types of cleavage, blastula formation, gastrula , morphogenetic movements etc
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1. Meroblastic cleavage is incomplete cell division that occurs in eggs with large amounts of yolk, like those of reptiles and birds. It results in two main types - discoidal cleavage, restricted to the cytoplasmic disc, and superficial cleavage, limited to the thin surface area. 2. During gastrulation, massive cell proliferation, movement and rearrangement occurs in the blastula, forming the three germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. This involves morphogenetic cell movements that shape the embryo and form the archenteron cavity. 3. Types of morphogenetic movements include epiboly such as extension and intercalation that thin and spread
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Blastulation
The document summarizes the process of blastulation in embryonic development. It describes how the zygote undergoes cleavage, forming blastomeres that arrange into a structure called a morula. The morula then develops into the blastula stage, where the cells form a blastoderm layer surrounding an interior cavity called the blastocoel. There are different types of blastulae depending on features like whether the blastocoel is present, the number of cell layers in the blastoderm, and how yolk is distributed. Key blastula types include coeloblastula, stereoblastula, periblastula, discoblastula, and blastocyst.
FATE Map
A chart showing the fate of each part of an early embryo, in a particular blastula stage is called fate maps. It is done because the correct interpretation of gastrulation is impossible without the knowledge of the position which are the presumptive germinal layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm) occupy in blastula.
Fate mapping is a method used in developmental biology to study the embryonic origin of various adult tissues and structures. The "fate" of each cell or group of cells is mapped onto the embryo, showing which parts of the embryo will develop into which tissue. When carried out at single-cell resolution, this process is called cell lineage tracing. It is also used to trace the development of tumors.
Cleavage, Types of cleavage
The document summarizes key aspects of cleavage in early embryonic development. It describes how cleavage involves repeated mitotic cell divisions following fertilization, resulting in blastomeres. Cleavage can be total or partial depending on how the cleavage furrows bisect the egg. There are also different cleavage planes and patterns (e.g. radial vs spiral cleavage) that influence cell positioning. Early blastomeres may be determinate, with fate predetermined, or indeterminate, retaining potential to develop into a complete embryo. Cleavages follow basic principles like Sachs' laws regarding equal cell division and perpendicular intersection of division planes.
Cleavage
This document discusses various aspects of cleavage in fertilized eggs. It begins by defining cleavage as the process of segmentation of the zygote into multiple cells or blastomeres following fertilization. The blastomeres initially remain closely associated but later form a hollow sphere called a blastula. Three key points are made: 1) Cleavage prepares the groundwork for embryonic design by producing cells, 2) It establishes conditions for gastrulation, the next developmental stage. 3) Distinct planes of cell division exist during early cleavage. The document then describes different types of cleavage patterns and their relationships to embryonic cell fate determination.
morphogenetic movements-developmental biology
Morphogenetic movements involve the rearrangement of cells during embryonic development through processes like gastrulation, tubulation, and organogenesis. These movements are caused by large-scale cell movements and changes in cell behavior, and result in changes to embryonic shape and structure. Key morphogenetic processes include cell division, size, shape, adhesion, death, and interactions with the extracellular matrix. Critical examples are the invagination of epithelial sheets during gastrulation and selective outgrowth of limb buds through differential proliferation.
Development of frog/ embryogenesis
1. The development of frog consists of copulation, spawning, fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, and post-embryonic development.
2. During gastrulation, epiboly, imboly, contraction of the blastopore, and involution occur, forming the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
3. Post-embryonic development includes neurogenesis forming the neural tube, notogenesis forming the notochord, and coelom formation separating the mesoderm into three layers.
Cleavage and its patterns
1. Cleavage is the repeated division of the fertilized egg without an increase in size that produces an increase in the number of cells.
2. There are three main patterns of cleavage: holoblastic, where the cleavage furrow divides the entire egg; meroblastic, where cleavage is restricted to the upper disc region; and superficial, where early divisions occur in the surface layer.
3. Cleavage can also be classified based on the fate of blastomeres and their arrangement. Determinate cleavage leads to a mosaic embryo where blastomere fate is predetermined, while indeterminate cleavage blastomeres are less rigidly determined. Radial and spiral cleavage describe the arrangement of blastomeres
Developmental Biology
1. The document discusses gradient theory and nuclear transplantation. Gradient theory proposes that embryonic development is controlled by gradients of factors from the animal to vegetal pole. Nuclear transplantation involves removing the nucleus from a donor cell and transplanting it into an enucleated egg.
2. The document describes two types of gradient theories - the single gradient theory involving one factor and the double gradient theory involving antagonistic animal and vegetal gradients. It provides examples of experiments supporting these theories.
3. Nuclear transplantation techniques are explained, including types of transplantation. Experiments transplanting nuclei between frog species resulted in normal development, showing the totipotency of early nuclei.
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Blastulation
The document summarizes the process of blastulation in embryonic development. It describes how the zygote undergoes cleavage, forming blastomeres that arrange into a structure called a morula. The morula then develops into the blastula stage, where the cells form a blastoderm layer surrounding an interior cavity called the blastocoel. There are different types of blastulae depending on features like whether the blastocoel is present, the number of cell layers in the blastoderm, and how yolk is distributed. Key blastula types include coeloblastula, stereoblastula, periblastula, discoblastula, and blastocyst.
FATE Map
A chart showing the fate of each part of an early embryo, in a particular blastula stage is called fate maps. It is done because the correct interpretation of gastrulation is impossible without the knowledge of the position which are the presumptive germinal layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm) occupy in blastula.
Fate mapping is a method used in developmental biology to study the embryonic origin of various adult tissues and structures. The "fate" of each cell or group of cells is mapped onto the embryo, showing which parts of the embryo will develop into which tissue. When carried out at single-cell resolution, this process is called cell lineage tracing. It is also used to trace the development of tumors.
Cleavage, Types of cleavage
The document summarizes key aspects of cleavage in early embryonic development. It describes how cleavage involves repeated mitotic cell divisions following fertilization, resulting in blastomeres. Cleavage can be total or partial depending on how the cleavage furrows bisect the egg. There are also different cleavage planes and patterns (e.g. radial vs spiral cleavage) that influence cell positioning. Early blastomeres may be determinate, with fate predetermined, or indeterminate, retaining potential to develop into a complete embryo. Cleavages follow basic principles like Sachs' laws regarding equal cell division and perpendicular intersection of division planes.
Cleavage
This document discusses various aspects of cleavage in fertilized eggs. It begins by defining cleavage as the process of segmentation of the zygote into multiple cells or blastomeres following fertilization. The blastomeres initially remain closely associated but later form a hollow sphere called a blastula. Three key points are made: 1) Cleavage prepares the groundwork for embryonic design by producing cells, 2) It establishes conditions for gastrulation, the next developmental stage. 3) Distinct planes of cell division exist during early cleavage. The document then describes different types of cleavage patterns and their relationships to embryonic cell fate determination.
morphogenetic movements-developmental biology
Morphogenetic movements involve the rearrangement of cells during embryonic development through processes like gastrulation, tubulation, and organogenesis. These movements are caused by large-scale cell movements and changes in cell behavior, and result in changes to embryonic shape and structure. Key morphogenetic processes include cell division, size, shape, adhesion, death, and interactions with the extracellular matrix. Critical examples are the invagination of epithelial sheets during gastrulation and selective outgrowth of limb buds through differential proliferation.
Development of frog/ embryogenesis
1. The development of frog consists of copulation, spawning, fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, and post-embryonic development.
2. During gastrulation, epiboly, imboly, contraction of the blastopore, and involution occur, forming the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
3. Post-embryonic development includes neurogenesis forming the neural tube, notogenesis forming the notochord, and coelom formation separating the mesoderm into three layers.
Cleavage and its patterns
1. Cleavage is the repeated division of the fertilized egg without an increase in size that produces an increase in the number of cells.
2. There are three main patterns of cleavage: holoblastic, where the cleavage furrow divides the entire egg; meroblastic, where cleavage is restricted to the upper disc region; and superficial, where early divisions occur in the surface layer.
3. Cleavage can also be classified based on the fate of blastomeres and their arrangement. Determinate cleavage leads to a mosaic embryo where blastomere fate is predetermined, while indeterminate cleavage blastomeres are less rigidly determined. Radial and spiral cleavage describe the arrangement of blastomeres
Developmental Biology
1. The document discusses gradient theory and nuclear transplantation. Gradient theory proposes that embryonic development is controlled by gradients of factors from the animal to vegetal pole. Nuclear transplantation involves removing the nucleus from a donor cell and transplanting it into an enucleated egg.
2. The document describes two types of gradient theories - the single gradient theory involving one factor and the double gradient theory involving antagonistic animal and vegetal gradients. It provides examples of experiments supporting these theories.
3. Nuclear transplantation techniques are explained, including types of transplantation. Experiments transplanting nuclei between frog species resulted in normal development, showing the totipotency of early nuclei.
Axis and pattern formation in amphibia
Amphibian development begins with fertilization and cortical rotation that establishes dorsal-ventral polarity. Cleavage is holoblastic but unequal, forming a blastula with large yolky cells in the vegetal pole. Gastrulation involves bottle cell invagination, dorsal mesoderm involution, and ectoderm epiboly. The organizer tissue directs body axis formation through beta-catenin signaling in the dorsal region. Left-right asymmetry results from nodal gene expression induced by cilia rotation in the organizer. Amphibians like Xenopus laevis are widely used models for studying these developmental processes.
Origin and Migration of Germ Cells in Vertebrates
1. In vertebrates, primordial germ cells (PGCs) arise early in development and migrate into developing gonads to form germ cells.
2. The mechanism of PGC migration varies between species, with frogs and zebrafish migrating chemotactically in response to signaling proteins, while birds and reptiles migrate through the bloodstream.
3. In mammals, PGCs form in the posterior epiblast and migrate directly into the endoderm and then genital ridges over successive days of development.
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This document describes the structure and types of eggs. It discusses the structure of eggs including the plasma membrane, vitelline envelope, ooplasm, ectoplasm, endoplasm, nucleus and organelles. It then classifies eggs into four types based on amount of yolk, yolk distribution, development potency, and presence or absence of a shell. The main egg types include microlecithal, mesolecithal, macrolecithal eggs and mosaic vs. regulative development.
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The ppt gives general overview of-
Introduction
Mapping technique
1.Natural marking
2.Artificial marking
a. Vital staining technique
b. Carbon particle marking technique
c. Radioactive marker technique
3.Genetic marking
Uses
cleavage and gastrulation in amphibians
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2. Fate mapping shows superficial cells form ectoderm and endoderm, while deeper cells form mesoderm. During gastrulation, bottle cells migrate inward expanding the archenteron.
3. Spemann and Mangold's experiments showed the dorsal lip tissue of the blastopore, known as the organizer, can induce a secondary embryonic axis when transplanted, demonstrating its inductive properties.
block to polyspermy.pptx
Polyspermy describes an egg that has been fertilized by more than one sperm. Diploid organisms normally contain two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. The cell resulting from polyspermy
The first issue that an egg and a sperm of any organism type face in successfully producing an embryo is the possibility of polyspermy. Polyspermy is the fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm, and the results of such unions are lethal.
If multiple sperm fertilize an egg, the embryo inherits multiple paternal centrioles. This causes competition for extra chromosomes and results in the disruption of the creation of the cleavage furrow, thus causing the zygote to die. As an important model organism in the study of fertilization and embryonic development, polyspermy in sea urchins has been studied in detail. The sea urchin’s methods of polyspermy prevention have been broken down into two main pathways. These two primary pathways are known as the fast block and the slow block to polyspermy
After the sperm’s receptors come into contact with the egg’s jelly layer and the acrosomal enzymes are released and break down the jelly layer, the sperm head comes into contact with the vitelline and plasma membranes of the egg. When the two plasma membranes contact one another, signals in the egg are initiated.
First, Na+ channels in the egg open, allowing Na+ to flood into the egg. This causes a depolarization of the egg from it’s normal resting potential of -70 mV.
While depolarization is occurring, the remainder of the jelly layer is dissolving. With the dissolution of the jelly layer and the depolarization of the plasma membrane, the first block to preventing fertilization by multiple sperm is put into place.
These two simple changes are part of the first block to polyspermy, known as the fast block. Within 1/10th of a second of contact, the fast block t
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The document summarizes chicken embryonic development from fertilization through organogenesis. It discusses key stages including cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation forming the three germ layers, primitive streak formation, somite formation, neural tube formation, and organogenesis. Diagrams of chicken embryos at various developmental stages from 18 hours to 96 hours are included to illustrate structures as they develop.
Pattern formation in drosophila
1) The anterior-posterior polarity of the Drosophila embryo is established by maternal mRNA gradients that are deposited in the egg during oogenesis.
2) Key maternal mRNAs - bicoid, hunchback, nanos, and caudal - establish protein gradients in the early embryo that determine its anterior-posterior axis. Bicoid mRNA is localized to the anterior pole and translates into a Bicoid protein gradient, while nanos mRNA is localized to the posterior pole and translates into a Nanos protein gradient.
3) These opposing Bicoid and Nanos gradients regulate the translation of hunchback and caudal mRNA, producing complementary Hunchback and Caudal protein gradients along the anterior-
Molecular event during fertilization
INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION
GAMETES
STRUCTURE OF GAMETES
SPERM
OVUM
RECOGNITION OF EGG AND SPERM
CAPACITATION
ACROSOME REACTION
SPECIES-SPECIFIC RECOGNITION
GAMETE BINDING AND RECOGNITION
GAMETE FUSION
PREVENTION OF POLYSPERMY
ACTIVATION OF GAMETE METABOLISM
FUSION OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL
SIGNIFICANCE OF FERTILIZATION
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Organogenesis by AAR
Organogenesis in Amphibians
Organogenesis in Mammals
Organogenesis in General
Organogenesis in Birds
Organogenesis in Frog
Organogenesis in Fishes
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The document describes the development of a chick embryo from fertilization through 48 hours of incubation. It discusses the cleavage of the egg, formation of the blastula and blastoderm, gastrulation including primitive streak formation, and the development of key structures like the neural tube, heart, somites, and circulatory system at 24 and 33 hours. The summary provides an overview of the key stages and structures developed during early chick embryo development.
cell commitment and differentiation, stem cell,types of differentiation
Cell commitment and differentiation are important processes in the development of multicellular organisms. There are three main modes of cell specification - autonomous specification, conditional specification, and syncytial specification - which determine cell fate. Cell differentiation involves cells changing from embryonic to specialized cell types through morphological, chemical, and physiological changes. The main factors influencing differentiation are gene expression and environmental conditions. Cell differentiation allows a single cell to develop into the many specialized cell types that make up complex, multicellular organisms.
Extra Embryonic Membranes Of Chick
1. DEFINITION
These are the membranes which do not form any part of
the embryo proper but performs various functions which
assist in the development of the embryo . These are
discarded at the time of hatching. These membranes
formed outside the embryo.
2. Types of Extra Embryonic Membranes
Yolk Sac
Amnion
Chorion
Allantois
3.Discussed Their
At Time of ORIGIN
It's FUNCTION
After HATCHING
4. AMNIOTIC CAVITY
............................END......................................................
Development of chick
The document summarizes key stages in early chick development:
1) Fertilization occurs internally in the oviduct, followed by cleavage and the beginning of gastrulation even before egg laying.
2) Blastulation involves the formation of the blastoderm layers and subgerminal cavity.
3) Gastrulation continues after laying, forming the primitive streak which elongates toward the head region through cell migration.
4) Cells migrate through the streak to form the endoderm and mesoderm, and the ectoderm covers the embryo through epiboly. Axis specification establishes bilateral symmetry.
vittelogenesis.pptx
Vittelogenesis is a word developed from Latin vitellus-yolk, and genero-produce
Vitellogenesis (also known as yolk deposition) is the process of yolk formation via nutrients being deposited in the oocyte, or female germ cell involved in reproduction of lecithotrophic organisms. In insects, it starts when the fat body stimulates the release of juvenile hormones and produces vitellogenin protein.
Yolks is the most usual form of food storage in the egg.
Yolks appear in the oocyte in the secondary period of their growth called vittelogenesis.
Thus,the formation and deposition of yolks is known as vittelogenesis
Characteristic
Yolks is a complex variable assembled component.
The principle component are protein,phospholipid and fats in different combination.
Depending upon these component yolks is distinguished into protein yolks and fatty acid
For eg- the avian contain 48.19% water , 16.6 % protein, 32.6% phospholipids and fats and 1% carbohydrates.
Comparative Anatomy of Respiratory System of Vertebrates
The document discusses the comparative anatomy of the respiratory systems of various vertebrates. It describes how respiration occurs through the skin, gills, lungs, and gas bladders in different organisms. It explains key differences in respiratory structures between cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and jawless fishes. Mechanisms of gas exchange are covered for fishes, as well as respiratory organs and processes for amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Cell determination and differentiation
Cell determination and differentiation are important processes in development. Cell determination involves genes being selectively activated or inactivated, committing an embryonic cell to a specific type. Differentiation then further specializes the cell, changing its size, shape and function. Gene expression plays a key role, with different genes being switched on or off in different cell types. The environment also influences cell fate and specialization.
Fertilization in sea urchin
Fertilization in sea urchins involves several key steps:
1) Sperm are attracted to eggs via chemotaxis using peptides like resact.
2) The acrosomal reaction allows sperm to penetrate the egg jelly and bindin aids binding to the egg.
3) Prevention of polyspermy involves a fast block changing membrane potential and slow block from cortical granule exocytosis.
4) Metabolic activation and pronuclear fusion within the egg forms a zygote, completing fertilization.
Axis formation in birds and mammals
types of eggs , types of cleavage in birds and mammals,early development in birds and mammals, axis formation in birds and mammals
Life History And Embryogenesis
The document summarizes key stages in animal embryogenesis including fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, and neurulation. During fertilization, a sperm fuses with an egg to form a zygote. Cleavage involves cell divisions that form a ball of cells or blastula. Gastrulation establishes the three germ layers through cell movements. It occurs differently depending on egg characteristics like yolk content. Neurulation transforms the gastrula into a neurula by forming the neural tube from ectoderm.
Gastrulation
Gastrulation is the process by which the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) are formed in the embryo through cell movements. In amphibians, cells from the blastula's outer layer invaginate and involute to form the inner layers. The blastocoel is replaced by the archenteron. In birds, the epiblast and hypoblast layers are initially formed; the epiblast gives rise solely to the three germ layers. Gastrulation rearranges cells into layers that will develop into tissues and organs.
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Axis and pattern formation in amphibia
Amphibian development begins with fertilization and cortical rotation that establishes dorsal-ventral polarity. Cleavage is holoblastic but unequal, forming a blastula with large yolky cells in the vegetal pole. Gastrulation involves bottle cell invagination, dorsal mesoderm involution, and ectoderm epiboly. The organizer tissue directs body axis formation through beta-catenin signaling in the dorsal region. Left-right asymmetry results from nodal gene expression induced by cilia rotation in the organizer. Amphibians like Xenopus laevis are widely used models for studying these developmental processes.
Origin and Migration of Germ Cells in Vertebrates
1. In vertebrates, primordial germ cells (PGCs) arise early in development and migrate into developing gonads to form germ cells.
2. The mechanism of PGC migration varies between species, with frogs and zebrafish migrating chemotactically in response to signaling proteins, while birds and reptiles migrate through the bloodstream.
3. In mammals, PGCs form in the posterior epiblast and migrate directly into the endoderm and then genital ridges over successive days of development.
Structure and types of eggs
This document describes the structure and types of eggs. It discusses the structure of eggs including the plasma membrane, vitelline envelope, ooplasm, ectoplasm, endoplasm, nucleus and organelles. It then classifies eggs into four types based on amount of yolk, yolk distribution, development potency, and presence or absence of a shell. The main egg types include microlecithal, mesolecithal, macrolecithal eggs and mosaic vs. regulative development.
Regeneration
1. There are four main types of regeneration: stem cell mediated, epimorphosis, morphallaxis, and compensatory regeneration.
2. Epimorphosis involves de-differentiation of cells forming a blastema which then re-differentiates, as seen in salamander limb regeneration.
3. Morphallaxis involves re-patterning of existing tissues with little new growth, as seen when hydra fragments regenerate entire organisms.
Fate map
The ppt gives general overview of-
Introduction
Mapping technique
1.Natural marking
2.Artificial marking
a. Vital staining technique
b. Carbon particle marking technique
c. Radioactive marker technique
3.Genetic marking
Uses
cleavage and gastrulation in amphibians
1. Amphibian embryos undergo radial cleavage where cell divisions are slower in the vegetal hemisphere containing yolk. Gastrulation begins with the invagination of cells at the blastopore forming the archenteron.
2. Fate mapping shows superficial cells form ectoderm and endoderm, while deeper cells form mesoderm. During gastrulation, bottle cells migrate inward expanding the archenteron.
3. Spemann and Mangold's experiments showed the dorsal lip tissue of the blastopore, known as the organizer, can induce a secondary embryonic axis when transplanted, demonstrating its inductive properties.
block to polyspermy.pptx
Polyspermy describes an egg that has been fertilized by more than one sperm. Diploid organisms normally contain two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. The cell resulting from polyspermy
The first issue that an egg and a sperm of any organism type face in successfully producing an embryo is the possibility of polyspermy. Polyspermy is the fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm, and the results of such unions are lethal.
If multiple sperm fertilize an egg, the embryo inherits multiple paternal centrioles. This causes competition for extra chromosomes and results in the disruption of the creation of the cleavage furrow, thus causing the zygote to die. As an important model organism in the study of fertilization and embryonic development, polyspermy in sea urchins has been studied in detail. The sea urchin’s methods of polyspermy prevention have been broken down into two main pathways. These two primary pathways are known as the fast block and the slow block to polyspermy
After the sperm’s receptors come into contact with the egg’s jelly layer and the acrosomal enzymes are released and break down the jelly layer, the sperm head comes into contact with the vitelline and plasma membranes of the egg. When the two plasma membranes contact one another, signals in the egg are initiated.
First, Na+ channels in the egg open, allowing Na+ to flood into the egg. This causes a depolarization of the egg from it’s normal resting potential of -70 mV.
While depolarization is occurring, the remainder of the jelly layer is dissolving. With the dissolution of the jelly layer and the depolarization of the plasma membrane, the first block to preventing fertilization by multiple sperm is put into place.
These two simple changes are part of the first block to polyspermy, known as the fast block. Within 1/10th of a second of contact, the fast block t
Final chick embryonic-development-ppt
The document summarizes chicken embryonic development from fertilization through organogenesis. It discusses key stages including cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation forming the three germ layers, primitive streak formation, somite formation, neural tube formation, and organogenesis. Diagrams of chicken embryos at various developmental stages from 18 hours to 96 hours are included to illustrate structures as they develop.
Pattern formation in drosophila
1) The anterior-posterior polarity of the Drosophila embryo is established by maternal mRNA gradients that are deposited in the egg during oogenesis.
2) Key maternal mRNAs - bicoid, hunchback, nanos, and caudal - establish protein gradients in the early embryo that determine its anterior-posterior axis. Bicoid mRNA is localized to the anterior pole and translates into a Bicoid protein gradient, while nanos mRNA is localized to the posterior pole and translates into a Nanos protein gradient.
3) These opposing Bicoid and Nanos gradients regulate the translation of hunchback and caudal mRNA, producing complementary Hunchback and Caudal protein gradients along the anterior-
Molecular event during fertilization
INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION
GAMETES
STRUCTURE OF GAMETES
SPERM
OVUM
RECOGNITION OF EGG AND SPERM
CAPACITATION
ACROSOME REACTION
SPECIES-SPECIFIC RECOGNITION
GAMETE BINDING AND RECOGNITION
GAMETE FUSION
PREVENTION OF POLYSPERMY
ACTIVATION OF GAMETE METABOLISM
FUSION OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL
SIGNIFICANCE OF FERTILIZATION
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Organogenesis by AAR
Organogenesis in Amphibians
Organogenesis in Mammals
Organogenesis in General
Organogenesis in Birds
Organogenesis in Frog
Organogenesis in Fishes
Development of chick embryo- structure of egg,cleavages,fate map and primitiv...
The document describes the development of a chick embryo from fertilization through 48 hours of incubation. It discusses the cleavage of the egg, formation of the blastula and blastoderm, gastrulation including primitive streak formation, and the development of key structures like the neural tube, heart, somites, and circulatory system at 24 and 33 hours. The summary provides an overview of the key stages and structures developed during early chick embryo development.
cell commitment and differentiation, stem cell,types of differentiation
Cell commitment and differentiation are important processes in the development of multicellular organisms. There are three main modes of cell specification - autonomous specification, conditional specification, and syncytial specification - which determine cell fate. Cell differentiation involves cells changing from embryonic to specialized cell types through morphological, chemical, and physiological changes. The main factors influencing differentiation are gene expression and environmental conditions. Cell differentiation allows a single cell to develop into the many specialized cell types that make up complex, multicellular organisms.
Extra Embryonic Membranes Of Chick
1. DEFINITION
These are the membranes which do not form any part of
the embryo proper but performs various functions which
assist in the development of the embryo . These are
discarded at the time of hatching. These membranes
formed outside the embryo.
2. Types of Extra Embryonic Membranes
Yolk Sac
Amnion
Chorion
Allantois
3.Discussed Their
At Time of ORIGIN
It's FUNCTION
After HATCHING
4. AMNIOTIC CAVITY
............................END......................................................
Development of chick
The document summarizes key stages in early chick development:
1) Fertilization occurs internally in the oviduct, followed by cleavage and the beginning of gastrulation even before egg laying.
2) Blastulation involves the formation of the blastoderm layers and subgerminal cavity.
3) Gastrulation continues after laying, forming the primitive streak which elongates toward the head region through cell migration.
4) Cells migrate through the streak to form the endoderm and mesoderm, and the ectoderm covers the embryo through epiboly. Axis specification establishes bilateral symmetry.
vittelogenesis.pptx
Vittelogenesis is a word developed from Latin vitellus-yolk, and genero-produce
Vitellogenesis (also known as yolk deposition) is the process of yolk formation via nutrients being deposited in the oocyte, or female germ cell involved in reproduction of lecithotrophic organisms. In insects, it starts when the fat body stimulates the release of juvenile hormones and produces vitellogenin protein.
Yolks is the most usual form of food storage in the egg.
Yolks appear in the oocyte in the secondary period of their growth called vittelogenesis.
Thus,the formation and deposition of yolks is known as vittelogenesis
Characteristic
Yolks is a complex variable assembled component.
The principle component are protein,phospholipid and fats in different combination.
Depending upon these component yolks is distinguished into protein yolks and fatty acid
For eg- the avian contain 48.19% water , 16.6 % protein, 32.6% phospholipids and fats and 1% carbohydrates.
Comparative Anatomy of Respiratory System of Vertebrates
The document discusses the comparative anatomy of the respiratory systems of various vertebrates. It describes how respiration occurs through the skin, gills, lungs, and gas bladders in different organisms. It explains key differences in respiratory structures between cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and jawless fishes. Mechanisms of gas exchange are covered for fishes, as well as respiratory organs and processes for amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Cell determination and differentiation
Cell determination and differentiation are important processes in development. Cell determination involves genes being selectively activated or inactivated, committing an embryonic cell to a specific type. Differentiation then further specializes the cell, changing its size, shape and function. Gene expression plays a key role, with different genes being switched on or off in different cell types. The environment also influences cell fate and specialization.
Fertilization in sea urchin
Fertilization in sea urchins involves several key steps:
1) Sperm are attracted to eggs via chemotaxis using peptides like resact.
2) The acrosomal reaction allows sperm to penetrate the egg jelly and bindin aids binding to the egg.
3) Prevention of polyspermy involves a fast block changing membrane potential and slow block from cortical granule exocytosis.
4) Metabolic activation and pronuclear fusion within the egg forms a zygote, completing fertilization.
Axis formation in birds and mammals
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Development of chick embryo- structure of egg,cleavages,fate map and primitiv...
Development of chick embryo- structure of egg,cleavages,fate map and primitiv...
cell commitment and differentiation, stem cell,types of differentiation
cell commitment and differentiation, stem cell,types of differentiation
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Similar to types of cleavage, blastula formation, gastrula , morphogenetic movements etc
Life History And Embryogenesis
The document summarizes key stages in animal embryogenesis including fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, and neurulation. During fertilization, a sperm fuses with an egg to form a zygote. Cleavage involves cell divisions that form a ball of cells or blastula. Gastrulation establishes the three germ layers through cell movements. It occurs differently depending on egg characteristics like yolk content. Neurulation transforms the gastrula into a neurula by forming the neural tube from ectoderm.
Gastrulation
Gastrulation is the process by which the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) are formed in the embryo through cell movements. In amphibians, cells from the blastula's outer layer invaginate and involute to form the inner layers. The blastocoel is replaced by the archenteron. In birds, the epiblast and hypoblast layers are initially formed; the epiblast gives rise solely to the three germ layers. Gastrulation rearranges cells into layers that will develop into tissues and organs.
Journey of an embryo...development biology
1. Neurulation and organogenesis are key developmental processes in early embryos. Neurulation involves the formation of the neural plate and tube which give rise to the central nervous system. Organogenesis is when specific organs are formed through cell differentiation and tissue interactions.
2. The three germ layers - endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm - produce different organ systems. The endoderm forms lung, thyroid and pancreas tissues. The mesoderm aids in heart, muscle, kidney and blood development. The ectoderm produces skin and neural tissues.
3. Embryonic development proceeds through stages of cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation and organogenesis as the single-celled z
Cleavage in animals
Cleavage is the first stage of embryonic development in animals where the fertilized egg undergoes rapid cell divisions to increase the number of cells. It involves nuclear division followed by cytoplasmic division, producing smaller cells called blastomeres. The rate of cell division is very fast during cleavage. The pattern and type of cleavage depends on the amount and distribution of yolk in the egg. It can be complete or partial cleavage. Cleavage increases cell count, segregates cytoplasm, and increases the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, setting the stage for future development. The contractile ring containing actin and myosin filaments generates the cleavage furrow during cell division.
Cleavage and blastulation
Animal Development, Blastula, Morula, Drosophila,Frog,Chick,Mammals, Pattern of Cleavage and Blastula formation .
embryonic development in chick.pptx
This is a slide for complete development in chick ,as chick is a vertebrate so with the help of the development in a chick we can we can understand development in vertebrates .
This topic explains the whole process of growth and development in animal the processes include
Fertilization and incubation
Cleavage
Morula
Blastula
Gastrulation
Notochord And Mesoderm Formation
Neurulation
Mitotic cell division (2)
The document summarizes the stages of mitotic cell division. It discusses the cell cycle stages of interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase). Key events at each mitosis stage are described, such as chromosome condensation in prophase and separation of sister chromatids in anaphase. The significance of mitosis in growth, development, regeneration and asexual reproduction is highlighted. Potential errors in mitosis that can lead to chromosomal abnormalities are also briefly mentioned.
BIO420 Chapter 05
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can divide and differentiate into specialized cell types. There are several types of stem cells defined by their potency, including totipotent stem cells found in early embryos, pluripotent stem cells in the embryo, and multipotent adult stem cells. Stem cell regulation is controlled through extracellular signals from the stem cell niche and intracellular factors that influence gene expression and cell fate. Researchers have also induced pluripotency in adult cells by introducing genes that code for key transcription factors.
Embryonic and post-embryonic development in insects :its structure, functions...
Embryonic and post-embryonic development in insects :its structure, functions and modification in different orders of insects
Chap 5 Cleavage. it's types and patterns
Cell division during the early stages of the embryo’s development after fertilisation is referred to as cleavage in embryology. Zygotes of several species possess rapid cell cycle progression without considerable overall growth, resulting in a group of cells of identical size as the initial zygote. The diverse cells produced by cleavage are known as blastomeres, and they group together to form a solid mass known as the morula. The development of the blastula, or the blastocyst in animals, indicates the termination of cleavage.
The mitotic division begins as the zygote travels through the isthmus of the oviduct, termed cleavage, towards the uterus and produces 2, 4, 8, and 16 daughter cells (blastomeres). A morula is an embryo that has 8 to 16 blastomeres. As it progresses into the uterus, the morula continues dividing and develops into a blastocyst.
The transformation from fertilisation to cleavage results from the activation of a mitosis-promoting factor (MPF).Cleavage of Zygote
Human zygote cleavage begins inside the fallopian tube. It is holoblastic, dividing the zygote fully into blastomeres or daughter cells.
After fertilisation, the first cleavage occurs about 24 to 30 hours later. It creates two blastomeres by longitudinally dividing the zygote (one mildly larger than the other).
The second cleavage takes place forty hours later.
After fertilisation, there is a third cleavage approximately 72 hours later. During these early cleavages, the young embryo progresses down the fallopian tube towards the uterus.
The embryo enters the uterus at the end of the fourth day. It is referred to as morula and resembles a mulberry. There are 32 cells in this solid morula. The cleavage is radial and of an indeterminate kind in human zygotes.
Cell Cleavage Mechanism
The zygote begins cleaving once fertilisation occurs, and a new organism starts to develop. Cleavage furrow refers to the area where cleavage begins.Two coordinated mechanisms combine to produce cleavage.
Karyokinesis, or the division of the nucleus during mitosis, is the first of these cyclic mechanisms. The mechanical force behind this division is the mitotic spindle, which has microtubules made of tubulin (a protein that comprises the sperm flagellum).
Cytokinesis, or cell division, is the second phase. An actin-based contractile ring of microfilaments serves as the mechanical force behind cytokinesis.
The initiation of zygotic transcription and the termination of cleavage coincides. This transitional stage in non-mammals is known as the mid-blastula transition and is regulated by the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio.
Types of Cleavage
During the cleavage period, there is a significant degree of reorganisation, and the cytoplasmic contents primarily determine the types of cleavage.
Determinate Cleavage
Determinate cleavage, also known as mosaic cleavage, is a type of cleavage based on the potency of blastomeres where each blastomere has a predetermined developmental fate and is not qualita
Cleavage, Blastocyte formation and Implantation.pptx
This document summarizes the process of cleavage, blastocyst formation, and implantation in human development. It describes how the zygote undergoes cell division through cleavage to form a morula, which then develops a fluid-filled blastocoel cavity to form the blastocyst. The blastocyst contains an inner cell mass that will become the embryo and outer cells that will become the placenta. Around 3-4 days after fertilization, the blastocyst implants into the uterine wall, where the outer trophoblast cells invade the endometrium and develop into villous structures to establish maternal blood flow and form the placenta over subsequent days.
Chap 5 Cleavage.pptx
Cell division after fertilization is called cleavage. It results in the fertilized egg converting from a single cell to multiple cells. During cleavage, the number of nuclei doubles with each division through DNA synthesis, while RNA and protein synthesis are more limited. Cleavage patterns vary between species but include radial, spiral, bilateral, rotational, meroblastic and holoblastic types. Experiments transplanting nuclei between cells provide evidence against the theory that determinants on chromosomes alone control development, and show that nuclei retain developmental potential even in differentiated cells.
Cell Biology for Under-graduates - Dr HK Garg
This document provides an overview of key concepts in cell biology. It discusses the history of cell theory and early microscopists. It describes techniques used to study cells like light and electron microscopy. The structures and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are compared. Cell organelles and their roles are outlined. The processes of cell reproduction through mitosis, meiosis and their significance are summarized. Mechanisms of cell death through necrosis and apoptosis are also briefly explained.
Cleavage
Cleavage is the first phase of embryonic development after fertilization and involves a series of rapid cell divisions. There are two key reasons for cleavage - it generates more cells that can differentiate to form organs, and it increases the nucleus to cytoplasm ratio which is optimal for cell function. Cleavage differs in different organisms depending on how much yolk is present in the egg. Eggs can be classified as isolecithal, mesolecithal, telolecithal, or centrolecithal depending on the yolk distribution, and this determines whether holoblastic or meroblastic cleavage occurs. The orientation of the mitotic spindle controls the plane of cell division during cleavage.
Cleavage
1. Cleavage is the first phase of embryonic development after fertilization where the fertilized egg undergoes rapid, indirect cell divisions (mitosis) without an increase in overall size to form a multicellular embryo.
2. The pattern of cleavage depends on how much yolk is present in the egg. Eggs with little yolk (isolecithal) undergo total cleavage (holoblastic), while eggs with more yolk have partial cleavage (meroblastic).
3. In amphibians, which have mesoleithal eggs, cleavage is initially equal but becomes unequal with larger vegetal and smaller animal cells. This leads to the formation of a blastula with a fluid-filled cavity (
Cell cycle & cell division
This topic include cell cycle and cell division.
it also include cell division in prokaryotes and few problems related to this...
good luck
Cleavage
Cleavage is the process of rapid, synchronous cell divisions that occur after fertilization and before the mid-blastula transition. It involves the division of the zygote into increasingly smaller blastomeres through mitosis without cell growth. The planes and patterns of cleavage are determined by the distribution of yolk and cytoplasmic movements in the egg. This results in either complete or partial cleavage, forming a hollow ball of cells called a blastula. The transition to asynchronous cell cycles and zygotic transcription marks the mid-blastula stage.
Egg structure, types classification and cleavage types , sperm structure
This document provides an overview of comparative embryology topics including types of eggs, sperms, cleavage, and blastula formation. It begins with classifications of eggs based on yolk amount and distribution. It then describes the structure and types of sperms in animals. The document outlines two main types of cleavage - holoblastic and meroblastic - and discusses equal and unequal holoblastic cleavage patterns. Finally, it introduces additional embryology concepts that will be covered such as gastrulation, coelom formation, and extraembryonic membranes.
Gastrulation in frog
Gastrulation is the process by which the three primary germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) are formed in frog embryos through coordinated cell movements. In Xenopus embryos, gastrulation begins with bottle-shaped cells invaginating at the equatorial marginal zone to form the blastopore slit. These cells become the dorsal blastopore lip. Additional mesodermal and endodermal precursor cells involute through the expanding blastopore, eventually forming a ring around the yolky endoderm and completing germ layer formation. Fate mapping studies track the origins and locations of precursor cells during gastrulation.
INTRODUCTION TO EMBRYOLOGY ANATOMY-2.pptx
- Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an ovum to form a single cell called a zygote. This begins the process of embryonic development.
- Cleavage involves rapid cell divisions of the zygote over the first few days, forming a solid ball of cells called a morula.
- By day 4, the morula has further developed into a blastocyst containing an inner cell mass that will form the embryo and outer trophoblast cells that will develop into the placenta. Around day 6, the blastocyst implants in the uterine wall.
Similar to types of cleavage, blastula formation, gastrula , morphogenetic movements etc (20)
Embryonic and post-embryonic development in insects :its structure, functions...
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Cleavage, Blastocyte formation and Implantation.pptx
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Egg structure, types classification and cleavage types , sperm structure
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types of cleavage, blastula formation, gastrula , morphogenetic movements etc
- 1. S.Y.B.Sc ZOOLOGY SEMESTER IV COURSE X UNIT 1 COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY LECTURE :03
- 2. Meroblastic cleavage • Incomplete divisions due to large amount of yolk present • Telolecithal, centrolecithal (Macroleithal eggs) • 2 Main types of Meroblastic Cleavage: Discoidal & Superficial Discoidal cleavage • Seen in animals having discoidal egg (cytoplasm less & yolk more) • Cleavage is restricted to only cytoplasmic disc • Eg: Reptiles and birds Superficial cleavage • Limited to thin surface area of cytoplasm • Cleavage doesn’t takes place in cytoplasm but only nucleus divides (Kayokinesis) • Divided nuclei are called Energids. • These energids migrtae towards the periphery of egg , syncytial blastoderm • Cellularization occur at about 14th nuclear division and create cellular blastoderm • Eg : Insects (centrolecithal eggs)
- 5. TYPES OF BLASTULAE • COELOBLASTULA • DISCOBLASTULA • BLASTOCYST • Blastula : Cleavage leads to the formation of multicellular embryonic stage called Blastula • The cells of blastula are called Blastomeres • Central cavity in blastula: Blastocoel/ segmentation cavity (surrounded by blastoderm)
- 7. Coeloblastula • Common in eggs having low yolk content • Eccentric/centric blastocoel • Blasstoderm : unilayered/multilayered • Eg; Frogs, Amphioxus • In some cases coleoblastula itself will play role of larva : Sponges (Stereoblastula, Parenchymula, Amphiblastula directly develop into adult
- 10. DISCOBLASTULA • Heavy yolk content : clevage occurs at Animal Pole hence leads to the formation of polar blastomeres • Blastodisc : a flat, topical multilayered disc of blastomeres • Shows presence of subgerminal cavity or primary cavity
- 11. Blastocyst • Marsupial & Placental Mammals (No/negligible amount of yolk) • Cells at VP divide faster than cells at AP • Cells at VP divide rapidly and constitute a thin outer wall called : Trophoblast • Shows presence of inner cell mass (confined to one pole) • ICM is covered by layer of Rauber’s cell. • ICM : Hypo & Epiblast
- 13. GASTRULATION • Making & shaping of embryo by massive proliferation, movement & rearrangements of cells occurred in simple multicellular blastula. • The cell movements lead to formation of germ layers (embryonic layers: ectoderm, endoderm & mesoderm) which play vital role in organogenesis • Cell Movements (motility, shaping & adhesion)- Morphogenetic movements • Archenteron : new cavity developed during morphogenetic movements • Archenteron opens to exterior by blastopore. • 2 germ layers : Diplobalstic • 3 germ layers: Triploblastic
- 17. MORPHOGENETIC MOVEMENTS EPIBOLY • Process of thinning and extension of epithellium which occurs through different movements • Extension: Cells get stretched & increase the germ layer length • Intercalation: Merging of 2 epithelia in which cells from 2 adjacent epithelia move between one another and merge to form single layer • Convergence/divergence: Intercalation of cells from multilayered epithellium in a highly directional & Organized manner • Cells Congrete at one point : Convergence • Cells move away from each other: Divergence EMBOLY • Movement of cell into interior of embryo • Invagination • Ingression • Infiltration • Delamination • Proliferation • Involution
- 18. Types of morphogenetic movements