The midbrain is located above the pons and below the thalamus. It consists of the tectum and tegmentum. The tectum includes the superior and inferior colliculi which are involved in visual and auditory processing. The tegmentum contains nuclei for cranial nerves 3 and 4. Major tracts passing through the midbrain include the cerebral peduncles, medial longitudinal fasciculus, and spinothalamic tract. The substantia nigra and red nucleus are motor control centers. The midbrain receives its blood supply from the posterior, anterior choroidal, and superior cerebellar arteries. Common midbrain lesions include Claude's syndrome and Holmes' tremor.
gross Anatomy of Mid Brain.location an relation of midbrain. external an internal features of mid brain. cross section at the level of superior and inferior colliculus. Anterior and posterior view of midbrain.
clinical correlation of midbrain.
gross Anatomy of Mid Brain.location an relation of midbrain. external an internal features of mid brain. cross section at the level of superior and inferior colliculus. Anterior and posterior view of midbrain.
clinical correlation of midbrain.
4 th ventricle- Anatomical and surgical perspectivesuresh Bishokarma
4th ventricle connects the entire ventricular system of brain. Its connection with cisterns magna and cerebella pontine cistern via foramen of magenta and Luschka. CSF absorbs into the arachnoid granulation.
Neuroanatomy | 1. Introduction to NeuroanatomyAhmed Eljack
This is the first lecture in neuroanatomy presented and taught by Ahmed Eljack to second level medical students at Alneelain University.
This lecture discussed the basics of neuroanatomy regarding anatomical terms, planes of section, anatomical divisions of the nervous system, and cells of the nervous system and their major functions.
BRAINSTEM
The Brainstem lies at the base of the brain and the top of the spinal cord.
The brainstem is located in the posterior cranial fossa.
The brainstem is the structure that connects the cerebrum of the brain to the spinal cord and cerebellum.
Provides a pathway for tracts running between higher and lower neural centers.
Divided into 3 major divisions:
midbrain,
pons, and
medulla oblongata.
It is responsible for many vital functions of life, such as breathing, consciousness, blood pressure, heart rate, and sleep.
It contains many critical collections of white and grey matter.
The grey matter within the brainstem consists of nerve cell bodies and form many important brainstem nuclei. Ten of the twelve cranial nerves arise from their cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem.
The white matter tracts of the brainstem include axons of nerves traversing their course to different structures. These tracts travel both to the brain (afferent) and from the brain (efferent) such as the somatosensory pathways and the corticospinal tracts, respectively.
Mid Brain
The midbrain is continuous with the cerebral hemisphere.
The upper posterior (i.e. rear) portion of the midbrain is called the tectum, which means "roof."
The surface of the tectum is covered with four bumps representing two paired structures: the superior and inferior colliculi.
The superior colliculi are involved in eye movements and visual processing, while the inferior colliculi are involved in auditory processing.
Another important nucleus, the substantia nigra, is located here.
The substantia nigra is rich in dopamine neurons and is considered part of the basal ganglia.
Pons
An important pathway for tracts that run from the cerebrum down to the medulla and spinal cord, as well as for tracts that travel up into the brain.
It also forms important connections with the cerebellum via fibre bundles known as the cerebellar peduncles.
Posteriorly, the pons and medulla are separated from the cerebellum by the fourth ventricle.
Home to several nuclei for cranial nerves.
Medulla
The point where the brainstem connects to the spinal cord.
Contains a nucleus called the nucleus of the solitary tract that is crucial for our survival (receives information about blood flow, along with information about levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, from the heart and major blood vessels).
When this information suggests a discordance with bodily needs (e.g. blood pressure is too low), there are reflexive actions initiated in the nucleus of the solitary tract to bring things back to within the desired range.
Blood Supply
The brain stem receives its blood supply exclusively from the posterior circulation, including the vertebrae and basilar artery.
The medulla receives its blood supply from the vertebral via medial and lateral perforating arteries.
The pons and midbrain receive their blood from the basilar via the medial and lateral perforating arteries.
an overview of the ascending tract of the spinal cord....an anatomical approach to understand the somato-sensory pathway.
Prepared as a class presentation .
enlists and the description of the different descending tracts of the CNS. cortico spinal tract, cortico bulbar tract, extra pyramidal and pyramiddal tracts, homunculus, vestibulospinal tract, reticulo spinal tracts, tectospinal tract, autonomic tract, uppermotor neuron lesion, lower motor neuron lesion, spinal cord injury, brown sequard syndrome. spinal cord infection, degenerative disorders of spinal cord,
General suggestions in ordering body CT in ED; vascular occlusion; aneurysm/pseudoaneurysm; bleeding and active contrast extravasation; extraluminal air
4 th ventricle- Anatomical and surgical perspectivesuresh Bishokarma
4th ventricle connects the entire ventricular system of brain. Its connection with cisterns magna and cerebella pontine cistern via foramen of magenta and Luschka. CSF absorbs into the arachnoid granulation.
Neuroanatomy | 1. Introduction to NeuroanatomyAhmed Eljack
This is the first lecture in neuroanatomy presented and taught by Ahmed Eljack to second level medical students at Alneelain University.
This lecture discussed the basics of neuroanatomy regarding anatomical terms, planes of section, anatomical divisions of the nervous system, and cells of the nervous system and their major functions.
BRAINSTEM
The Brainstem lies at the base of the brain and the top of the spinal cord.
The brainstem is located in the posterior cranial fossa.
The brainstem is the structure that connects the cerebrum of the brain to the spinal cord and cerebellum.
Provides a pathway for tracts running between higher and lower neural centers.
Divided into 3 major divisions:
midbrain,
pons, and
medulla oblongata.
It is responsible for many vital functions of life, such as breathing, consciousness, blood pressure, heart rate, and sleep.
It contains many critical collections of white and grey matter.
The grey matter within the brainstem consists of nerve cell bodies and form many important brainstem nuclei. Ten of the twelve cranial nerves arise from their cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem.
The white matter tracts of the brainstem include axons of nerves traversing their course to different structures. These tracts travel both to the brain (afferent) and from the brain (efferent) such as the somatosensory pathways and the corticospinal tracts, respectively.
Mid Brain
The midbrain is continuous with the cerebral hemisphere.
The upper posterior (i.e. rear) portion of the midbrain is called the tectum, which means "roof."
The surface of the tectum is covered with four bumps representing two paired structures: the superior and inferior colliculi.
The superior colliculi are involved in eye movements and visual processing, while the inferior colliculi are involved in auditory processing.
Another important nucleus, the substantia nigra, is located here.
The substantia nigra is rich in dopamine neurons and is considered part of the basal ganglia.
Pons
An important pathway for tracts that run from the cerebrum down to the medulla and spinal cord, as well as for tracts that travel up into the brain.
It also forms important connections with the cerebellum via fibre bundles known as the cerebellar peduncles.
Posteriorly, the pons and medulla are separated from the cerebellum by the fourth ventricle.
Home to several nuclei for cranial nerves.
Medulla
The point where the brainstem connects to the spinal cord.
Contains a nucleus called the nucleus of the solitary tract that is crucial for our survival (receives information about blood flow, along with information about levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, from the heart and major blood vessels).
When this information suggests a discordance with bodily needs (e.g. blood pressure is too low), there are reflexive actions initiated in the nucleus of the solitary tract to bring things back to within the desired range.
Blood Supply
The brain stem receives its blood supply exclusively from the posterior circulation, including the vertebrae and basilar artery.
The medulla receives its blood supply from the vertebral via medial and lateral perforating arteries.
The pons and midbrain receive their blood from the basilar via the medial and lateral perforating arteries.
an overview of the ascending tract of the spinal cord....an anatomical approach to understand the somato-sensory pathway.
Prepared as a class presentation .
enlists and the description of the different descending tracts of the CNS. cortico spinal tract, cortico bulbar tract, extra pyramidal and pyramiddal tracts, homunculus, vestibulospinal tract, reticulo spinal tracts, tectospinal tract, autonomic tract, uppermotor neuron lesion, lower motor neuron lesion, spinal cord injury, brown sequard syndrome. spinal cord infection, degenerative disorders of spinal cord,
General suggestions in ordering body CT in ED; vascular occlusion; aneurysm/pseudoaneurysm; bleeding and active contrast extravasation; extraluminal air
Anatomy & functions of the Brainstem & CerebellumRafid Rashid
Provides a good description of the anatomy of the brainstem & cerebellum; their parts, structure, blood supply & a brief description of their functions.
this presentation consist of introduction to types of nerves, structure of nerve and cranial nerves. there is a detail description about, origin , course of the trigeminal nerve and its branches and the structures supplying the nerve. it also contains applied anatomy of the nerve and its importance of the nerve in oral and maxillofacial surgeries. a detail description about the examination of the trigeminal nerve is also mentioned in the presentation. hoping that it would be useful to the students and people seeking for knowledge about the trigeminal nerve.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. • Anatomy
• Parts of midbrain
• Tracts and Nuclei
• Imaging
• Vascular anatomy
• Lesions
3. • The midbrain is the most rostral part of the
brainstem and sits above the pons and is
adjoined rostrally to the thalamus.
• Midbrain/Mesencephalon
• From the Greek mesos - middle, and
enkephalos – brain
• “bridge portion”
10. • The tectum (“roof”) is the dorsal part of the
mesencephalon (midbrain).
• Consists of the inferior and the superior colliculi.
– The superior colliculus is involved in preliminary visual
processing and control of eye movements.
– The inferior colliculus is involved in auditory
processing. It receives input from various brain stem
nuclei and projects to the medial geniculate nucleus
of the thalamus, which relays auditory information to
the primary auditory cortex.
– Both colliculi also have descending projections to the
paramedian pontine reticular formation and spinal
cord.
– Collectively the colliculi are referred to as the corpora
quadrigemina.
11.
12. • The tegmentum (from Latin for "covering”) is
a general area within the brainstem. It is
located between the ventricular system and
distinctive basal or ventral structures at each
level.
• The midbrain tegmentum is the part of the
midbrain extending from the substantia nigra
to the cerebral aqueduct in a horizontal
section
• The nuclei of CN III and IV are located in the
tegmentum portion of the midbrain.
13. Cerebral Peduncle
• The cerebral peduncle, by most classifications,
is everything in the mesencephalon except the
tectum.
• The region includes the midbrain tegmentum,
crus cerebri and pretectum.
• The large ventral bundle of efferent fibers is
referred to as the crus cerebri or the pes
pedunculi.
14.
15.
16.
17. Red nucleus
• The red nucleus and substantia nigra are
subcortical centers of the extrapyramidal motor
system.
• With a developed corticospinal tract, in humans
red nucleus does not have a crucial role
• The majority of red nucleus axons do not project
to the spinal cord, but instead (via its
parvocellular part) relay from the motor cortex to
the cerebellum through the inferior olivary
complex.
18. Substantia nigra
• Pigmented layer- melanin granules
• Dorsal to peduncles and ventral to the red
nucleus .
• Composed zona compacta and zona reticulata
• The GABAergic neurons in the pars reticulata
convey the final processed signals of the basal
ganglia to the thalamus and superior
colliculus.
• The dopaminergic neurons of pars compacta
mainly deals with motor control
21. • Cruscerebri (“crus”-structure resembling leg)
– 1. corticopontine fibers (frontopontineprojection)
medial 5th
• fibers from the precentral gyrus (motor strip) to the nuclei of
cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VII (facial) and XII (hypoglossal).
– 2. corticospinal fibers (middle three 5ths)
– 3. temporopontine fibers (lateral 5ths)
• they originate in the temporal lobe and end in the nuclei
pontis.
22. MLF
• Medial longitudinal fasciculus: Connects the
cranial nerve nuclei III ,IV and VI together, and
integrates movements directed by the gaze
centers (frontal eye field) and information about
head movement (from vestibulocochlear nerve).
• It is an integral component of saccadic eye
movements as well as vestibulo-ocular and
optokinetic reflexes
23. • Spinothalamic tract
– pain, temperature,touch,pressure
• Medial lemniscus
– sensory input from the gracile and cuneate nuclei
to the thalamus
24. Nuclei
1. Nucleus of Oculomotor nerve.
2. Nucleus of Edinger- Westphal: supplies
preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the
eye, constricting the pupil, accommodating
the lens , and convergence of the eyes
3. Nucleus CN IV(trochlear)
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34. Axial oblique 0.8-mm-thick SSFP MR image
shows the nerve (small arrows) where it
emerges from the interpeduncular cistern
(large arrow), which lies medial to the
cerebellar peduncle (p)
Coronal 0.8-mm-thick SSFP MR image shows
the oculomotor nerve (white arrow) in cross
section between the posterior cerebral artery
(white arrowhead) and the superior cerebellar
artery (black arrowhead), which are distal
branches of the basilar artery (black arrow).
35. Trochlear nerves (arrows) where they
emerge from the dorsal midbrain to cross
the ambient cisterns. The characteristic
course of the trochlear nerves allows their
differentiation from the nearby superior
cerebellar artery (arrowheads).
43. • Rubral tremor (Holme’s tremor)
– A coarse, slow (4Hz) tremor, especially present in
the upper extremities, that is found at rest,
postural and intention.
Editor's Notes
The third nerve exits the midbrain anteriorly,crosses near the junction of the internal carotid and posterior communicating artery in the subarachnoid space, and enters the cavernous sinus,where it runs in the lateral wall. The fourth nerve exits the midbrain posteriorly and crosses to the opposite side, to move forward in thesubarachnoid space and into the cavernous sinus.
The fascicles of thethird nerve pass through the red nucleus, substantia nigra, and crus cerebri before they exit into theinterpeduncularfossa.