cell commitment and differentiation, stem cell,types of differentiation
Cell commitment and differentiation are important processes in the development of multicellular organisms. There are three main modes of cell specification - autonomous specification, conditional specification, and syncytial specification - which determine cell fate. Cell differentiation involves cells changing from embryonic to specialized cell types through morphological, chemical, and physiological changes. The main factors influencing differentiation are gene expression and environmental conditions. Cell differentiation allows a single cell to develop into the many specialized cell types that make up complex, multicellular organisms.
Cell determination and differentiation
Cell determination and differentiation are important processes in development. Cell determination involves genes being selectively activated or inactivated, committing an embryonic cell to a specific type. Differentiation then further specializes the cell, changing its size, shape and function. Gene expression plays a key role, with different genes being switched on or off in different cell types. The environment also influences cell fate and specialization.
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Morphogens are signals that form concentration gradients to specify multiple cell types during development. Cells respond to different morphogen thresholds to activate distinct gene expression. Bicoid is a transcription factor that acts as a morphogen gradient in Drosophila, turning on different genes in different embryo regions based on its concentration. It forms a gradient from anterior to posterior, with high concentrations specifying head structures and lower concentrations specifying more posterior structures. This gradient establishes the basic body plan of the fruit fly embryo.
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Cell differentiation is the process by which a cell develops specialized structures and functions. It begins with totipotent cells that can differentiate into any cell type, and progresses to pluripotent and fully differentiated cells. Gene expression and transcription factors determine the cell type as environmental signals induce changes in protein production. The genetic material remains the same, but different genes are expressed depending on the cell's role. Differentiation results in diverse cell shapes, sizes, and specialized functions in tissues and organs.
Basic concepts in developmental biology
Cell differentiation allows for the formation of distinct cell types through differential gene expression. A cell's fate and potency become progressively restricted through developmental commitments in response to cytoplasmic determinants or inductive signals from other cells. Pattern formation organizes cells in the embryo according to their position through mechanisms like morphogen gradients, which establish regional identities and compartments that segment the body plan.
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Morphogen gradient
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1) Cell differentiation occurs after cell commitment, which involves two stages - specification and determination. Specification makes a cell's fate reversible, while determination makes it irreversible.
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3) Early experiments by Weismann and Roux supported autonomous specification, but Hans Driesch's isolation and recombination experiments on sea urchin embryos provided evidence of conditional specification, where a cell's fate depends on its neighbors.
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1) Cell differentiation occurs after cell commitment, which involves two stages - specification and determination. Specification makes a cell's fate reversible, while determination makes it irreversible.
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Morphogenesis is the process by which organisms develop their shape through cellular processes like cell movement, division, death and changes in shape. These cellular movements collectively called morphogenetic movements play an important role in shaping developing embryos. Key cellular processes in morphogenesis include cell division, changes in shape and size, fusion, and death. Additional important processes are cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions mediated by cell adhesion molecules which allow cells to organize into tissues through differential adhesion properties. Differences in adhesion between cell types cause them to self-organize into patterns through thermodynamic principles.
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Embryonic induction describes the process by which one group of cells, or tissues, directs the development of another group of cells. Key experiments by Mangold and Spemann demonstrated regional specification during induction - tissues from different regions of the organizer induce different structures in the responding tissue. For example, the anterior portion of the archenteron roof induces head structures while the posterior portion induces tail structures. Spemann's experiments also showed that early amphibian blastomeres have an equal potency to form a complete embryo that is specified by cell-cell interactions, in particular by the gray crescent organizer tissue.
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types of cleavage, blastula formation, gastrula , morphogenetic movements etc
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Amphibian development begins with fertilization and cortical rotation that establishes dorsal-ventral polarity. Cleavage is holoblastic but unequal, forming a blastula with large yolky cells in the vegetal pole. Gastrulation involves bottle cell invagination, dorsal mesoderm involution, and ectoderm epiboly. The organizer tissue directs body axis formation through beta-catenin signaling in the dorsal region. Left-right asymmetry results from nodal gene expression induced by cilia rotation in the organizer. Amphibians like Xenopus laevis are widely used models for studying these developmental processes.
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At the time of cell division, RNA replication is a natural process.
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell that cause it to divide into two daughter cells.
These events include the duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) and some of its organelles, and subsequently the partitioning of its cytoplasm and other components into two daughter cells in a process called cell division.
There are two types of cell division
A) Mitosis and Binary fission – (Asexual reproduction) and B) Meiosis – (Sexual reproduction)
In prokaryotic cell, the cell division occurs via a process termed as Binary fission.
• In eukaryotic cell, the cell cycle can be divided in two periods i.e Interphase and Mitosis.
• During Interphase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated.
During Mitotic phase, the replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents are separated, and cell divides.
The duration of cycle varies from hours to years. A typical human cell cycle has duration of 24 hours.
Some cells, such as skin cells, are constantly going through cell cycle, while other cells may divide rarely.
Some cells don’t grow and divide once they mature for ex. Neuron
Eukaryotic cell have a more complex cell cycle than prokaryotic cell.
cell differentation.pptx
This document provides information about cell differentiation from a lecture presented by Dr. SHWETA SINGH. It defines cell differentiation as the process by which a cell undergoes changes in gene expression to become a more specialized cell type. This allows multicellular organisms to develop uniquely functional cell types and body plans. The document discusses how all organisms begin as a single cell and must undergo cell division and differentiation to form the complex tissues and organ systems of the adult body. It provides examples of cell differentiation in animal development and plant growth from a single cell.
Cell proliferation & differentiation
1. Embryonic development involves cell proliferation to increase cell numbers through cleavage and cell differentiation to form different cell types through determination.
2. Gene expression, cell communication, hormones, and environmental factors control this process by regulating proliferation and differentiation.
3. Early embryonic development progresses from a single zygote to a complex organism through regulated cell proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis.
Chapter 10 notes - Cell Growth and Division
This document provides an overview of cell growth, division, and differentiation. It discusses:
1. Limits to cell size and the importance of surface area to volume ratio. Cells divide through mitosis and cytokinesis to grow and repair tissues.
2. The stages of the cell cycle including interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis divides the nucleus, while cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm.
3. Factors that regulate the cell cycle, such as cyclins, and how cancer cells evade these controls to divide uncontrollably.
4. The process of cell differentiation, where stem cells specialize into different cell
BIO420 Chapter 05
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can divide and differentiate into specialized cell types. There are several types of stem cells defined by their potency, including totipotent stem cells found in early embryos, pluripotent stem cells in the embryo, and multipotent adult stem cells. Stem cell regulation is controlled through extracellular signals from the stem cell niche and intracellular factors that influence gene expression and cell fate. Researchers have also induced pluripotency in adult cells by introducing genes that code for key transcription factors.
Cytokines
This document provides an overview of cytokines. It defines cytokines as low molecular weight proteins that communicate between immune cells and regulate immune responses. It describes the main properties of cytokines, including that they bind to specific cell receptors and alter gene expression. It outlines the main cytokine families and functions, signaling pathways, and antagonists. In particular, it notes cytokines can have pleiotropic, redundant, synergistic, or antagonistic effects and can induce cascades of other cytokines.
Genome mosaicism
This presentation is fetures the basic introduction to Genome mosaicism in humans and nature, with some examples of its harmful effects on humans, with
stem cell transplant for iimp
Stem cell transplant is a method of replacing immature blood-forming cells in the bone marrow that have been destroyed by drugs, radiation, or disease. Stem cells are injected into the patient and make healthy blood cells. There are two main types of stem cells - embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and can become any cell type, and adult stem cells which are tissue-specific and multipotent. Stem cells can be collected from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood for transplant. The two types of stem cell transplant are autologous, using the patient's own stored stem cells, and allogenic, using stem cells from a donor.
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Oogenesis
Oogenesis is the process by which primary oocytes develop into mature eggs. It begins during fetal development with the creation of oogonia, which undergo mitosis to form millions of primary oocytes. After birth, the primary oocytes enter a growth phase where they increase in size within follicles in the ovaries. At puberty, some follicles undergo maturation where the oocytes resume and complete meiosis, resulting in the formation of secondary oocytes and polar bodies. Upon ovulation, a mature follicle ruptures and releases a secondary oocyte into the fallopian tube.
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm cells develop from stem cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. It begins with the mitotic division of spermatogonial stem cells into primary spermatocytes, which then undergo meiosis to form haploid spermatids. The spermatids develop tails and mature into spermatozoa through spermiogenesis. Sertoli cells support this process by maintaining the environment, secreting substances, and protecting the developing cells. Spermatogenesis is regulated by hormones like testosterone and FSH and sensitive to fluctuations in temperature.
Maturation of sperm
The sperm development process takes place over 78 days and involves maturation in the testes and epididymis. In the testes, sperm undergo cell division and differentiation over 64 days while gaining mobility and fertility in the epididymis over 14 days. The optimal environment for sperm maturation is provided by epididymal epithelial cells under genetic control. Sperm maturation occurs in four steps - storage and maturation in the epididymis, activation during ejaculation, capacitation as they ascend to the ovaries, and the acrosome reaction when near an egg.
Basics of developmental biology 1
This document provides an overview of key concepts in developmental biology. It discusses induction, in which one cell or tissue signals another to influence developmental fate. Competence is the ability of a cell to respond to inductive signals through expression of receptors. Commitment is when a cell decides its fate, either through inductive signals or cytoplasmic determinants distributing asymmetrically. Specification is a reversible commitment, while determination is irreversible. Differentiation allows cells to become specialized through protein synthesis. Morphogenesis involves a cell gaining a particular shape. Autonomous and conditional specification are strategies where cells determine fate independently or through interactions, respectively.
Evolution of circadian rhythm
1) Early humans engaged in strenuous morning hunting activities which increased stress hormones like cortisol and catecholamines, establishing a circadian rhythm of higher cardiovascular risk in the morning.
2) This early morning activity aligned the peak in male testosterone levels with mating opportunities, another factor selecting for increased cardiovascular responses in the morning.
3) Modern disruptions to circadian rhythms from late eating or sleeping can increase cardiometabolic risk by disturbing the established morning peak in stress and sex hormones linked to cardiovascular events.
Western diet dementia
1) The study examined the relationship between diet and risk of dementia in an urban population in North India.
2) It found that adherence to a Western diet was associated with higher risk of dementia, while consumption of healthy foods like fruits, vegetables and whole grains was linked to lower risk.
3) The Western diet, characterized by refined carbohydrates, red meat, sugar and unhealthy fats, was identified as a modifiable risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia.
Chronobiology of fatigue disorders
This document discusses chronobiology and fatigue disorders. It notes that chronobiology examines periodic biological rhythms related to light and lunar cycles. The most important rhythm is the circadian rhythm, which is a roughly 24-hour cycle regulated by circadian clocks in the hypothalamus. Fatigue disorders like chronic fatigue syndrome are debilitating and cause severe fatigue, pain, and other symptoms. The document suggests circadian rhythm disturbances may contribute to fatigue disorders, as seen in lower melatonin and cortisol levels in patients, which can impair sleep quality and increase pain/stiffness. Understanding circadian rhythms could help optimize treatment timing for fatigue disorder patients.
Prof. GHIZAL FATIMA
This document provides guidance on writing the introduction chapter of a thesis. The introduction has two parts: a general introduction to the topic and the thesis statement. An introduction should introduce the topic, gain the reader's interest, and demonstrate the relevance of the study. Key parts of an introduction include the motivation, current scientific situation, objective of the study, and brief research design description. The introduction sets up the overall thesis while keeping a concise length.
DR. GHIZAL PRESENTATION
This study examined circadian rhythms in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). It found disrupted circadian rhythms of cortisol, melatonin, and symptoms in FMS patients compared to controls. Specifically:
- FMS patients had higher cortisol levels in the evening and night, and higher melatonin levels in the morning and night, indicating misaligned circadian rhythms.
- FMS patients reported greatest pain, stiffness, anxiety and numbness in the morning or night compared to afternoon for controls.
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The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
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JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
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https://ashpc.eu/
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We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
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Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
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cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
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1
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) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
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Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
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truly diverge from their low-
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counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
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Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
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Basics of developmental biology 1
- 1. BASICS OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY DR. GHIZAL FATIMA ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR ERA UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW
- 2. INDUCTION • Refers to cascade of signaling events, during which a cell or tissue signals to another cell or tissue to influence its developmental fate. • Signals that gets generated is called inductive signals • The inductive signals can be proteing, growth and differentiation factor • There are 2 components in every inductive interaction- • A-Inducer-tissue or cell that produce signal • B- Responder
- 3. Competence • The ability to respond to a specific inductive signal is called as Competence. • It occur through expression of appropriate receptor or component of signaling pathway. • Best eg. is development of eye
- 4. Commitment • The commitment of a cell to specific cell fate and their capacity to diffentiate into perticular type of cells. • Commitment: deciding the fate of a cell • Cell can attain commitment by: • 1-cytoplasmic determinant • 2- Inductive signals heart
- 5. Cytoplasmic determinant • A cell can devide into 2 daughter cell with different fate. • This can be achieved by asymmetric distribution of cytoplasmic factor (RNA, Protein) that can regulate fate • They act in early development
- 6. Cell fate • The fate of cell to generate in all the different cell types it forms during normal development X HEART LUNGS KIDNEY FATE
- 7. Commitment • Deciding fate of cell • Cell fate describes the range of cell types a particular cell forms during normal development • Stages of commitment • 1-specification • 2-determination
- 8. Specifation • It is a labile phase, so it is not fixed • It can be revert from its fate. • So in this case commitment is reversible • It is capable of differentiating autonomously when placed in a neutral environment.
- 9. Determination • Here in this case commitment is fixed. • It is not going to revert from its fate, so commitment is irreversible.
- 10. Differentiation • Cell differntiation is the process by which cells becomes funtionally specialized. • Allowing formation of distinct cell types. • Structural and functional specificity of cell depends on proteins it synthesizes.
- 11. Morphogenesis • Gaining a particular shape
- 12. Cell types specification and their characterstics • During specification there are 3 major strategies that embryo can exhibit • 1-autonomous specification • 2- conditional specification • 3-syncytial specification (insects)
- 13. Autonomous specification • In most invertibrates • Knows very early what it is to become without interacting with other cells • Prospective potency is equal to prospective fate • Produces mosac determinative development
- 14. Conditional specification • Characteristic of all invertebrates and few vertebrates • It’s a process by which cells achieve there respective fate by interaction with other cells. • Here what a cell has to become is specified by the array of interactions. It has with its neighbors, which include cell to cell contact. • Prospective potency is greater than prospective fate