This document provides an overview of clinically relevant neuroanatomy and outlines a problem-based learning approach. It discusses the central nervous system including structures like the brain, spinal cord, ventricles, and meninges. It also covers topics like cerebrospinal fluid circulation, blood vessel anatomy, motor and sensory pathways, and clinical conditions that can result from injuries to different parts of the nervous system like hemorrhages, paralysis, and more. The goal is to help students understand neuroanatomy concepts essential for medical cases through self-study materials and discussion of examples.

1. Problem Based Approach
Dr. Gregory Budiman
NEUROANATOMY

2. The aim of the lecture :
To help instantly understood neuroanatomy that is essential
to this module
To give summary of clinically relevant neuroanatomy with
examples of medical cases.
Stephen Goldberg : Most lecturers provide far more detail than
is necessary to applied anatomy. As a result student becomes
confused by mazes of unimportant structures.

3. What to do :
Before discussion : Watch and study the DVD :
Gross Neuroanatomy
Basic Neuronatomical Pathways
Jaras-jaras Neuroanatomi
During the discussion
Use Basic Neuroanatomical Pathways (Gregory) and Clinical
Neuroanatomy (Snell) as references

4. How can impulse be transmitted in our body? (physiology)
What structures supports the transmission of the impluse in
our body?

5. Central nervous system
BRAIN
Spinal cord
Ascending
tracts
Descending
tracts
Sensory
nerve
Motor nerve
Receptor effector
Peripheral Nervous System
Aff Eff

7. mesencephalon
pons
Medulla oblongata
Diencephalon
(thalamus)
Telencephalon

8. What happen if your head
got injured?
Subcutaneus haematom
Epidural haematom
Subdural hameatom
Subarachnoid bleeding/haemorrhage

9. Protection of CNS :
Extracranial protection :SCALP :
1. Skin :
2. Connective tissue: contains a/v/n
3. Aponeurosis (Galea aponeurotica): tendon of
frontal and occipital epicranius
4. Loose connective tissue : enabling
movement of the above layer
5. Periosteum

10. Intracranial protection : MENINGES
duramater
arachnoid
piamater
periosteal
meningeal
Epidural space (potential)
Subdural space (potential)
Subarachnoid space
(actual)
What is the contain of
subarachnoid space?
Sinus duramatris

11. Epidural Haematom : occurred
when a.meningea media is ruptured.
The blood will fill the epidural space
Subdural haematom : occurred
when bridging vein (connects
cerebral vein to sinus sagitalis
superior) is ruptured..
Subarachnoid bleeding : occurred
when an aneurism of large artery of
the brain is ruptured. The blood fills
the subarachnoid space  usually
no space occupying lesion (SOL)
Intracerebral haemorrhage
(cerebrovascular accident) occurred
when small branch of artery is
ruptured.

12. Have you seen a newborn baby with a
very big head?
What do you think that cause this abnormality?

13. Ventricles (located inside the brain)
Lateral ventricles are located in cerebral
hemispheres and have several horns
•Anterior horn (frontal lobe)
•Posterior horn (occipital lobe)
•Inferior horn (temporal lobe)
Third ventricle : located in thalamus
Aquaductus cerebri Sylvii (cerebral
aquaduct)
Fourth ventricle  foramen luscha and
foramen Magendie
Central canal : along the spinal cord but
usually undergo obliteration
* On the wall of each ventricle there are choroidal
plexus which produce cerebrospinal fluid/CSF

14. CSF circulation
Choroid plexus
V.I-II – V.III – V.IV
Subarachnoid space
Granulatio arachnoidales
Pachioni
Sinus duramatris

15. Sinus duramatris
1. Falx cerebri
2. Falx cerebelli .
3. Tentorium cerebelli
4. Diafragma sellae
5. Sinus sagitalis superior
6. Sinus sagitalis inferior
7. Vena cerebri magna Galeni
8. Sinus rectus
9. Confluen sinuum
10. Sinus transversus
11. Sinus sigmoid
12. Vena jugularis
13. Sinus perosus superior
14. Sinus petrosus inferior
15. Sinus cavernosus
16. Vena ophtalmica
17. Menghub. Sinus sphenoparietalis
18. Lacuna lateralis
19. Vena emissaria
20. granulatio aracnoidales

16. In case of meningitis or encephalitis we
should
examine the CSF.
How can we get sample of CSF?

17. The extension of subarachnoid space
(cystern)
•Cisterna cerebellomedullaris (cisterna
magna) – occipital puncture  danger
•Cisterna pontis
•Cisterna interpeduncularis (basalis)
•Cisterna lumbalis – lumbal puncture
(LIII/IV or LIV/V)

18. Homework:
At what level of vertebral bone whould we puncture to get
CSF sample in a baby?

19. You know that if a patient get cerebrovascular accident he
usually get paralysis. However, can you explain why patient
A get arm and facial paralysis meanwhile patient B get leg
paralysis only. How can it be?

20. a.carotis
internaa.cerebri
anterior
a.communicans
anterior
a.cerebri
media
a.cerebri
posterior
a.communicans
posterior
a.basilaris

21. a.cerebelli superior
a.cerebelli inferior
anterior
a.cerebelli inferior
posterior
a.basilaris
a.vertebralis

22. L
A
H
Look at the picture of motor
homonculus

23. L
A
H

24. Homework :
Can infection of orbital or facial region affect the brain?
Patient A got paralysis of arm, leg, and face on the left side.
What area was probably affected?

25. Mr. X fell down in the bathroom and got paralysis of his left
arm and left leg. His facial muscles also got paralysis on the
right side! Thus, the facial muscles got paralysis on the right
side meanwhile the limb muscle got paralysis on the left side.
Where is the location of the affected area?
Cerebral cortex – brainstem – spinal cord?

28. lesion

29. Mr. Y ride a motorcycle in a very long distance. After he got
off his bike he found that his facial muscle was retracted to
the left side. He couldn’t close his right eye. What happen
to Mr.Y?

32. Homework :
Mr. Z got cerebrovascular accident. According to the
attendant physician, he got an infarction at the area of left
internal capsule.
What limbs would get paralysis?
Could he close his both eyes?
To what side his face should be retracted?
If he ordered to protrude his tongue, to what side the tongue
would move?

33. Mr. A, fell down the stairs and got a back injury. He
complained that his right leg up to his right belly under the
navel was numb. It was proven by the absence of pain when
the doctor pinched the skin of the affected vigorously. When
he was ordere to lift his two legs, he could only lift his right
leg meanwhile his left leg was paralized.

34. According to the attending doctor Mr. Amir got hemisection
of the spinal cord.
Which segment of the spinal cord was injured?
Mention the injured pathways!
What were the result of the reflect examination of the patient?
What were the results of the discriminative tactile examination
of his both leg?

40. One day, Anto watched a horror film. When he saw a
murderer killed the victim, Anto’s face became pale,
sweated very much, and his heartbeat increased.
Can you explain how the visual impulse can be interpreted and
influence the autonomic nervous system?

41. Visual
impulse
Primary visual
cortex
Secondary visual
cortex (association
area)
Limbic system
hypothalamus
anterior posterior
Sympathetic division
Craniosacral outflow
Parasympathetic division
Thoracolumbal outflow

45. A physician found that Mr.Heru got pupillary constriction,
slight ptosis, and decreased sweating. The patient had a
history of pancoast tumor, tumor that affect the apex of the
lung.
What do you think to be the cause of the symptoms?

48. Lecture on peripheral nervous system and its clinical aspects
will be given in musculoskeletal module.

49. Thank You!
gregorybudiman@yahoo.com
http://scele.ui.ac.id  fakultas kedokteran  modul
neuroscience (neuroanatomi) by Deswaty F, M.Biomed