Edible Vaccine involves introduction of selected desired genes into plant and then inducing these altered plants to manufacture the altered protein.
These types of vaccines are antigenic proteins that are genetically engineered into a consumable crop. The strategy is that the plant food product haves the protein witch is obtained from some disease causing pathogen. People eat the plant food, the food is digested
Edible Vaccine involves introduction of selected desired genes into plant and then inducing these altered plants to manufacture the altered protein.
These types of vaccines are antigenic proteins that are genetically engineered into a consumable crop. The strategy is that the plant food product haves the protein witch is obtained from some disease causing pathogen. People eat the plant food, the food is digested
Restriction Endonucleases are enzymes from bacteria that can recognize specific base sequences in DNA and cut (restrict) the DNA at that site (the restriction site). This powerpoint sllides illustrate the introduction, examples, nomenclature and types of restriction endonucleases.
Gene Cloning Vectors - Plasmids, Bacteriophages and Phagemids.Ambika Prajapati
A cloning vector is a small piece of DNA that can be stably maintained in an organism, and into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for cloning purposes. The cloning vector may be DNA taken from a virus, the cell of a higher organism, or it may be the plasmid of a bacterium.
They allow the exogenous DNA to be inserted, stored, and manipulated mainly at DNA level.
Types -
1.Plasmid vectors.
2.Bacteriophage vectors .
3.Phagemids.
Vaccines have been revolutionary for the prevention of infectious diseases. Despite worldwide immunization of children against the six devastating diseases, 20% of infants are still left un-immunized; responsible for approximately two million unnecessary deaths every year, especially in the remote and impoverished parts of the globe. This is because of the constraints on vaccine production, distribution and delivery. One hundred percent coverage is desirable, because un-immunized populations in remote areas can spread infections and epidemics in the immunized safe areas, which have comparatively low herd immunity. For some infectious diseases, immunizations either do not exist or they are unreliable or very expensive. Immunization through DNA vaccines is an alternative but is an expensive approach, with disappointing immune response. Hence the search is on for cost-effective, easy-to-administer, easy-to-store, fail-safe and socio-culturally readily acceptable vaccines and their delivery systems. As Hippocrates said, Let thy food be thy medicine, scientists suggest that plants and plant viruses can be genetically engineered to produce vaccines against diseases such as dental caries; and life-threatening infections like diarrhea, AIDS, etc (Lal et al., 2007)
Protein engineering and its techniques himanshuhimanshu kamboj
b pharma 6th sem
pharmaceutical biotechnology
Protein engineering
Objectives of protein engineering
Rationale of protein engineering
Protein engineering methods
Rational design -site-directed mutagenesis methods
Advantages and disadvantages of rational design
Directed evolution -random mutagenesis
Advantages and disadvantages of directed evolution
Peptidomimetics
Classification of peptidomimetics
Advantages and disadvantages of peptidomimetics
Flow cytometry
Instrumentation
Principle
components
A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.
In the edible vaccine, Transgenic plants are used as vaccine production systems.
The genes encoding antigens of bacterial and viral pathogens can be expressed in plants in a form in which they retain native immunologic properties.
Along the prokaryotic vectors some Eukaryotic vectors are also present. These are basically used for the expression of eukaryotic DNA of interest in the Eukaryotes
Vaccines based on messenger RNA (mRNA) have attracted worldwide attention as Pfizer and Moderna vaccines have been authorized for emergency use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and similar agencies around the world. This is the first time an mRNA-based vaccine has been approved for use in healthy people, marking an important milestone in the achievements of science and public health.
Techniques Used in Recombinant DNA TechnologyMandeep Singh
This assignment cum Infographic presents you with vital knowledge about recombinant dna technology, its scope, its goals & objectives & the techniques uesd in it. I have referred & combined essential information from from various journals, infographics,essays, published papers of eminent researchers & scientists in this
The material describes components of industrial fermentation media with their respective metabolic importance for the industrial microbes. it also addresses industrial scale sterilization methods.
Biotechnology is the utilization of biology to figure out problems and develop beneficial products. The most important area of biotechnology is the manufacturing of therapeutic proteins and other drugs via genetic engineering.
Restriction Endonucleases are enzymes from bacteria that can recognize specific base sequences in DNA and cut (restrict) the DNA at that site (the restriction site). This powerpoint sllides illustrate the introduction, examples, nomenclature and types of restriction endonucleases.
Gene Cloning Vectors - Plasmids, Bacteriophages and Phagemids.Ambika Prajapati
A cloning vector is a small piece of DNA that can be stably maintained in an organism, and into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for cloning purposes. The cloning vector may be DNA taken from a virus, the cell of a higher organism, or it may be the plasmid of a bacterium.
They allow the exogenous DNA to be inserted, stored, and manipulated mainly at DNA level.
Types -
1.Plasmid vectors.
2.Bacteriophage vectors .
3.Phagemids.
Vaccines have been revolutionary for the prevention of infectious diseases. Despite worldwide immunization of children against the six devastating diseases, 20% of infants are still left un-immunized; responsible for approximately two million unnecessary deaths every year, especially in the remote and impoverished parts of the globe. This is because of the constraints on vaccine production, distribution and delivery. One hundred percent coverage is desirable, because un-immunized populations in remote areas can spread infections and epidemics in the immunized safe areas, which have comparatively low herd immunity. For some infectious diseases, immunizations either do not exist or they are unreliable or very expensive. Immunization through DNA vaccines is an alternative but is an expensive approach, with disappointing immune response. Hence the search is on for cost-effective, easy-to-administer, easy-to-store, fail-safe and socio-culturally readily acceptable vaccines and their delivery systems. As Hippocrates said, Let thy food be thy medicine, scientists suggest that plants and plant viruses can be genetically engineered to produce vaccines against diseases such as dental caries; and life-threatening infections like diarrhea, AIDS, etc (Lal et al., 2007)
Protein engineering and its techniques himanshuhimanshu kamboj
b pharma 6th sem
pharmaceutical biotechnology
Protein engineering
Objectives of protein engineering
Rationale of protein engineering
Protein engineering methods
Rational design -site-directed mutagenesis methods
Advantages and disadvantages of rational design
Directed evolution -random mutagenesis
Advantages and disadvantages of directed evolution
Peptidomimetics
Classification of peptidomimetics
Advantages and disadvantages of peptidomimetics
Flow cytometry
Instrumentation
Principle
components
A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.
In the edible vaccine, Transgenic plants are used as vaccine production systems.
The genes encoding antigens of bacterial and viral pathogens can be expressed in plants in a form in which they retain native immunologic properties.
Along the prokaryotic vectors some Eukaryotic vectors are also present. These are basically used for the expression of eukaryotic DNA of interest in the Eukaryotes
Vaccines based on messenger RNA (mRNA) have attracted worldwide attention as Pfizer and Moderna vaccines have been authorized for emergency use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and similar agencies around the world. This is the first time an mRNA-based vaccine has been approved for use in healthy people, marking an important milestone in the achievements of science and public health.
Techniques Used in Recombinant DNA TechnologyMandeep Singh
This assignment cum Infographic presents you with vital knowledge about recombinant dna technology, its scope, its goals & objectives & the techniques uesd in it. I have referred & combined essential information from from various journals, infographics,essays, published papers of eminent researchers & scientists in this
The material describes components of industrial fermentation media with their respective metabolic importance for the industrial microbes. it also addresses industrial scale sterilization methods.
Biotechnology is the utilization of biology to figure out problems and develop beneficial products. The most important area of biotechnology is the manufacturing of therapeutic proteins and other drugs via genetic engineering.
This presentation is all about biotechnology. It is about the basic aspects of Biotechnology and covers a lot of topics under biotechnology, recombinant DNA technology. This is specifically for the HSC students of Mumbai. I hope that it helps.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
2. Introduction
Recombinant DNA Technology (also Know as
Genetic Engineering) is the set of
techniques that involves the identification,
isolation and insertion of Gene of interest in
to a vector to form a recombinant DNA
molecule and production of large quantities'
of that gene fragment or product encoded
by that gene.
3. History
Paul Berg, Herbert W. Boyer and stanly N. Cohen were
the pioneer in the field of Recombinant DNA Technology
but other Scientis also made important contributions as
well.
In 1970 Werner Arber and Hamilton O discovered
Restriction enzymes.
In 1972,Paulberg developed the First Recombinant DNA
molecule that combine DNA from SV40 virus and lambda
page.
1973, Together with Stanley Cohen, Boyer demonstrated
the possibility of producing recombinant DNA in
bacteria.
4. Steps in rDNA technology
Step 1: Identification & Isolation of Genes of Interest or
DNA fragments to be cloned.
Step 2:Instertion of isolated genes in a suitable Vector.
Step 3: Introduction of this vector in to suitable
organism/ cell called host ( Transformation).
Step 4: Selection of transformed host cell.
Step 5: Multiplication or expression of the introduced
gene in the host cell.
6. Identification & Isolation of Gene of
Interest
From where we get this gene of intrest?
Genomic Library
cDNA Library
Chemical synthesis of gene if we
know the sequence
If the no of copies of the desired
gene is not enough for gene cloning
we can opt for gene amplification
technique like PCR
7. Enzymes for DNA manipulation
Template –dependent DNA polymerase :
DNA Polymerases I
Taq DNA Polymerase
Reverse Transcriptase
Nucleases
Mugbean nuclease
S1Nuclease
Rnase A
Rnase H
Restriction Endonuclease
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IIs
End-modification Enztymes
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl tansferease
Alkaline phosphatase
T4 poly nucleotudw kinase
Ligases
8. Vectors: The DNA molecules that as transporting vehicle
which carries foreign DNA into a host cell for the purpose of
cloning and expression
Important Properties of a Vector:
Ability to replicate on host cells
MCS (multiple cloning sites) with unique restriction sites.
Genetic Marker to select host cells containing Recombinant DNA.
Low molecular weight.
Vectors for E.Coli: Plasmid vectors (pBR 322, pUC 19 etc)
Viral DNA based Vectors Cosmid s
Vectors for Yeast: YEp, YIp, YRp, YCp, YAC
Vectors for Animals: P element for insects, Viral DNA based
vectors
Vectors for plant: Plasmid Based & Viral vectors
9. Maximum DNA insert possible
with different cloning vectors
Vector Host Insert Size
M13 E. Coli 1-4 kb
Plasmid E. Coli 1-5 kb
Lambda Phase E. Coli 5-25 kb
Cosmids E. Coli 35-45 kb
P1 phase E. Coli 70-100 kb
PACs E. Coli 100-300 kb
BACs E. Coli <300 kb
YACs S. Cerevisiae 200-2000 kb
Source: Principle of Gene manipulation by S. B. Primrose
10. Gene Transformation Methods
There are multiple ways to deliberately introduce
foreign DNA or RNA into bacteria or eukaryotic cells
in molecular biology and scientific research.
Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation
Transfection
Chemical methods (Cacl2 Mediated, PEG Mediated,
Calcium Phosphate, Liposome and Lipofection,
Protoplast Fusion, Receptor Mediated)
Physical methods (Liposome encapsulation,
Microinjection, Particle bombardment,
Electroporation)
11. Selection of Transformed
Cells
Genetic selection of transformed or transfected cells is
a significant step of Recombinant DNA technology and is
achieved by two ways:
Selectable Markers: Gene encode a product that allows
the artificial selections of transformed cells.
Positive selectable marker genes
Negative Marker Genes
Scorable/ screenable markers: also called as visual
marker, gene, generate a product that can be detected
using a simple and often quantitative assay
12. Expression Vectors and Expression
Systems
The vectors designed for production of a protein
specified by the DNA insert is an Expression Vector
A system in which a cloned gene can be expressed is an
expression system
Prokaryotic (E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus
carnosus, Streptomyces lividans)
Eukaryotic (Yeast, Aspergillus niger, Baculovirus-Insect
Cells, Mammalian Cells (e.g. Chinese Hamster Ovary cells)
14. Applications of Recombinant DNA
technology
Source: Khan, Suliman, et al. ." International journal of genomics (2016).
15. Limitations of Recombinant
DNA technology
•Destruction of native species in the environment the genetically
modified species are introduced in.
•Resilient plants can theoretically give rise to resilient weeds which
can be difficult to control.
•Cross contamination and migration of proprietary DNA between
organisms.
•Recombinant organisms contaminating the natural environment.
•Creation of superbug is hypothesized.
•Ethical concern about humans trying to play God and mess with
the nature’s way of selection. It is exaggerated by the fear of
unknown of what all can be created using the technology and how
is it going to impact the civilization.
•Such a system might lead to people having their genetic
information stolen and used without permission.
•Many people worry about the safety of modifying food and
medicines using recombinant DNA technology.
16. Safety and Environmental
Issues
The concern is that the food produced by genetic
engineering could contain toxic proteins or substances that
can cause allergies in people who consume them.
Genetically engineered crops could spread into the wild
and wipe out native plant species.
Transgenic crops could transmit their new genes to other
species in neighboring areas.
Example: super-weeds produced by rice and lawn grasses
exchanging pollen with native species
Foods produced by transgenic crops can be sold without
special permits or labels if the product is identical to
products produced by non-transgenic crops.
Example: corn, tomatoes
17. Advancement to Recombinant DNA
Technology:-Genome editing
Altering the sequence of DNA “in situ”
Targeted mutagenesis
Knock-outs
Point mutations
Gene insertions or “trait landing pads”
Ideally leaving no transgene footprint
18. Genome editing tools
Meganucleases: 1990s
Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis:
late 1990s
Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs): mid 2000s
Transcription activator like effector
nucleases (TALENs): early 2010s
Clustered regularly spaced short
palindromic repeats (CRISPR): 2013
19. Way forward
Technological innovations will continue
Until disaster strikes
And then innovations will resume
But they will be (more) regulated
So there is a balance between
innovation potential risks and
regulation ensure safety
20. Trends
Life science/ Biotechnology synthetic biology
Designed components
More precise gene integration and regulation
Building a crop from scratch?
Transgenics genome editing
Regulations? What about a tiered approach?
Increasing gap between public’s knowledge of science and technology
and science and technology advances
But…patents expire and economics shift…times change