This document provides information about the parts of the brain and their development. It discusses the main divisions of the brain including the cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum. It describes the layers of the cerebral cortex as well as structures within the cerebrum like the basal ganglia. The document also covers the development of the central nervous system from the neural tube and discusses structures derived from the embryonic brain such as the midbrain, pons, medulla, and cerebellum.
the ddep structure of brain, diencephalon, third ventricle, thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, meta thalamus, boudaries of diencephalon, extent of diencephalon, boundaries of thalamus, boundaries of hypothalamus, functions of meta thalamus, functions of sub thalamus.components of epithalamus, functions of epithalamus, fornix, third ventricle, optic chiasma,
the ddep structure of brain, diencephalon, third ventricle, thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, meta thalamus, boudaries of diencephalon, extent of diencephalon, boundaries of thalamus, boundaries of hypothalamus, functions of meta thalamus, functions of sub thalamus.components of epithalamus, functions of epithalamus, fornix, third ventricle, optic chiasma,
EXTERNAL FEATURES OF MIDBRAIN, ANATOMY OF INTERNAL FEATURES OF MIDBRAIN, CRUS CEREBRI, SUBSTANTIA NIGRA, CEREBRAL PEDUNCLE,INFERIOR COLLICULUS,LEMNISCI
CNS parts, Neuron, Synapse and its transmission, Grey and White matter of brain and spinal cord, 3 layers of meninges, Spinal cord structure and divisions, Brain parts and lobes with functions
Landmarks of the Brain
•
The brain is divided into
three major portions
–
cerebrum
–
cerebellum
–
brainstem
Embryonic Development
•The nervous system develops from
ectoderm, the outermost germ layer of an
embryo
•By the third week of development, a dorsal
streak called the neuroectoderm appears
along the length of the embryo
•The neuroectoderm
eventually thickens to
form the neural plate
•gives rise to all neurons and glial
cells
except the microglia (comes from
mesoderm)
•The neural plate sinks and forms a neural
groove with a raised neural fold along each
side
•The neural fold fuses along the midline
creating a hollow channel called the neural
tube.
•forms the motor nerves, the central of
the cord, and the ventricles of the brain
Overview of the general anatomy & physiology
( Skeletal, Muscular, Endocrine, GIT, Urinary, CVS, & Reproductive Systems, Special senses, Physiology of the immune system)
2. Neuro anatomy (structure of the CNS, Brain, Spinal Cord, Application of Neuro anatomy)
3. Structure of the ANS, Parasympathetic & Sympathetic NS
4. Neurophysiology-Endocrine system, CNS, ANS, RAS, Limbic system, application of Neurophysiology
EXTERNAL FEATURES OF MIDBRAIN, ANATOMY OF INTERNAL FEATURES OF MIDBRAIN, CRUS CEREBRI, SUBSTANTIA NIGRA, CEREBRAL PEDUNCLE,INFERIOR COLLICULUS,LEMNISCI
CNS parts, Neuron, Synapse and its transmission, Grey and White matter of brain and spinal cord, 3 layers of meninges, Spinal cord structure and divisions, Brain parts and lobes with functions
Landmarks of the Brain
•
The brain is divided into
three major portions
–
cerebrum
–
cerebellum
–
brainstem
Embryonic Development
•The nervous system develops from
ectoderm, the outermost germ layer of an
embryo
•By the third week of development, a dorsal
streak called the neuroectoderm appears
along the length of the embryo
•The neuroectoderm
eventually thickens to
form the neural plate
•gives rise to all neurons and glial
cells
except the microglia (comes from
mesoderm)
•The neural plate sinks and forms a neural
groove with a raised neural fold along each
side
•The neural fold fuses along the midline
creating a hollow channel called the neural
tube.
•forms the motor nerves, the central of
the cord, and the ventricles of the brain
Overview of the general anatomy & physiology
( Skeletal, Muscular, Endocrine, GIT, Urinary, CVS, & Reproductive Systems, Special senses, Physiology of the immune system)
2. Neuro anatomy (structure of the CNS, Brain, Spinal Cord, Application of Neuro anatomy)
3. Structure of the ANS, Parasympathetic & Sympathetic NS
4. Neurophysiology-Endocrine system, CNS, ANS, RAS, Limbic system, application of Neurophysiology
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
9. Cerebrum
• Cerebral hemispheres
– Left & right cerebral hemispheres
• Diencephalon
– Consists of thalamus, hypothalamus etc.
Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain.
It is situated in the anterior and middle cranial fossae and the whole
concavity of the vault of the skull
Has two parts;
12. Cerebral hemispheres
• Largest part of the brain
• Separated by a deep mid-sagittal fisure called longitudinal
cerebral fissure
• The fissure contains the falx cerebri and anterior cerebral
arteries
• Tentorium cerebelli separates cerebral hemispheres from
the cerebellum
14. Sulci and Gyri
• To increase the surface area of the brain the
cerebral hemispheres are thrown into folds - gyri
• The gyri are separated from each other by
fissures - sulci
• Hemispheres are divided into lobes (named
according to the cranial bones under which they
lie) by main sulci
– Central
– Parieto-occipital
– Lateral
23. Homework
• Draw a labelled line diagram to illustrate a mid-
sagittal section of the brain including the brain
stem.
• Draw a labelled line diagram to illustrate a
horizontal section of the cerebrum through the
head of the caudate nucleus.
Study the above diagrams before you come for the
next lecture on parts of the brain
28. White matter
• Composed of myelinated nerve fibres
• Supported by neuroglia
• Classified into three groups according to their
connections
– Commissural fibers
– Association fibers
– Projection fibers
29. Commissural fibers
• Connects corresponding regions of the two
hemispheres
• Corpus callosum, fornix, anterior and
posterior commissures
• Corpus callosum, the largest commissure of
the brain, is divided into rostrum, genu, body
and the splenium
31. Association fibers
• Connects various cortical regions within the
same hemispheres
• Divided into short and long groups
• Short association fibers lie immediately
beneath the cortex and connect adjacent gyri
• Long association fibers are arranged into
named bundles - fasciculi
32. Projection fibers
• Afferent and efferent nerve fibers passing to
and from the brain stem to the cerebral
cortex
• Internal capsule, corona radiata, optic
radiation
35. Basal ganglia
• Basal ganglia are collection of masses of gray matter
within the white matter of cerebral hemispheres
Gray matter of cerebral cortex White matter of cerebrum
Basal ganglia
36. Basal ganglia…..cont.
• Corpus striatum
– Divided into two by internal capsule of white
matter
• Caudate nucleus
• Lentiform nucleus (putamen & globus pallidus)
• Amygdaloid
• Claustrum
45. Fornix
Roof of 3rd ventricle
Interthalamic connection
Lentiform nucleus
Internal capsule
Optic chiasma
Pituitary
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Mammillary body
46. Thalamus
• Large ovoid mass of gray matter
• Forms large part of diencephalon
• Very important cell station
• Receives main sensory tracts (except olfactory
pathway)
• Integrates information it receives and relays to
the cerebral cortex and subcortical regions
• Integrates visceral and somatic functions
49. Hypothalamus
• Part of the diencephalon that extends from the
optic chiasma to the posterior border of the
mammillary bodies
• Almost all physiological activities of the body are
influenced by hypothalamus
– Integration of autonomic functions
– Regulation of endocrine functions
– Maintaining body homiostasis
– Regulation of body temperature and body fluids
– Sexual behaviour, emosions, drive to eat and drink
50. Hypothalamus….
• Contains some important cell groups
– Supraoptic nucleus
– Paraventricular nucleus
• These have axons running down into the posterior
lobe of the pituitary gland
• Other cell groups deliver their neurosecretions
into the hypothalamo-hypophyseal poryal system
leading to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
51.
52. Pineal gland (Pineal body)
• Projects backwards from the diencephalon to lie posterior
to the midbrain
• Progressive calcification with age becoming visible in x-ray
• Produces metatonin hormone in a circadian rhythm
influenced by light
• Indirectly controls the function of other endocrine organs,
including the pituitary
64. Brainstem
• Consists of midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
• Broad functions
– Conduit for ascending and descending tracts
– Contains reflex control centers of respiratory and
cardiovascular systems
– Associated with control of consciousness
– Contains nuclei of cranial nerves III to XII
65. Midbrain
• About 2 cm in length
• Connects the pons and cerebellum to forebrain by passing
through the opening of tentorium cerebelli
• On the posterior surface are superior and inferior colliculi
– SC: centers for visual reflexes. Connected to lateral geniculate
body
– IC:lower auditory centers. Connected to medial geniculate
body
• On the anterior surface are crus cerebri. Contains cerebral
aqueduct
• Contains cranial nerve nuclei III and IV
67. Transverse sections of midbrain
Cerebral peduncle
Cerebral aqueduct
Superior colliculus
Red nuclues
Substantia nigra
68. Pons
• Anterior to the cerebellum
• Bridges the two hemispheres of the cerebellum
• On the anterior surface many transverse fibers that go
into the middle cerebellar peduncle
• Basilar groove in the midline anteriorly
• Motor and sensory roots of trigeminal nerve emerge
from anterior surface
• Posterior surface contains the upper part of the floor of
the 4th ventricle above
69.
70. Medulla oblongata
• Connects to the spinal cord at the level of the
foramen magnum, where the first cervical spinal
nerve roots start
• Anterior surface contains the pyramids and the
olives
• Posterior surface contains cuneate and gracile
tubercles below and the lower part of the floor of
the 4th ventricle above
• Laterally are the inferior cerebellar peduncles
71.
72. Motor and sensory decussations of medulla
sensory motor
Posterior surface Anterior surface
73.
74. Arrangement of cranial nerve nuclei in the flow of
the 4th ventricle
• Extensive lateral spread of 4th ventricle during
embryonic development has caused the alar plates
to lie lateral to the basal plates
• Somatic motor (efferent) nuclei lie closer to the
midline and somatic sensory (afferent) nuclei lie
away from the midline
• Visceral nuclei lie in between, with visceral motor
more closer and visceral sensory more distant from
the midline
75. Cerebellum
• Lies posterior to the 4th ventricle, pons
and medulla
• Two cerebellar hemispheres joined by a
narrow median vermis
• Connected to brain stem by superior,
middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles
76. Cerebellum…..
• Has 3 lobes – anterior, middle and flocculonodular
• Primary fissure lies between anterior and middle
lobes
• Uvulonodular fissure lies between middle and
flocculonodular lobes
• Horizontal fissure lies within the middle lobe
separating superior and inferior surfaces
77.
78. Cerebellum…cont.
• Has an outer cortex of cells. It has 3 layers – granular,
purkinje and molecular layers
• Four intracerebellar nuclei – dentate, emboliform,
globose and fastigial
• Afferent fibers enter through middle and inferior
cerebellar peduncles
• Efferent fibers (axons of purkinje cells) synapse with
cerebellar nuclei. Efferents from the nuclei leave
through the superior cerebellar peduncle
82. Cerebellar ataxia
• Diseases of the lateral cerebellar lobes
– Limb ataxia
– Gait broad-based and veered towards the
side of the lesion
• Diseases of the cerebellar vermis
– Truncal ataxia
– Tendency to fall backwards/sideways
– No limb ataxia
83. Limbic system
• Functionally important but not well defined
anatomically
• Surrounds the corpus callosum and the
diencephalon
• Deals with behaviour, imotion and memory
84. Components of the limbic system
• Cingulate gyrus
• Subcallosal gyrus
• Septal area and olfactory bulb
• Hippocampal formation
– Hippocampal gyrus
– Dentate gyrus
– Parahippocampal gyrus
• Amygdaloid body and mammillary body
• Anterior nucleus of thalamus
• Hypothalamus
90. Formation of CSF
1. Formed mainly in choroid plexus of the ventricles
2. Some is formed from the ependymal cells lining
the ventricles and at perivascular spaces
Blood-CSF barrier
99. A. Posterior white columns
B. Lateral corticospinal tract
C. Anterior & posterior spinocerebellar tracts
D. Anterior & posterior spinothalamic tracts
E. Olivospinal, vestibulospinal, tectospinal tracts
F. Anterior corticospinal tract
G. Rubrospinal tract
100. Closed medulla at the level of decussation of pyramids
Fasciculus gracilis
Fasciculus cuneatus
Nucleus gracilis
Nucleus cuneatus
Spinal tract of trigeminal
nerve
Spinal nucleus of
trigeminal nerve
Decussation of pyramids
Pyramid
Posterior
spinocerebellar
tract
Anterior
spinocerebellar
tract
Spinothalamic tract
Spinal root of the
accessory nerve
Central canal
Medial longitudinal
fasciculus
101. Closed medulla at the level of decussation of medial lemnisci
Fasciculus gracilis
Fasciculus cuneatus
Nucleus gracilis
Nucleus cuneatus
Spinal tract of trigeminal
nerve
Spinal nucleus of
trigeminal nerve
Decussation of medial
lemnisci
Pyramid
Posterior
spinocerebellar
tract
Anterior
spinocerebellar
tract
Spinothalamic tract
Hypoglossal nerve
Spinal root of the
accessory nerve
Central canal
Medial longitudinal
fasciculus
102. Medulla Oblongata at the level of middle of the olivary nuclei
Inferior medullary velum
Cavity of 4th ventricle
Inferior
cerebellar
peduncle
Vestibular &
cochlear nuclei
Olivary nucleus
Olive
Pyramid
Anterior
spinocerebellar tract
Spinothalamic tract
Spinal tract & nucleus of
trigeminal nerve
Vagus nerve
Hypoglossal
nerve
Reticular formation
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Tectospinal tract
Medial lemniscus
103. Pons at the level of facial colliculus
Superior medullary velum
Cavity of 4th ventricle
Inferior
cerebellar
peduncle
Spinal lemniscus
Reticular formation
Medial lemniscus
Superior cerebellar
peduncle
Spinal tract & nucleus
of trigeminal nerve
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Facial colliculus
Abducent nerve
Facial nerve
Pontine nuclei
Transverse
pontine fibres
Corticospinal &
corticonuclear fibres
Vestibular nuclei
104. Midbrain at the level of inferior colliculus
Trochlear nerve
Inferior colliculus
Cerebral aqueduct
Medial longitudinal
fasciculus
Mesencephalic nucleus
of trigeminal nerve
Trigeminal lemniscus
Spinal lemniscus
Medial lemniscus
Substantia nigra
Cerebral peduncle
Decussation of superior
cerebellar peduncles
Interpeduncular fossa
Reticular formation
Periaqueductal Gray Matter
105. Midbrain at the level of superior colliculus
Oculomotor nerve
Superior colliculus
Cerebral aqueduct
Medial longitudinal
fasciculus
Mesencephalic nucleus
of trigeminal nerve
Trigeminal lemniscus
Spinal lemniscus
Medial lemniscus
Substantia nigra
Cerebral peduncle
Red nucleus
Reticular formation
Periaqueductal Gray Matter
