Cellular morphogenesis is controlled by three main processes: cell growth, differentiation, and the spatial distribution of cells during embryonic development. It can occur during embryonic development as well as in mature organisms. There are two main bases of morphogenesis - cellular and molecular. On the cellular level, morphogenesis is driven by cell sorting, differential adhesion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell-cell adhesion molecules, the extracellular matrix, and cell contractility. Lung development in mice occurs through the formation of buds extending from the foregut, with genetic factors like FGF and BMP controlling the branching process.
cell lineage , cell fate - diverse class of cell fate, cell fate in plant meristem, mammalian development cell fate, nutritional effects on epigenetics, epigenetics of plants,
control of cell fate.
cell lineage , cell fate - diverse class of cell fate, cell fate in plant meristem, mammalian development cell fate, nutritional effects on epigenetics, epigenetics of plants,
control of cell fate.
According to Hardy (England,1908) and Weinberg (Germany,1909), gene and genotype frequency of a Mendelian population remain constant generation after generation unless there is selection,mutation,migration or random drift.
Slides about Cell Fate, Cell Potency, Differentiation, Specification, Modes of Specification, Role of Cytoplasm. Cell Interactions, Regulation in Development
Fate maps are the bases for experimental embryology since they provide researchers with information on which portions of the embryo normally become which larval or adult structures.
A general account of Quantitative (Multiple factor or Polygenic) Inheritance; Examples : Kernel colour in Wheat, Ear size (Cob length ) in Maize(Zea mays) ; Differences between Qualitative and Quantitative Inheritance
Here is a presentation of development biology. For further assistance contact at my email. It's a pleasure to me.if my work is helpful for anyone of you. Need your appreciation and criticism to improve my work. Thanks.
According to Hardy (England,1908) and Weinberg (Germany,1909), gene and genotype frequency of a Mendelian population remain constant generation after generation unless there is selection,mutation,migration or random drift.
Slides about Cell Fate, Cell Potency, Differentiation, Specification, Modes of Specification, Role of Cytoplasm. Cell Interactions, Regulation in Development
Fate maps are the bases for experimental embryology since they provide researchers with information on which portions of the embryo normally become which larval or adult structures.
A general account of Quantitative (Multiple factor or Polygenic) Inheritance; Examples : Kernel colour in Wheat, Ear size (Cob length ) in Maize(Zea mays) ; Differences between Qualitative and Quantitative Inheritance
Here is a presentation of development biology. For further assistance contact at my email. It's a pleasure to me.if my work is helpful for anyone of you. Need your appreciation and criticism to improve my work. Thanks.
cell commitment and differentiation, stem cell,types of differentiationshallu kotwal
The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells.
Cellular differentiation is the process in which a cell changes from one cell type to another. Usually, the cell changes to a more specialized type. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover.
Cell division is a fundamental process by which living organisms grow, develop, and maintain their structure and function. It is a tightly regulated and highly coordinated mechanism that ensures the accurate distribution of genetic material and the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell. Cell division plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including embryonic development, tissue repair, and the production of gametes for sexual reproduction.
Cell Division
Function
The function of cell division is essential for the growth, development, and maintenance of living organisms. It serves several crucial purposes, including:
Growth and Development: Cell division enables an organism to increase in size and complexity. During growth, cells divide to produce more cells, allowing tissues, organs, and the entire organism to expand. Additionally, during embryonic development, cell division plays a vital role in shaping and forming the various structures and organs of an organism.
Tissue Repair and Regeneration: In multicellular organisms, cell division is responsible for the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues. When an injury occurs, cells near the site of damage undergo division to replace the lost or injured cells. This process allows for the healing and restoration of injured tissues, enabling the organism to recover and maintain its normal function.
Asexual Reproduction: In some organisms, cell division is involved in asexual reproduction, where a single parent cell divides to produce genetically identical offspring. This type of reproduction occurs in many single-celled organisms and some multicellular organisms like plants, allowing them to quickly propagate and colonize new environments.
Gamete Production: In sexual reproduction, cell division is responsible for the production of specialized reproductive cells called gametes. These include sperm cells in males and egg cells in females. Through the process of meiosis, cell division reduces the number of chromosomes in the gametes to half the normal number, ensuring that when two gametes fuse during fertilization, the resulting offspring will have the correct chromosome count.
Genetic Diversity: Meiotic cell division also plays a crucial role in generating genetic diversity. By shuffling and recombining genetic material during meiosis, offspring inherit a unique combination of genes from their parents. This genetic diversity is essential for evolutionary processes, allowing for adaptation to changing environments and the survival
Tissues, Organs and Systems: The images have big font size and reduced background color. Useful for smartphones, classroom and printouts. The rest is standard stuff.
Introduction
Think your cells are just simple building blocks, unconscious and static as bricks in a wall? If so, think again! Cells can detect what's going on around them, and they can respond in real time to cues from their neighbors and environment. At this very moment, your cells are sending and receiving millions of messages in the form of chemical signaling molecules!
In this article, we'll examine the basic principles of how cells communicate with one another. We'll first look at how cell-cell signaling works, then consider different kinds of short- and long-range signaling that happen in our bodies.
Overview of cell signaling
Cells typically communicate using chemical signals. These chemical signals, which are proteins or other molecules produced by a sending cell, are often secreted from the cell and released into the extracellular space. There, they can float – like messages in a bottle – over to neighboring cells.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
3. Fundamental process:
• It is one of three fundamental aspects
of developmental biology along with the
control of:
• cell growth and
• cellular differentiation
• The process controls the organized spatial
distribution of cells during the embryonic
development of an organism.
4. Also occur in mature animals:
• Morphogenesis can take place also in a
mature organism, e.g. in inside tumor cell
masses.
In unicellular animals:
• Morphogenesis also describes the
development of unicellular life forms that
do not have an embryonic stage in their
life cycle.
5. Induced by:
• Hormones:
Morphogenetic responses may be induced
in organisms by hormones,
• By environmental chemicals
Ranging fromsubstances produced by
otherorganisms to toxic
chemicals or radionuclides.
6. Morphogenetic Movement
In addition to the mechanism by which
the complicated bodies of animals are formed via cleavage of
the fertilized egg and repeated cell specification, by an important
mechanism in animal development is morphogenetic
movement.
7. • The first morphogenetic movement triggered is gastrulation
which forms the future digestive tract. Gastrulation is one of the
most important morphogenetic movements in the formation of
the basic tubular structure of animals.
• Morphogenetic movement is caused by large-scale
and dynamic movement of embryonic cells. It rearranges
the distribution of embryonic cells, thereby allowing the interaction
between germ layers that previously existed separately.
8. •Morphogenetic movement consists of several b
asic
cellular deformations
and movements, including the invagination
movement, the extension movement caused by
the rearrangement of epithelial cells, and
the ingression movement of epithelial
cells migrating into the embryo .
9.
10. Two types of morphogenesis:
• Cellular basis
• Molecular basis
12. Cell sorting:
• “The changes in tissues cause the elongation,
thinning, folding or separation of one tissue
into distinct layers. This is often referred as
cell sorting. (Cell sorting is the ability to
separate cells according to their properties.)”
Morphogenesis arises because of changes in the
cellular structure or how cells interact in tissues
cell sorting.
Cell "sorting out" consists of cells moving so as to
sort into clusters that maximize contact between
cells of the same type.
14. Differential Adhesion
Hypothesis:
Explained by:
The ability of cells to do this has been proposed to arise from
differential cell adhesion by Malcolm Steinberg through
his Differential Adhesion Hypothesis.
Definition:
“According to DAH, cells move to be near
other cells of similar adhesive strength in
order to maximize the bonding strength
between cells and produce a more
thermodynamically stable structure.”
16. Epithelial-mesenchymal
transition
• “The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a
process by which epithelial cells lose their cell
polarity and cell-cell adhesion, and gain migratory
and invasive properties to become mesenchymal
stem cells”
• Mesenchymal cells typically leave the epithelial tissue as a
consequence of changes in cell adhesive and contractile
properties.
• Following epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cells can migrate
away from an epithelium and then associate with other similar
cells in a new location.
17.
18. Cell-cell adhesion:
• During embryonic development, cells are restricted to
different layers due to differential affinities. One of the
ways this can occur is when cells share the same cell-
to-cell adhesion molecules.
• For instance, homotypic cell adhesion can
maintain boundaries between groups of cells that
have different adhesion molecules.
• Furthermore, cells can sort based upon
differences in adhesion between the cells, so even
two populations of cells with different levels of the
same adhesion molecule can sort out.
•
19.
20. Cell Adhesion Molecules
(CAMs).
• The molecules responsible for adhesion are called cell
adhesion molecules (CAMs).
• Several types of cell adhesion molecules are known and
one major class of these molecules are cadherins.
There are dozens of different cadherins that are
expressed on different cell types. Cadherins bind to
other cadherins in a like-to-like manner:
• E-cadherin (found on many epithelial cells) binds
preferentially to other E-cadherin molecules.
Mesenchymal cells usually express other cadherin types
such as N-cadherin.
21.
22. Role Of Extracellular Matrix:
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a
collection of extracellular molecules
secreted by cells that provides structural
and biochemical support to the surrounding
cells.
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is involved in:
keeping tissues separated
providing structural support
providing a structure for cells to migrate on.
23. ECM molecules
• Collagen
• Laminin and
• fibronectin
are major ECM molecules that are secreted and assembled into
sheets, fibers, and gels.
• Multisubunit transmembrane receptors called integrins are used to
bind to the ECM.
Example:Example:
• A well-studied example of morphogenesis that involves ECM
is mammary gland ductal branching.
24.
25. Cell contractility:
Tissues can change their shape and separate
into distinct layers via cell contractility.
Just like in muscle cells, myosin can contract
different parts of the tissue to change its shape or
structure.
Example:
Typical examples of myosin-driven contractility in tissue
morphogenesis occur during the separation
of ,drosophila and zebrafish germ layers. Often, during
embryonic morphogenesis, cell contractility occurs via
periodic pulses of contraction.
27. Morphogenesis in mouse for
lungs development:
From foregut:
Like most internal organs the lungs develop from the foregut (in
the early embryo a ventral longitudinal tube).
Formation of buds:
Initially, two buds extend from the foregut resulting in the left and
right bronchus. In the mouse four secondary buds extend from the
two initial branches (three on the right-hand side and one on the left)
giving rise to four lung lobes.
Genetic control:
The genetic control of these processes is not completely understood
but it has been shown that Gli genes are involved in the induction of
the secondary buds. It is surprising that also FGF (fibroblast growth
factor) is crucially involved in mammalian lung formation. Mammals
possess more than one FGF Fibroblast growth factor gene.
Currently there are more than 20 different FGFs known and many of
them have overlapping functions.
28. • However, in mice, lacking FGF10 are born
without lungs and limbs (limbs are also
formed from buds!).
• Process:
Epithelial cells, expressing FGF
receptor, respond to the secretion of FGF
from nearby mesenchyme by bud
formation and bud extension towards the
FGF10 source.
29. • Exposure of the branch tip to high concentrations of FGF
induces the expression of secondary genes in the tip
such as:
• bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4),
• sonic hedgehog (Shh) and
• a mammalian sprouty ortholog (Sprouty 2)
30. • thus, turning the tips of the bronchial branches
into signaling centers.
• BMP4 inhibits epithelial cell proliferation limiting
branch extension.
• Shh is proposed to inhibit FGF10 expression in
the mesenchyme near the tip, which
splits FGF10 expression promoting the next
round of branching and
• Sprouty2 restricts branching to the tip of the
branch.