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Basic Neuroanatomy
This document provides an overview of basic neuroanatomy, including: - Gross anatomy sections on gyri, sulci, fissures, grey and white matter, and fiber tracts. - Descriptions of the cerebral cortex as the outer wrinkled surface, with neocortex as the outer layer and cortical layers and functional divisions. - The limbic system participates in emotion, learning, and memory, and includes structures like the cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, and amygdala. - Other areas discussed include the basal ganglia, ventricles, diencephalon, thalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem, midbrain, pons
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Basic Neuroanatomy
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- 18. Brodmann Areas cytoarchitectonic mapof the brain
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- 23. Gyri protruding rounded surfaces
- 25. Sulci shallow furrows /folds / grooves
- 27. Fissures deepfurrows / clefts / grooves
- 29. Grey Matter forms a cortical sheath around white matter composed of cell bodies of neurons and glia
- 30. White Matter composed mostly of glia and myelinated axons
- 32. Fiber Tracts bundles of axons
- 33. Commissure a cross-hemispheric white matter tract
- 35. Cerebral Cortex outermost sheet of neural tissue of the cerebrum “...the bulging wrinkled surface... commonly known as the grey matter...”
- 37. Neocortex outer layerof the cerebral cortex 90% of the cerebral cortex
- 38. Cortical Layers spatial levels of neuronal organization
- 41. Functional Divisions of theCerebral Cortex
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- 50. Limbic System cingulate gyrus hypothalamus anterior thalamic nuclei hippocampus amygdala
- 52. Limbic System “...participates in emotional processing, learning, and memory.”
- 53. Nuclei “...discrete collections of the cell bodies of neurons... ‘islands’ of gray matter...”
- 55. Basal Ganglia (Basal Nuclei) putamen caudate nuclei globus pallidus subthalamic nuclei substantia nigra
- 57. Basal Ganglia “...help ensure that physical movements are smooth and coordinated.”
- 59. Ventricles produce and contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- 60. CSF buoyancy, protection and chemical stability
- 61. Diencephalon thalamus hypothalamus
- 63. Thalamus “gateway to the cortex”
- 64. Hypothalamus controls functionsnecessary for maintenance of homeostasis involved in emotional processes and control of the pituitary gland
- 66. The Brainstem midbrain pons medulla
- 67. Midbrain visuomotor functions visual reflexes auditory relays motor coordination
- 70. Medulla monitoring and controlling of breathing, heartbeat and blood pressure controlling vomiting, sneezing, swallowing and coughing
- 72. The Cerebellum integrates information about the body and motor commands, ultimately resulting in coordinated movement
- 74. The As If Principle RichardWiseman