This document provides an overview of gross neuroanatomy and outlines key learning objectives:
1. Define neuroanatomy terminology and identify regions and functions of the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures.
2. Identify the major lobes and sulci on the cerebral cortex as well as structures like the basal ganglia, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
3. Recognize the brainstem, cerebellum, and ventricular system when viewing the ventral and medial surfaces of the brain.
I. Cerebrum
II. Brain Stem
III. Cerebellum.
The Cerebral Cortex
A. Frontal lobe
1) Motor area (area 4):
Frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
Anatomy of thalamus,Nuclei of thalamus,functional classification of thalamic nuclei,afferent and efferent connections of thalamus,motor function of thalamus,alertness and arousal in thalamus,thalamus and emotional behavior,Thalamic syndrome,Korsakoff's Syndrome
I. Cerebrum
II. Brain Stem
III. Cerebellum.
The Cerebral Cortex
A. Frontal lobe
1) Motor area (area 4):
Frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
Anatomy of thalamus,Nuclei of thalamus,functional classification of thalamic nuclei,afferent and efferent connections of thalamus,motor function of thalamus,alertness and arousal in thalamus,thalamus and emotional behavior,Thalamic syndrome,Korsakoff's Syndrome
Anatomical localisation of function is a fundamental principle in the neurosciences. This presentation highlights the basics neuroanatomy and correlate major brain structure with their functions.
Neurosurgery involving the cerebrum, the largest and most prominent part of the brain, encompasses a wide range of procedures aimed at addressing various neurological conditions.
The cerebrum is responsible for higher cognitive functions, sensory perception, motor control, and emotional processing.
Neurosurgery involving the cerebrum requires a multidisciplinary approach, combining neuroimaging, neurophysiology, and advanced surgical techniques to address diverse neurological conditions while preserving critical brain functions.
The brain stem is a critical part of the human brain that connects the brain to the spinal cord.
It plays a vital role in basic life functions and serves as a bridge between the higher brain centers (such as the cerebral cortex) and the rest of the body.
The brain stem is responsible for essential functions such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and basic reflexes.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Astronomy Update- Curiosity’s exploration of Mars _ Local Briefs _ leadertele...
030915 overview gross neuroanatomy student
1. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (BCN)
Gross Neuroanatomy
Overview
March 09, 2015
Lori R. Hardy, PhD
2. Gross Neuroanatomy
Learning Objectives:
The successful student will be able to:
1- Define the basic terminology and language used in
neuroanatomy.
2 - Identify key regions and general functions within the
cerebral cortex.
3 - Identify the major functions of subcortical structures within
the forebrain.
4 - Identify the surface structures seen from the ventral
aspect of the brainstem.
5 - Identify the cerebellum.
Reading:
Essential Neuroscience, Chapter 1: Overview of the Central
Nervous System
3. Directions in neuroanatomy
Anterior - Posterior
Rostral – Caudal
Dorsal – Ventral
Superior – Inferior
Medial – Lateral
Note the directional
changes below the midbrain
4. Nervous System:
Central and Peripheral NS (anatomical
classification)
CNS = brain and spinal cord (covered by meninges)
PNS = spinal and cranial nerves outside CNS
Automonic and Somatic NS (functional
classification)
ANS = innervate smooth muscle and glands
SNS = innervate musculoskeletal & skin sense
organs
9. Lobes are separated by sulci.
Identify the Central sulcus (separates Frontal and Parietal)
Identify the Sylvian fissure/sulcus (Lateral sulcus –
separates Temporal from Frontal and Parietal)
