Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm cells develop from stem cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. It begins with the mitotic division of spermatogonial stem cells into primary spermatocytes, which then undergo meiosis to form haploid spermatids. The spermatids develop tails and mature into spermatozoa through spermiogenesis. Sertoli cells support this process by maintaining the environment, secreting substances, and protecting the developing cells. Spermatogenesis is regulated by hormones like testosterone and FSH and sensitive to fluctuations in temperature.

1. Spermatogenesis
Dr. Ghizal Fatima

2. • Spermatogenesis is the process by which
haploid spermatozoa develop from germ cells
in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. This
process starts with the mitotic division of the
stem cells located close to the basement
membrane of the tubules. These cells are
called spermatogonial stem cells.

3. • The mitotic division of these produces two types of cells.
• Type A cells replenish the stem cells, and type B cells differentiate
into primary spermatocytes.
• The primary spermatocyte divides meiotically (Meiosis I) into two
secondary spermatocytes; each secondary spermatocyte divides into
two equal haploid spermatids by Meiosis II.
• The spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa (sperm) by the
process of spermiogenesis.
• These develop into mature spermatozoa, also known as sperm cells.
• Thus, the primary spermatocyte gives rise to two cells, the secondary
spermatocytes, and the two secondary spermatocytes by their
subdivision produce four spermatozoa and four haploid cells

4. Spermatocytogenesis
• Spermatocytogenesis is the male form of gametocytogenesis and
results in the formation of spermatocytes possessing half the normal
complement of genetic material.
• In spermatocytogenesis, a diploid spermatogonium, which resides in
the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubules, divides
mitotically, producing two diploid intermediate cells called primary
spermatocytes.
• Each primary spermatocyte then moves into the adluminal
compartment of the seminiferous tubules and duplicates its DNA and
subsequently undergoes meiosis I to produce two haploid secondary
spermatocytes, which will later divide once more
into haploid spermatids.

5. • Each cell division from a spermatogonium to a
spermatid is incomplete; the cells remain
connected to one another by bridges of
cytoplasm
• Not all spermatogonia divide to produce
spermatocytes; otherwise, the supply of
spermatogonia would run out.
• Instead, spermatogonial stem cells divide
mitotically to produce copies of themselves,
ensuring a constant supply of spermatogonia to
fuel spermatogenesis

7. Spermatidogenesis
• Spermatidogenesis is the creation
of spermatids from secondary spermatocytes.
Secondary spermatocytes produced earlier
rapidly enter meiosis II and divide to produce
haploid spermatids.

8. Spermiogenesis
• During spermiogenesis, the spermatids begin
to form a tail by growing microtubules on one
of the centrioles, which turns into basal body.
These microtubules form an axoneme.

9. Role of Sertoli cells
• Sertoli cells serve a number of functions during
spermatogenesis, they support the developing
gametes in the following ways:
• Maintain the environment necessary for
development and maturation, provide nutrition
• Secrete substances initiating meiosis
• Secrete supporting testicular fluid
• Secrete hormones affecting pituitary gland
control of spermatogenesis
• Protect spermatids from the immune system of
the male, via the blood-testis barrier

10. Influencing factors
• The process of spermatogenesis is highly sensitive to
fluctuations in the environment,
particularly hormones and temperature.
• Testosterone is required in large concentrations to
maintain the process, which is achieved via the binding
of testosterone by androgen binding protein present in
the seminiferous tubules.
• Testosterone is produced by interstitial cells, also
known as Leydig cells, which reside adjacent to the
seminiferous tubules.

11. Hormonal control
• Hormonal control of spermatogenesis varies among
species. In humans the mechanism is not completely
understood; however it is known that initiation of
spermatogenesis occurs at puberty due to the
interaction of the hypothalamus, pituitary
gland and Leydig cells.
• If the pituitary gland is removed, spermatogenesis
can still be initiated by follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH) and testosterone In contrast to
FSH, luteinizing hormone (LH) appears to have little
role in spermatogenesis outside of inducing gonadal
testosterone production.