Genetic engineering is the process of manipulating DNA to modify or improve organisms. It uses techniques like restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites, allowing genes from one organism to be spliced into another. For example, plasmids from bacteria can be altered to contain human genes, then inserted back into the bacteria to produce human proteins like insulin at large scale. Genetic engineering has applications in medicine, agriculture, forensics, and research. However, some safety issues need further study, such as impacts of genetically modified crops on human health and the environment.

1. Genetic Technology
DNA Technology
Genetic Engineering
ALL THE SAME

2. Genetic Engineering: DNA
Technology
 process of making changes in the
DNA code of living organisms
 uses DNA technology to cure
diseases, treat genetic disorders,
 improve food crops, etc.

3. How do we make changes
to DNA of an organism???
USING….Restriction Enzymes:
 bacterial enzymes
 act like scissors that
cut DNA molecules
at specific sites
 create sticky ends that can easily bind to
complementary DNA and form new
sequences of nucleotides

5. Plasmids are:
 ring of DNA found in a bacterium (bacteria)
in addition to its main chromosome
 these plasmids can be cut with restriction
enzymes, allowing other genes (donor
genes) to be spliced into the plasmid
 once gene has been spliced into plasmid,
the plasmid is returned to the bacteria

6.  insulin production

7. Plasmids are:
 the bacteria then divides, giving copies
of the new gene
 recombinant DNA- combination of DNA
from two or more sources
 Ex.: inserting human gene for insulin
into bacteria in order to produce large
amounts of insulin for people whose
bodies do not produce enough

9. MORE DNA Technology
Techniques:
1. DNA Fingerprinting: pattern of bands
made up of specific fragments from an
organism's DNA
•Uses:
-determining relationships between
individuals
-determining how closely species are
related
-helping solve crimes

10. DNA Fingerprinting
How it works:
use RFLP analysis to (omit) extract DNA
and cut it using restriction enzymes
 gel electrophoresis: DNA placed into
wells made on a gel; fragments or
segments of DNA are then separated
based on size and charge

12.  Gel-Electrophoresis-Animation-

13. Polymerase Chain
Reaction (PCR)
 used to quickly make many
 copies of selected segments of
DNA, only requires tiny
amounts of DNA

14. Conceiving a Clone: Media Center

15. Human Genome Project
(began in 1990)
Purposes:
 to determine the nucleotide sequence of the
entire human genome (approx. 3 billion
nucleotide pairs)
 to map the location of every gene on each
chromosome
 improve diagnoses, treatments, and cures for
genetic diseases

16. Human Genome Proj.
 J. Craig Venter: Designing Life - 60
Minutes - CBS News

17. Cloning:
 A group of genetically
Identical cells
 May be produces
asexually… (Mitosis)
 Growing Body Parts

18. Gene Therapy
 treating a genetic disorder by
introducing a gene into a cell or by
correcting a gene defect in a cell's
genome
 involves ethical decisions - Ex.
insurance companies

19. To Rw. Practical Uses of DNA
Technology:
 produce pharmaceutical products
inexpensively
 Ex. insulin

20. Practical Uses of DNA
Technology:
 produce effective vaccines
 interesting research--scientists
are creating a banana vaccine to
vaccinate children against viral
diseases like Hepatitis B

21. Practical Uses of DNA
Technology:
Increase agricultural yields by:
 protecting plants by transferring
genes that are harmful to pests into
the plants
 producing plants that are resistant to
weed-controlling chemicals
(herbicides)
 developing plants that do not require
fertilizers to grow

22.  NOVA | scienceNOW | Personal DNA
Testing | PBS
 NOVA Online | Cracking the Code of Life
| Watch the Program Here

23. Safety and Environmental
Issues
 genetically engineered foods
may contain toxins, making
people allergic to the foods
 genetically engineered crops
may take over the native plant
species

24. Example of Genetic Engineering:
 producing
tomatoes that
ripen without
becoming soft
and are
supposed to
taste better
than
commercially
grown