Neurons, the Action Potential, etc.
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This document summarizes key aspects of neurons and neurotransmission. It describes the basic anatomy of neurons including the cell body, dendrites, and axon. It explains how electrical signals called action potentials are conducted down axons and transmitted across synapses to other neurons. The roles of ion channels and neurotransmitters in generating and transmitting these signals are also outlined. Finally, it provides an overview of supporting glial cells in the brain and peripheral nervous system.
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Neurons, the Action Potential, etc.
- 2. Neurons
- 8. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Association neuron Cell Cell body body Axon Dendrites 2 3 Cell body Axon Motor neuron Axon 1 Sensory Direction of neuron conduction Dendrites
- 9. Dendrites
- 11. Axons
- 13. Figure 12-31 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)
- 14. Glial Cells
- 16. Roughly 3 times more glia than neurons
- 17. Astrocytes
- 20. Structural Glycogen fuel reserve buffer Metabolic support Blood–brain barrier? Transmitter uptake and release Regulation of ion concentration in the extracellular space Modulation of synaptic transmission Vasomodulation Promotion of the myelinating activity of oligodendrocytes Nervous system repair Long-term potentiation
- 21. Text
- 22. Maintain an appropriate chemical environment for neuronal signaling
- 23. Microglia
- 26. Scavenging Phagocytosis Cytotoxicity Antigen presentation Synaptic stripping Promotion of repair Extracellular signaling
- 28. Oligodendrocytes
- 29. A.M. BUTT, K. COLQUHOUN, AND M. BERRY
- 32. Schwann Cells
- 33. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Dendrites Schwann cell Schwann cell Axon Nucleus Axon Schwann Myelin cell sheath Axon Myelin sheath
- 34. Myelin
- 36. “...fatty substance that surrounds the axons of many neurons.”
- 37. “...wrapping their cell membranes around the axon in a concentric manner.”
- 38. Water: 40% Remainder: 70 - 85% Lipids 15 - 30% Proteins
- 41. Action Potential
- 51. Figure 12-33 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)
- 54. Figure 12-34 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)
- 55. Figure 12-35 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)
- 60. Figure 12-29 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)
- 62. Figure 12-39b Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)
- 69. Figure 12-40a Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)
- 70. Figure 12-40b Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)
- 72. Figure 12-41 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)
- 73. Figure 12-42 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)
- 79. Figure 5.14 Molecular mechanisms of exocytosis during neurotransmitter release (Part 2)
- 80. Figure 5.9 Local recycling of synaptic vesicles in presynaptic terminals (Part 2)
- 83. Excitatory
- 88. Inhibitory
- 89. Figure 5.3 Sequence of events involved in transmission at a typical chemical synapse
- 90. Figure 5.23 Events from neurotransmitter release to postsynaptic excitation or inhibition
- 91. Figure 12-45b Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)
- 92. Figure 12-45a Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)
- 95. Small Molecules
- 96. Figure 5.5 Metabolism of small-molecule and peptide transmitters (Part 1)
- 97. Figure 5.5 Metabolism of small-molecule and peptide transmitters (Part 2)
- 99. β-endorphin
- 100. Figure 5.5 Metabolism of small-molecule and peptide transmitters (Part 3)
- 101. Figure 5.5 Metabolism of small-molecule and peptide transmitters (Part 4)
- 102. Electrical Synapses
- 103. Figure 5.1 Structure of electrical synapses (Part 1)
- 105. Gap Junctions
- 107. Figure 5.1 Structure of electrical synapses (Part 3)
- 108. Figure 5.1 Structure of electrical synapses (Part 2)
- 110. Axon
- 111. Glial Cell Axon
- 112. Axon
- 113. Myelin Axon