Therapeutic proteins are proteins engineered for pharmaceutical use. They are produced through recombinant DNA technology and delivered to replace proteins deficient in certain illnesses. Therapeutic proteins are classified based on their pharmacological action, molecular type, and mechanism. They can be produced through microbial bioreactors, mammalian cell culture bioreactors, or by expressing the protein in the milk of transgenic animals. Common therapeutic proteins include hormones, clotting factors, vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies used to treat diseases like cancer, infections, hemophilia, and hepatitis.
Protein engineering is the process of developing useful or valuable proteins. It is a young discipline, with much research taking place into the understanding of protein folding and recognition for protein design principles
Protein engineering is the process of developing useful or valuable proteins. It is a young discipline, with much research taking place into the understanding of protein folding and recognition for protein design principles
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Protein engineering and its techniques himanshuhimanshu kamboj
b pharma 6th sem
pharmaceutical biotechnology
Protein engineering
Objectives of protein engineering
Rationale of protein engineering
Protein engineering methods
Rational design -site-directed mutagenesis methods
Advantages and disadvantages of rational design
Directed evolution -random mutagenesis
Advantages and disadvantages of directed evolution
Peptidomimetics
Classification of peptidomimetics
Advantages and disadvantages of peptidomimetics
Flow cytometry
Instrumentation
Principle
components
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Protein engineering and its techniques himanshuhimanshu kamboj
b pharma 6th sem
pharmaceutical biotechnology
Protein engineering
Objectives of protein engineering
Rationale of protein engineering
Protein engineering methods
Rational design -site-directed mutagenesis methods
Advantages and disadvantages of rational design
Directed evolution -random mutagenesis
Advantages and disadvantages of directed evolution
Peptidomimetics
Classification of peptidomimetics
Advantages and disadvantages of peptidomimetics
Flow cytometry
Instrumentation
Principle
components
CHAPTER 12 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS.pptxJyoti Gadge
This PPT explores many aspects of applications of biotechnology. Learn about the Biotechnological applications in agriculture,
Biotechnological applications in medicine,
Transgenic animals and
Ethical issues. Easy-to-understand explanations. Whether you're a student, a teacher, or just someone who wants to learn more about applications of biotechnology, this PPT is a must-see.
This power point presentation has described role of biotechnology in management of diseases. This presentation also contains different biotechnological techniques for Treating, Diagnosing, preventing and understanding the disease.
Genetic engineering and pharmaceutical production in microorganismsNawfal Aldujaily
Role Of Genetic Engineering In Improvement Of Pharmaceutical Production of Microorganisms lecture in department of biology.faculty of science.University of Kufa
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
2. INTRODUCTION
2
“Proteins which are engineered in
the laboratory for pharmaceutical use are
referred to as therapeutic proteins”
Proteins which are absent or low in individuals
with an illness such as Cancer, Infectious
diseases, Hemophilia, Anemia, Multiple
sclerosis, Hepatitis B/C, etc. are artificially
synthesized on large scale through genetically
modified host cells and delivered.
3. This therapeutic approach in treating diseases using
proteins and peptides is termed protein therapeutics.
Protein therapy is similar to gene therapy, but unlike
gene therapy, protein therapy delivers protein to the
body in specific amounts (as would be ordinarily
present), to help repair illness, treat pain or remake
structures.
Introduced in 1920’s Human insulin is considered to
be the first therapeutic protein.
3
4. Proteins have been considered for the following facts:
Diversity of functional groups: free thiols (on cysteine residue) &
amine (on the N-terminus or on lysine residue)
Imitations by simple chemical compounds are less
Lower side effects: due to high specificity there’s less potential
for protein to interrupt the normal biological processes
Less likely for the body to evoke immune responses as the body
naturally produces many of the proteins
Clinical development and FDA approval time are comparatively
faster than that for small molecule drugs.
4
5. SCOPE OF PROTEIN THERAPEUTICS
The hope is that the protein, which is not present in
adequate levels, will function as it is designed to do.
For example, use of certain proteins in addressing
cardiovascular disease has been evaluated in some
studies. Especially when veins or arteries become
blocked, the right types of proteins might help here by
building new passages for blood flow.
Some doctors suggest that protein therapy of this type
might eventually be so successful that it could eliminate
the need for complicated surgeries like bypass surgery. 5
6. CLASSIFICATION
Classification based on pharmacological action:
Group I: protein therapeutics with enzymatic or
regulatory activity
a: Replacement of a protein that is deficient or abnormal:
e.g. - Exubera, Increlex
b: Augmentation of an existing pathway: e.g. - Ovidrel ,
Neupogen
c: Provides a novel function or activity: e.g. - Myoblock
6
7. Group II : protein therapeutics with special targeting activity
a: Interferes with a molecule or organism: e.g. - Avastin
b: Delivers other compounds or proteins (such as radionuclie,
cytotoxic drug or effector protein): e.g. – Ontak
Group III : Protein vaccines
a : Protecting against a deleterious foreign agent: e.g. - Engerix
b : Treating an autoimmune disease. : e.g. - Rophylac
Group IV : Protein diagnostics: e.g. – Geref
7
8. Classification based on molecular types:
Antibody based drugs, Fc fusion proteins, anticoagulants,
blood factors, growth factors, hormones, interferon, bone
morphogenetic proteins, interleukins and thrombolytic.
Classification based on molecular mechanism:
Binding non-covalently to target e.g. –mAbs
Affecting covalent bonds e.g. – enzymes
Exerting activity without specific interactions e.g. - serum
albumin
8
9. METHODS USED TO PRODUCE
RECOMBINANT PROTEINS
(i) Production of recombinant proteins in microbial bioreactors
Examples
E.coli expression system
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(ii) Mammalian cell derived bioreactors
E.g. Chinese Hamster Ovary cell (CHO) bioreactors.
(iii) Animal Bioreactors “Pharming”
Production of Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins in the Milk
of Transgenic Animals Eg, Cows, sheep, pigs etc.
9
11. (i) Microbial bioreactors
The first microbial bioreactors, in particular
Escherichia coli (bacterial) and Saccharomyces
cerevisiae & Pichia pastoris (yeasts) were found to
production of simple polypeptides such as insulin and
human growth hormone
However, microbial bioreactors were found to be
unsuitable for proteins with complex post-
translational modifications or intricate folding
requirements, such as the coagulation factors, or
monoclonal antibodies.
11
12. This led to the development of large-scale
mammalian cell culture, for example, the use of
Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell cuture
bioreactors.
Limitations of microbial bioreactors
Bacteria often improperly fold complex proteins,
leading to involved and expensive refolding
processes and ;
Both bacteria and yeast lack adequate post-
translational modification machinery for mammalian-
specific N- and O-linked glycosylation, γ-
carboxylation, and proteolytic processing
12
14. Synthesis of the DNA containing the nucleotide sequences of
the A and B polypeptide chains of insulin.
Plasmid + restriction enzyme Insertion of the insulin gene into
plasmid (circular DNA)
Restriction enzymes cut plasmidic DNA
DNA ligase agglutinates the insulin gene and the plasmidic DNA
Plasmid + insulin gene
Introduction of recombinant plasmids into bacteria: E. coli
E.coli = factory for insulin production
Using E. coli mutants to avoid insulin degradation
14
15. Bacterium reproduces the insulin gene replicates along with
plasmid E. Coli
Formed protein partly of a byproduct the A or B chain of insulin
Extraction and purification of A and B chain
Connections of A- and B-chain by reaction forming disulfide
cross bridges
results in Pure synthetic human insulin
15
16. (ii) Cell culture bioreactors
These technologies permitted the development of
numerous monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and
other complex bioactive biomolecules.
However, there are proteins that, due to a
combination of complex structure and large
therapeutic dosing have until now eluded (fail to be
attained) recombinant production using traditional
bacterial and cell culture bioreactors
16
17. E.g Commercial recombinant production of complex
molecules, such as antithrombin and alpha1-
antitrypsin, has not yet been achieved in microbial or
mammalian cell derived bioreactors
Cell culture systems require high initial capital
expenditures, lack scale-up (or down) flexibility and
use large volumes of culture media
This led to development of transgenics technology i.e
Production of Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins in
the Milk of Transgenic Animals
17
18. (iii) Production of Recombinant Therapeutic
Proteins in the Milk of Transgenic Animals
What is a transgenic animal?
A transgenic animal is one which has been
genetically altered to have specific characteristics
(genes) it otherwise would not have.
Different types of transgenic animals have been
invented to carter to specific societal needs.
It includes; transgenic disease models, transgenic
pharmers, xenotransplanters and transgenic food
source.
18
19. How are transgenic animals
produced?
The foreign DNA can be inserted in three ways:
(i) DNA microinjection
Fusing an expression vector, comprising a gene that is
encoded for the human or humanized target protein with
mammary gland-specific regulatory sequences, and then
inserting into the germline of the selected production
species.
When integrated, the milk-specific expression construct
becomes a dominant genetic characteristic that is
inherited by the progeny of the founder animal.
This general strategy makes it possible to harness the
ability of dairy animal mammary glands to produce large
quantities of complex proteins.
19
21. (ii) Retrovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer
A retrovirus is a virus that carries its genetic material
in the form of RNA rather than DNA
retroviruses used as vectors to transfer genetic
material into the host cell, resulting in a chimera
chimeras are inbred for as many as 20 generations
until homozygous transgenic offspring are born
21
22. (iii) Embryonic Stem Cell-Mediated Gene Transfer
This method involves isolation of totipotent stem cells
from embryos
The desired gene is inserted into these cells
Cells containing the desired DNA are incorporated
into the host’s embryo, resulting in a chimeric animal
Advantage of transgenic systems
•Transgenic livestock can be maintained and
scaled-up in relatively inexpensive facilities
• Use animal feed as raw material
•Can achieve impressive yields of recombinant
proteins.
22
23. APPLICATIONS
Several proteins are created from recombinant
DNA (recombinant proteins) and are used in
medical applications.
Hematopoietic growth factor.
Interferon’s
Hormones
Recombinant protein vaccines
Tissue/bone growth factors and clotting factors
Biological response modifiers
Monoclonal/Diagnostic/Therapeutic antibodies
23
24. Recombinant proteins is extensively used in
biotechnology, medicine and research.
Hematopoietic growth factor
Product of blood cells in bone marrow of central axial
skeleton is referred to as medullary hematopoiesis.
While the mechanism of early stages of lineage
commitment by bone marrow to particular type of
blood cells remains elusive, the later stages of this
process is driven by hematopoietic growth factor.
24
25. •List of factors of recombinant origin
Recombinant technology is mostly used in production of insulin,
human growth hormone, vaccines ,Interferons etc.
Recombinant proteins are used in medical applications, particularly
as medications and vaccines.
Development of improved drug delivery system..
Product Company Indication
Thrombopoietin Phamacia Thrombocytopenia
Erythropoietin Amgen Anaemia
Ancestim Amgen Blood cell
transplantation
25
26. List of products of recombinant origin
Product Company Indication
Alpha-glucosidase Genzyme Pompe’s disease
Interleukin-4 receptor Immunex Asthma
Tumor necrosis factor
receptor
Immunex Rheumatoid arthritis
Vascular endothelial growth
factor
Genvec Cardiovascular
disorders
HIV vaccine Chiron AIDS
Prostvac Therion Prostate cancer
Neurex Xoma Cystic fibrosis
26
27. List of hormones of recombinant origin
Hormones Company Indication
Human chronic
gonadotropin
Sereno Breast cancer
Leptin Amgen Diabetes mellitus
Thyroid stimulating
hormone
Genzyme Recurrent thyroid
cancer
27