cell lineage , cell fate - diverse class of cell fate, cell fate in plant meristem, mammalian development cell fate, nutritional effects on epigenetics, epigenetics of plants,
control of cell fate.
Introduction
About Drosophila
Genome of Drosophila
Life cycle
Differentiation
Development of Drosophila
* Embryonic development
* Dorsal -ventral and
* Anterior posterior development
* Body segmentation
* Homeotic gene
Conclusion
Reference
Maternal effects are the influences of a mothers genotype on the phenotype of her offspring. It results from the asymmetric contribution of the female parent to the development of zygotes.
In terms of chromosomal genes, both male and female parents contribute equally to the zygote. The female parent contributes to the zygotes initial cytoplasm and organelles. Sperm rarely contribute anything other than chromosomes. Therefore zygotic development begins within a maternal medium and hence the maternal cytoplasm directly affects zygotic development.
Introduction
About Drosophila
Genome of Drosophila
Life cycle
Differentiation
Development of Drosophila
* Embryonic development
* Dorsal -ventral and
* Anterior posterior development
* Body segmentation
* Homeotic gene
Conclusion
Reference
Maternal effects are the influences of a mothers genotype on the phenotype of her offspring. It results from the asymmetric contribution of the female parent to the development of zygotes.
In terms of chromosomal genes, both male and female parents contribute equally to the zygote. The female parent contributes to the zygotes initial cytoplasm and organelles. Sperm rarely contribute anything other than chromosomes. Therefore zygotic development begins within a maternal medium and hence the maternal cytoplasm directly affects zygotic development.
Slides about Cell Fate, Cell Potency, Differentiation, Specification, Modes of Specification, Role of Cytoplasm. Cell Interactions, Regulation in Development
Cell cell hybridization or somatic cell hybridizationSubhradeep sarkar
What is Cell-Cell Hybridization?
History
More about Somatic cell Hybridization
Mapping of genes by somatic cell Hybridization
Hybridoma technology
Other Applications of Somatic Cell Hybridization
cell commitment and differentiation, stem cell,types of differentiationshallu kotwal
The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells.
Cellular differentiation is the process in which a cell changes from one cell type to another. Usually, the cell changes to a more specialized type. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover.
A chart showing the fate of each part of an early embryo, in a particular blastula stage is called fate maps. It is done because the correct interpretation of gastrulation is impossible without the knowledge of the position which are the presumptive germinal layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm) occupy in blastula.
Fate mapping is a method used in developmental biology to study the embryonic origin of various adult tissues and structures. The "fate" of each cell or group of cells is mapped onto the embryo, showing which parts of the embryo will develop into which tissue. When carried out at single-cell resolution, this process is called cell lineage tracing. It is also used to trace the development of tumors.
Slides about Cell Fate, Cell Potency, Differentiation, Specification, Modes of Specification, Role of Cytoplasm. Cell Interactions, Regulation in Development
Cell cell hybridization or somatic cell hybridizationSubhradeep sarkar
What is Cell-Cell Hybridization?
History
More about Somatic cell Hybridization
Mapping of genes by somatic cell Hybridization
Hybridoma technology
Other Applications of Somatic Cell Hybridization
cell commitment and differentiation, stem cell,types of differentiationshallu kotwal
The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells.
Cellular differentiation is the process in which a cell changes from one cell type to another. Usually, the cell changes to a more specialized type. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover.
A chart showing the fate of each part of an early embryo, in a particular blastula stage is called fate maps. It is done because the correct interpretation of gastrulation is impossible without the knowledge of the position which are the presumptive germinal layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm) occupy in blastula.
Fate mapping is a method used in developmental biology to study the embryonic origin of various adult tissues and structures. The "fate" of each cell or group of cells is mapped onto the embryo, showing which parts of the embryo will develop into which tissue. When carried out at single-cell resolution, this process is called cell lineage tracing. It is also used to trace the development of tumors.
Epigenetics is the study, in the field of genetics, of cellular and physiological phenotypic trait variations that are caused by external or environmental factors that switch genes on and off and affect how cells read genes instead of being caused by changes in the DNA sequence. -Wikipedia
-Basic Concepts in Genetics
-What is Epigenetic?
-History of Epigenetic
-How do epigenetics work?
-Epigenetics and the Environment
-Epigenetic Inheritance
-Epigenetics in Psychiatry
contains descriptive and other studies on genetics and epigenetics and whole gene concepts from central dogma to future concepts . Dr Harshavardhan Patwal
GENETIC POLYMORPHISM -
types of genetic polymorphism,
reasons why issue of cultivated plants are not fully resolved,
and strategies and innovations to fulfill demand of population.
Kohlbergs moral development, Erik erikson's stages and Factors affecting grow...nishakataria10
Continuation with last upload
Kohlbergs moral development theory, its stages and criticism,
Erik erikson's stages of psychological development - conflicts during each stage,
Factors affecting growth and development.
B.Ed first year notes
CHILD DEVELOPMENT STAGES AND PIAGET'S THEORYnishakataria10
Concept, principles, stages of development,
Piagets theory of cognitive development, its stages and important terma about the theory
B.ed first year notes.
ROOT HAIR DEVELOPMENT IN PLANTS:
structure and development of root hairs, Initiation and molecular genetics of root hair, functions of root hairs.
complete topic from authentic websites. Essential for for all life science students.
Phytogeographical zones, farmers rights, intellectual property rights, Plant exploration, plant introduction and plant invasion, invasion species, deforestation and social forestry, Ramsar convention on wetlands, Role of botanical gardens, cryobanks, seed bank in biodiversity, cryopreservation, NBPGR, CBD, NBA, Ethnobotany,
Biodiversity- National and Global status, Hotspots of biodiversity Endangered and endemic species, Extinction, Significance, Causes, Levels of biodiversity, IUCN categories of threat, Red Data Book - advantages and disadvantages, local plants diversity of haryana, Biodiversity concepts, principles of conservation and strategies, major approaches to management, Protected areas network- wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves.
fungi: heterothallism, heterokaryosis, parasexuality,fungi sex hormones, Mycorrhizae, Types of mycorrhizae, Defence mechanism in plants- structural and biochemical.
Structure of bacteria, its characteristics, Reproduction, bacterial shapes, types of bacteria , Difference bw gram positive and gram negative bacteria, Economic importance of bacteria,Quiz questions.
Self identity, self esteem and its types, inner self, aspects of development of inner self and its strategies, personality ,self expression and its forms, social interaction and group influence.
useful for B.ed students (first year).
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2. o Cell lineage studies aim to define the developmental history of a
particular cell type from its precursors through their fully
differentiated state.
o The first cell lineage studies were performed by Whitman at the
end of the nineteenth century and consisted of the direct
observation of cleavage patterns in leech embryos.
Cell lineage
3. Since then, multiple techniques have been developed to follow
the fate of cells, including injections of vital dyes or radioactive
molecules in cells of different organisms, introduction of reporter
genes by transfection or viral infection, and transplantation of
embryonic cells and tissues.
More recently, generation of genetically modified mice expressing
reporter genes or Cre recombinase have provided major
advantages for tracing different cell lineages.
Cre recombinase is a site-specific recognition enzyme that
recognizes 34 base-pair LoxP sequences and, depending on
their orientation, excises or inverts the DNA flanked by them.
5. It was found that in some animal groups, such as nematodes and ascidians, the
pattern of cell divisions was almost identical from individual to individual.
Such ‘invariant’ cell lineages allowed the reconstruction of extensive lineage
trees.
In other animals, such as leeches and insects, stereotyped patterns of cell
division (‘sublineages’) were seen in the progeny of particular precursor cells.
Because of the correlation between cell lineage and cell fate in such invariant
lineages, it was assumed that cell fates were determined by factors segregating
within the dividing cells (termed ‘determinate’ cleavage).
Cell lineage is defined as the pattern of cell divisions in the development of an
organism, whether invariant or not.
6. Cell lineage is the framework for understanding cellular diversity, stability of differentiation, and
its relationship to pluripotency.
C. elegans: model organism
As one of the first pioneers of cell lineage, in the 1960s Dr. Sydney Brenner first began observing
cell differentiation and succession in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
Dr. Brenner chose this organism due to its transparent body, quick reproduction, ease of access,
and small size which made it ideal for following cell lineage under a microscope.
By 1976, Dr. Brenner and his associate, Dr. John Sulston, had identified part of the cell lineage in
the developing nervous system of C. elegans. Recurring results showed that the nematode
was eutelic (each individual experiences the same differentiation pathways).
This research led to the initial observations of programmed cell death, or apoptosis.
7.
8. After mapping various sections of the C.
elegans' cell lineage, Dr. Brenner and his
associates were able to piece together the
first complete and reproducible fate map of
cell lineage.
They later received the 2002 Nobel prize for
their work in genetic regulation of organ
development and programmed cell death.
9. Cell fate is specified by signaling pathways such as the nodal,
fibroblast growth factor (fgf), and bone morphogenetic protein
(bmp) families during the late blastula stage.
Stem cell fate is determined by intrinsic regulators and extrinsic
signals. The physiological environment provides a perfect but
complex combination of signaling, including the appropriate
identity, abundance, location, and dynamics of stimuli that function
in synergy with the intrinsic regulatory network to orchestrate the
temporal-spatial control of self-renewal and differentiation.
CELL FATE
12. The shoot apical meristem is initiated during embryogenesis and, after germination of the seed, it
produces the stem, a succession of leaves and flowers.
The meristems of Arabidopsis are organized into an outer tunica, consisting of two cell layers (L1
and L2), and an inner corpus (L3), which all contribute to organ formation and growth
Cell divisions within the L1 and L2 are perpendicular to the surface of the meristem (anticlinal), so
that progeny cells will remain in their layer of origin and establish a clone.
The cells within one clone can have diverse fates: e.g., a stem cell in the L2 can produce daughter
cells that eventually differentiate as subepidermal cells, or even as gametes.
Both leaves and flowers originate on the flanks of the meristem from the peripheral zone that
surrounds the central zone, where the stem cells reside
13. Cell Fate in Mammalian Development
1) Cell fate commitment is achieved by the establishment of epigenetic
mechanisms.
Epigenetic mechanisms -
Epigenetic mechanisms regulate gene expression at the transcription level by
modulating the accessibility of gene promoter regions to transcriptional
machinery.
14. o Epigenetic mechanisms of gene expression can be influenced by the
environment.
o One such well-established environmental factor that is known to
influence epigenetic mechanisms of gene expression is an
individual’s nutrition.
o An individual’s nutrition is comprised of water, metabolic fuels (mainly
carbohydrates and lipids), proteins, minerals, vitamins, and essential fatty
acids.
Nutritional Effects on Epigenetics
15.
16. Epigenetics of Plants
Plants use epigenetic mechanisms during development and also
across successive generations of whole plants.
DNA methylation, modification of histones, and small RNAs are used
as epigenetic mechanisms, as in most animals.
For example, in some flowering plants, differences in the shape of the
flower or color of the fruit are stable across generations and are due to
inherited differences in the level of promoter methylation.
Methylation of DNA in plants controls such developmental
characteristics as in the ripening of fruits.
18. Methylation Controls Ripening of Fruit
When their promoters are methylated, genes involved in plant ripening are
silenced. During development, methyl groups are removed which allows the
transcription factor RIN to bind to the promoters. This allows gene expression
and the fruit will ripen.
19. 2) While the fertilized egg and very earliest blastomeres are
totipotent, progressive stages of embryonic development lead to
restrictions in cell fates and developmental potential.
3) As development proceeds germ cell precursors become
reprogrammed, and thereafter become specialized as they
differentiate into sex-specific gametes exhibiting
specialized epigenomes.
Epigenome means genome-wide epigenetic regulations, including DNA methylation,
post-translational modification of histone, chromatin remodeling, higher-order DNA
organization, and noncoding RNA alterations, all of which are heritable and sequence-
independent.
21. The epigenome of male and female gametes at the time of syngamy is a
product of a long, complex reprogramming process starting with the
naïve epigenome of the primordial germ cells (PGCs).
Epigenomes are sensitive to environmentally induced alterations in gene
expression. These epigenetic modifications can result in reproductive,
behavioral, and metabolic disorders.
Apart from the direct effect on individual epigenomes, the alteration in
the germline can transmit the disorders through generations.
22. Stem cell fate is determined by intrinsic regulators and extrinsic
signals.
The physiological environment provides a perfect but complex
combination of signaling, including the appropriate identity,
abundance, location, and dynamics of stimuli that function in synergy
with the intrinsic regulatory network to orchestrate the temporal-spatial
control of self-renewal and differentiation.
CONTROL OF CELL FATE
4) Erasure of these gamete-specific features is then necessary to enable acquisition
of a totipotent state in the zygote.
23. Some in vivo data support the notion that cell fate can be altered by
ethanol exposure.
Prenatal exposure to ethanol alters the fates of hematopoietic
progenitors in the bone marrow of mouse neonates, and lymphocyte
development is delayed.
Ethanol can affect the differentiation of cycling and recently postmitotic
cells via targeted alterations of genetic expression.