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Cerebellum
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the cerebellum. It begins by outlining the embryonic development and subdivision of the nervous system. It then describes the three functionally distinct regions of the cerebellum - the vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, and cerebrocerebellum - and their different inputs and outputs. The document also discusses the cerebellar peduncles, cortex, and nuclei. It outlines the roles of the cerebellum in motor control and coordination and describes clinical signs of cerebellar dysfunction such as ataxia.
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Cerebellum
- 1. Cerebellum Lecture Class by PratapSagar Tiwari, MD, Lecturer, NGMC
- 2. Nervous System Development: Anatomical subdivisions Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EmbryonicBrain.svg Reference: Gray’s Anatomy
- 3. Nervous System Development: Anatomical subdivisions Primary division of neural tube Sec. subdivision Final segments Prosencephalon 1. Telencephalon 2. Diencephalon 1. The cortex, Caudate, Putamen, Globus pallidus 2. Thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, subthalamic nuclei Mesencephalon Rombencephalon Mesencephalon 1. Metencephalon 2. Myelencephalon Mesencephalon (Midbrain), Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), Substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) 1. Pons and cerebellum 2. Medulla
- 4. The Cerebellum HasThree Functionally Distinct Regions The cerebellum is divided into anatomically distinct lobes. The main body of cerebellum has three functional regions: the central vermis and the lateral and intermediate zones in each hemisphere. It is divided by the primary fissure into anterior and posterior lobes. The posterolateral fissure separates the flocculonodular lobe.
- 6. Cerebellum & itsconnections Connections with brainstem: • Superior cerebellar peduncle connects to midbrain • Middle cerebellar peduncle connects to pons • Inferior cerebellar peduncle connects to medulla
- 7. Afferent connections withspinal cord and brain Afferent connections with spinal cord and brain Cortico-cerebellar projection Ventral spinocerebellar tract Dorsal spinocerebellar tract
- 8. Efferent connections Efferent connections Thalamus Rednucleus Reticular formation Vestibular nucleus
- 9. Sections of theCerebellum Vestibulocerebellum or archicerebellum • Comprises the flocculonodular lobe • Extensive connections with the vestibular system Spinocerebellum or paleocerebellum • Comprises the vermis (medial) & paravermal (intermediate) region • Extensive connections with the spinal cord & brainstem Cerebrocerebellum or neocerebellum • Comprises lateral portions of cerebellar hemispheres (excluding paravermal regions) • Extensive connections with cerebral cortex through relay stations in cerebellar nuclei and dorsal thalamus
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- 11. Superior cerebellar peduncle (brachiumconjunctivum) • Connects to midbrain Afferents: only ventral spinocerebellar tract Efferents: • Most of the efferents from the cerebellum • All of the efferents from three (out of four) pairs of nuclei: dentate, emboliform, and globose
- 12. Middle cerebellar peduncle (brachiumpontis) • Connects to pons Afferents: from cerebral cortex (“corticopontocerebellar system”). Corticopontine projections (originating in the cerebral cortex) synapse in ipsilateral basal pons. From there, most pontocerebellar projections decussate, pass through middle cerebellar peduncle and enter cerebellum. • A small number remain ipsilateral. Efferents: none.
- 13. Inferior cerebellar peduncle(“corpus restiform” or “restiform body”) • Connects to medulla • Two components: • Restiform body – Afferents: • Ascending spinal proprioceptive fibers from three of the spinocerebellar tracts (dorsal, rostral, and cuneocerebellar) • Ascending fibers from contralateral inferior olivary nuclei to cerebellar cortex (olivocerebellar projections) • Reciprocal connections with motor reticular formation and spinocerebellum (paleocerebellum): reticulocerebellar and cerebelloreticular projections • Juxtarestiform body – Mostly contains reciprocal connections to and from vestibulocerebellum (archicerebellum) and vermal portion of spinocerebellum (paleocerebellum): vestibulocerebellar and cerebellovestibular fibers
- 14. Cerebellar Cortex Deep CerebellarNuclei: Dentate Interposed Fastigial PNS Fig. 42-1
- 15. General View Gross featuresof the cerebellum, including the nuclei, cerebellar peduncles, lobes, folia, and fissures. (Adapted from Nieuwenhuys et al. 1988) A. Dorsal view. Part of the right hemisphere has been cut out to show the underlying cerebellar peduncles. B. Ventral view of the cerebellum detached from the brain stem. C. Midsagittal section through the brain stem and cerebellum, showing the branching structures of the cerebellum.
- 16. Pyramidal Tract andAssociated Circuits upper motor neuron UMN BASAL GANGLIA Cerebellum pyramidal tract lower motor neuron UMN
- 17. Motor Hierarchy 1° Somsensory Intent Actual Exerts influence at all levels
- 18. Cerebellar divisions Spinocerebellum: Vermis Intermediate hem. Cerebrocerebellum: Lateralhem. Spinocerebellum (Vermis + Intermed. Hem) Control of limbs and trunk Cerebrocerebellum (Lateral hemisphere) Planning of movement+ Vestibulo-cerebellum (Floculo-nodular lobe) IVth vent Vermis Intermediate hem. Lateral hem. Control of eye & head movements Balance NTA Fig. 13-1 Floculo-nodular lobe
- 19. Inputs and Outputsof Cerebellum
- 20. The Cerebellum HasThree Functionally Distinct Regions
- 21. Cerebellar Cortex Inputs Climbing fibers •fromInferior olive Mossy fibers Output Purkinje neurons Interneurons Granule neurons Stellate neurons Basket neurons Molecular Purkinje Granular NTA Fig. 13-11 Golgi neurons
- 22. The Cerebellum HasThree Functionally Distinct Regions The three functional regions of the cerebellum have different inputs and outputs.
- 23. a d b c Cerebellar Ataxia Ataxic gait and position: Leftcerebellar tumor a. Sways to the right in standing position b. Steady on the right leg c. Unsteady on the left leg d. ataxic gait
- 24. Cerebellar dysfunction Dysfunction: damageproduces the following: • Ataxia- a disturbance that alters the direction and extent of voluntary movements; abnormal gait and uncoordinated movements • Dysmetria- altered range of motion (misjudge distance) • Intention Tremor-oscillating motion, especially of head,during movement • Vestibular signs-nystagmus, held tilt
- 25. Cerebellar dysfunction 1. Smalllesions produce no signs or only transient symptoms; small deficits are compensated for by other parts of the brain 2. Lesions of the cerebellar hemispheres result in loss of muscular coordination and jerky puppet-like movements of the limbs on the ipsilateral side (same side as lesion) 3. Lesions of the vermis result in truncal tremor and gait ataxia (splayed stance and swaying of the body while walking)[
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Editor's Notes
- #3 In terms of development, the human nervous system is often classified based on the original 3 primitive vesicles from which it develops: These primary vesicles form in the normal development of the neural tube (time ??)of the human fetus and initially include prosencephalon,mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon,. Later in development of the nervous system each section itself turns into smaller components and form the final segments of the brain as shown in the table and the structures that are relevant to the basal ganglia are shown in bold):like the caudate,putamenglobuspallidus,stn and the substantianigra.
- #4 In terms of development, the human nervous system is often classified based on the original 3 primitive vesicles from which it develops: These primary vesicles form in the normal development of the neural tube (time ??)of the human fetus and initially include prosencephalon,mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon,. Later in development of the nervous system each section itself turns into smaller components and form the final segments of the brain as shown in the table and the structures that are relevant to the basal ganglia are shown in bold):like the caudate,putamenglobuspallidus,stn and the substantianigra.