Genetic engineering is the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism. Traditionally, humans have manipulated genomes indirectly by controlling breeding and selecting offspring with desired traits.

1. GENETIC ENGINEERING

2. HISTRY OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
 Father of Genetic Engineering is Paul Berg. He was the
first who developed recombinant DNA technology.
 1973 : The first genetically modified animal was
mouse created by Rudolf Jaenisch.
 1993 : An antibiotic resistant gene was inserted
in tobacco plant, leading to first genetically
modified plant.
 1978 : The technology was commercialized with
the production of insulin.
 1994 : First genetically modified
food Tomato was made.

3. GENETIC ENGINEERING
 The change in genetic materials of living cells by
inserting desired gene through a vector in called
genetic engineering.
 Genetic engineering primarily involves the
manipulation of genetic material (DNA) to achieve
the desired goal in a pre-determined way. Some
other terms are also in common use to describe
genetic engineering.
 Gene manipulation
 Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology
 Gene cloning (molecular cloning)
 Genetic modifications
 New genetics.

4. SOME IMPORTANAT TERMS
 Gene: The gene is small piece of DNA that encodes for a specific protein.
 Recombinant DNA: The DNA formed by joining DNA segment of two different
organism.
 Recombinant DNA technology: The technique by which gene of interest is
transferred to the host.
 Genetically modified organism: The organism whose genetic make up is
altered/changed using rDNA technology.
 Genome The totality of all the genetic material (deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA)
in an organism, organised in a precise, though by no means fixed or constant
way. In the case of viruses, most of them will have ribonucleic acid or RNA as
the genetic material.
 Plasmid A piece of parasitic genetic material found in a cell that can propagate
itself using the cell's energetic resources.
 Vector A carrier or transmitter of genes (carry foreign DNA fragment). Artificial
vectors are made in genetic engineering for multiplying and transferring genes
into genomes.
 Gene cloning The technique of making many copies of a gene, isolating the
gene and identifying it.
 Gene expression The synthesis of the gene-product or protein encoded by the
gene.

5. Enzymes used:
 Endonucleases – enzymes that cut DNA molecule
at some given location
 Exonucleases – enzyme that removes one nitrogen
base unit at a time
 Ligases – enzyme that join two DNA segments
together

6. BASIC STEP OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
 Isolation of desired DNA fragment(gene of interest)
with the help of restriction enzymes.
 Isolation of DNA vector.
 Construction of rDNA. In this gene of interest is
inserted into the vector using DNA ligase.
 Transfer the Recombinant vector into the host cell.
 Multiplication of Host cells containing recombinant
DNA.
 Expression of cloned gene.
 Selection of Recombinant cells.(obtained desired
product).

7. B
ASIC
STEP
OF
GENETIC
ENGINEERING

8. BASIC STEP OF GENETIC ENGINEERING

9. APPLICATIONS
 Genetic engineering has applications in medicine, research,
industry and agriculture and can be used on a wide range of
plants, animals and microorganisms.
 In medicine, genetic engineering has been used to mass-
produce insulin, human growth hormones, follistim (for treating
infertility), human albumin, monoclonal antibodies, antihemophilic
factors, vaccines, and many other drugs.
 In research, organisms are genetically engineered to discover
the functions of certain genes.
 Industrial applications include transforming microorganisms such
as bacteria or yeast, or insect mammalian cells with a gene
coding for a useful protein. Mass quantities of the protein can
be produced by growing the transformed organism in bioreactors
using fermentation, then purifying the protein.
 Genetic engineering is also used in agriculture to create
genetically-modified crops or genetically-modified organisms