Full rate => Used for speech at 13 Kbits/s
or sending data at 9.6 Kbits/s
Half rate => Used for speech at 6.5 Kbits/s
or sending data at 4.8 Kbits/s
Enhanced Full rate => Used for speech at 13 Kbits/s
or sending data at 9.6 Kbits/s but
with almost Land line quality
FCCH = FREQUENCY CORRECTION CHANNEL
=> To tell the Mobile that this is the BCCH carrier
=> To able the Mobile to synchronize to the frequency
(Downlink only)
SCH = SYNCHRONISATION CHANNEL
=> Used for sending BSIC (Base station Identity Code)
=> Give TDMA frame number to the Mobile.
(Downlink only)
BCCH = BROADCAST CONTROL CHANNEL
=> Used for sending information to the mobile like
CGI (Cell Global identity), LAI (Location Area Identity),
BCCH carriers of the neighboring cells,
maximum output power allowed in the cell and other
broadcast messages like barred cell. (Downlink only)
PCH = PAGING CHANNEL
=> Used for paging the Mobile. (Downlink only)
Reason could be an incoming call or an incoming Short Message.
RACH = RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL
=> Used for responding to the paging (terminating), Location updating
or to make call access (originating) by asking for a signaling channel.
(Uplink only)
AGCH = ACCESS GRANT CHANNEL
=> Used to allocate SDCCH to the mobile.
(Downlink only)
SDCCH definition, understanding, and troubleshooting.
What is the SDCCHs blocking rate?
The sdcch_blocking_rate statistic tracks the percentage of attempts to allocate an sdcch that were blocked due to no available sdcch resources
The document provides information on basic GSM principles and comparisons between TACS, GSM 900, and DCS 1800 mobile networks. It discusses topics like uplink and downlink frequencies, carrier separation, number of channels, access methods, logical channels, control channels, cell identities, and other key GSM concepts and terms. The document also includes detailed descriptions and explanations of terms like IMSI, TMSI, LAI, CGI, BSIC, SIM, and concepts like cell selection, location updating, and pin management.
T200 and N200 are timers related to the LAPD protocol used for communication between the BTS and MS. T200 is started when a frame is transmitted and defines the time between retransmissions if an acknowledgment is not received. The frame will be retransmitted up to N200 times before a link failure is detected. If the T200 timer expires after N200 retransmissions without an acknowledgment, the connection will be dropped due to a data link failure between the BTS and MS. Setting the T200 and N200 values too low can cause increased call drops, while too high may cause unnecessary retransmissions.
This document describes several 2G and 3G layer 3 messages including their purpose and key information elements. For 2G, it summarizes Sys info types 1-6 which broadcast system information to mobile stations in idle and dedicated modes, including things like channel allocation and cell parameters. It also describes messages like Measurement Report, Immediate Assignment, and Handover Command that are used for handover and connection management. For 3G, it lists 21 different message types like Measurement Report and Active Set Update used for mobility management and connection control.
The document discusses various LTE measurement parameters and procedures including:
1. The eNB reports a list of detected PRACH preambles and measures timing advance, average RSSI, average SINR, UL CSI, and transport BLER for RRM purposes.
2. UE measurements include CQI, RSRP, and RSRQ while eNB measurements include timing advance, RSSI, SINR, UL CSI, detected preambles, and transport BLER. Inter-RAT measurements are also discussed.
3. Examples of RSRP, RSRQ, and timing advance procedures are provided along with CQI measurement details. PLMN selection, cell selection,
The document discusses SDCCH (Standalone Dedicated Control Channel) configuration and usage in GSM networks. It describes possible SDCCH configurations including SDCCH/8 and SDCCH/4. It also discusses SDCCH holding times for different functions, reasons for SDCCH congestion, and methods to prevent congestion through proper dimensioning of SDCCH resources.
This document discusses various causes and troubleshooting steps related to 2G call drops and unsuccessful handovers. It addresses issues like low signal strength, interference, incorrect parameter settings, transmission faults, hardware faults, and more. The key performance indicators of TCH Drop Rate and Handover Failure Rate are defined. Causes of dropped calls on traffic channels include excessive timing advance, low signal strength, poor quality, sudden loss of connection, and other factors. Investigation steps provided include checking error logs, parameters, neighboring cell definitions, transmission quality, antenna installation, and more.
This document provides guidance on tuning parameters to slow down inter-RAT cell reselections in UMTS networks. It discusses the Treselection timer, hysteresis between 3G and 2G cell reselections, and PRACH power ramping parameters. Recommended values for these parameters are given to reduce unnecessary reselections while maintaining call setup success rates. Key performance indicators for analyzing the impact of parameter changes on reselection rates and call performance are also identified.
SDCCH definition, understanding, and troubleshooting.
What is the SDCCHs blocking rate?
The sdcch_blocking_rate statistic tracks the percentage of attempts to allocate an sdcch that were blocked due to no available sdcch resources
The document provides information on basic GSM principles and comparisons between TACS, GSM 900, and DCS 1800 mobile networks. It discusses topics like uplink and downlink frequencies, carrier separation, number of channels, access methods, logical channels, control channels, cell identities, and other key GSM concepts and terms. The document also includes detailed descriptions and explanations of terms like IMSI, TMSI, LAI, CGI, BSIC, SIM, and concepts like cell selection, location updating, and pin management.
T200 and N200 are timers related to the LAPD protocol used for communication between the BTS and MS. T200 is started when a frame is transmitted and defines the time between retransmissions if an acknowledgment is not received. The frame will be retransmitted up to N200 times before a link failure is detected. If the T200 timer expires after N200 retransmissions without an acknowledgment, the connection will be dropped due to a data link failure between the BTS and MS. Setting the T200 and N200 values too low can cause increased call drops, while too high may cause unnecessary retransmissions.
This document describes several 2G and 3G layer 3 messages including their purpose and key information elements. For 2G, it summarizes Sys info types 1-6 which broadcast system information to mobile stations in idle and dedicated modes, including things like channel allocation and cell parameters. It also describes messages like Measurement Report, Immediate Assignment, and Handover Command that are used for handover and connection management. For 3G, it lists 21 different message types like Measurement Report and Active Set Update used for mobility management and connection control.
The document discusses various LTE measurement parameters and procedures including:
1. The eNB reports a list of detected PRACH preambles and measures timing advance, average RSSI, average SINR, UL CSI, and transport BLER for RRM purposes.
2. UE measurements include CQI, RSRP, and RSRQ while eNB measurements include timing advance, RSSI, SINR, UL CSI, detected preambles, and transport BLER. Inter-RAT measurements are also discussed.
3. Examples of RSRP, RSRQ, and timing advance procedures are provided along with CQI measurement details. PLMN selection, cell selection,
The document discusses SDCCH (Standalone Dedicated Control Channel) configuration and usage in GSM networks. It describes possible SDCCH configurations including SDCCH/8 and SDCCH/4. It also discusses SDCCH holding times for different functions, reasons for SDCCH congestion, and methods to prevent congestion through proper dimensioning of SDCCH resources.
This document discusses various causes and troubleshooting steps related to 2G call drops and unsuccessful handovers. It addresses issues like low signal strength, interference, incorrect parameter settings, transmission faults, hardware faults, and more. The key performance indicators of TCH Drop Rate and Handover Failure Rate are defined. Causes of dropped calls on traffic channels include excessive timing advance, low signal strength, poor quality, sudden loss of connection, and other factors. Investigation steps provided include checking error logs, parameters, neighboring cell definitions, transmission quality, antenna installation, and more.
This document provides guidance on tuning parameters to slow down inter-RAT cell reselections in UMTS networks. It discusses the Treselection timer, hysteresis between 3G and 2G cell reselections, and PRACH power ramping parameters. Recommended values for these parameters are given to reduce unnecessary reselections while maintaining call setup success rates. Key performance indicators for analyzing the impact of parameter changes on reselection rates and call performance are also identified.
The document discusses LTE uplink power control. It describes that uplink power control uses both open-loop and closed-loop mechanisms. Open-loop power control estimates path loss to set the initial transmission power, while closed-loop allows the network to directly control transmission power through power control commands. Power control helps reduce interference, maximize data rates, and prolong UE battery life by adjusting transmission power on a subframe basis.
The document discusses factors that affect LTE cell throughput, including transport block size, codewords, LTE UE categories, modulation and coding scheme, coding rate, and number of layers. It provides information on key LTE concepts such as how transport block size is determined based on MCS index and resource blocks assigned. Higher order modulations like 64QAM and higher coding rates allow for greater cell throughput by improving spectral efficiency.
This document discusses radio resource optimization parameters in GSM networks. It covers topics like idle parameter optimization, power control, handover control, radio resource administration, measurement processing, signaling channel mapping, traffic channel mapping, paging parameters, access grant channel parameters, frequency reuse, and frequency hopping techniques. Diagrams and examples are provided to illustrate concepts like TDMA frame structure, logical and physical channel organization, and capacity calculations.
This document provides formulas and proposed targets for key performance indicators (KPIs) related to LTE network monitoring. It includes KPIs for LTE OSS statistics measured at the network level and LTE drive test KPIs measured through field testing. For each KPI, it provides the detailed formula, measurement methodology, and a brief description. The goal is to establish a framework for initial discussion on monitoring LTE network performance.
Engineer EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES PRESENTA UNA NUEVA VERSION
THERE ONE NEW ONE PRESENTATION FOR 2G AND 3G ENGINEERING FOR LTE AND PSCORE ENGINEER
ITS VERY SUITABLE FOR YOUR RESEARCH AT ALL LEVELS OF RF ENGINEERING AND PS CS
This document lists key performance indicators (KPIs) for measuring different aspects of LTE network performance, including accessibility, retainability, mobility, usage, and integrity. It provides the names and descriptions of over 100 individual KPIs organized under these categories, such as RRC setup success rate, call drop rate, handover success rate, resource block usage, and latency.
Paging is the mechanism by which the network notifies a UE that it has data to send. The UE periodically wakes from idle mode to check for paging messages. If the UE ID in the paging message matches the UE, it notifies upper layers which may initiate a connection for incoming calls or other data. Paging messages are sent by the MME to eNodeBs and contain UE IDs, domain information, and indications for system information changes or emergency notifications.
This document provides an overview of analyzing SDCCH drop rate as a key performance indicator. It discusses the causes of SDCCH drops, investigation procedures, and troubleshooting techniques. Tools described include Business Objects, ZXG10 OMCR, TEMS Investigation, and MCOM 4.2. The technical procedure outlines analyzing SDCCH availability, causes, alarms, measurements, parameters, and drive testing. Examples demonstrate addressing hardware problems, interference, transmission issues, and parameter changes.
The document discusses different types of location updating procedures in mobile networks:
1. Location updating type normal occurs when a mobile subscriber (MS) moves to a new location area and needs to update the network of its new location.
2. IMSI attach is used when the MS powers back on in the same location area it was in when it entered detached mode.
3. Periodic registration is used to avoid unnecessary paging and prevent database failures. The MS registers at periodic intervals set by the network operator, from every 6 minutes to every hour.
WCDMA uses an OSI model with 7 layers. The lower 3 layers - physical, data link, and network layers - are most important for WCDMA. The physical layer uses different physical channels to transmit data over the air interface. Logical channels define how data is transferred, transport channels define how data is transmitted, and physical channels carry payload data and define signal characteristics. There are three types of channels - logical, transport, and physical - that work together to transmit various types of control and traffic data between the UE and base station.
This document provides guidance on optimizing the TCH call drop rate KPI in GSM networks. It defines the TCH call drop rate and recommends formulas for calculating it. It then discusses factors that can affect the TCH call drop rate, such as hardware failures, transmission problems, parameter settings, interference, coverage issues, and antenna problems. The document provides detailed steps for analyzing high TCH call drop rates, including checking hardware, transmissions, software versions, parameter settings, interference, coverage, antenna systems, uplink/downlink balance, and repeaters. It also includes several case studies and recommendations for optimization.
The document discusses various resources in an LTE network that need to be monitored to ensure capacity and quality of service. It describes several key performance indicators (KPIs) related to resources like connected users, traffic volume, paging messages, processor usage, and provides thresholds and solutions to address issues.
The document describes the CDLCP command, which prints long duration call supervision data. It lists the command format, parameters, function, examples, and resulting printouts. The command has no parameters and prints data on long calls, including setup information and whether automatic disconnection is enabled.
This document discusses various key performance indicators (KPIs) for Voice over LTE (VoLTE) networks. It describes KPIs for VoLTE control plane performance like registration success rate, call setup success rate, and call setup time. It also covers user plane KPIs such as mute rate, mean opinion score, RTP packet loss rate, and one way call rate. Additionally, it lists KPIs for packet core network elements like attach success rate, paging success rate, and IP pool utilization. The document provides details on calculating each KPI and healthy range benchmarks.
1. The document discusses idle mode operation in a mobile network. The key functions of a mobile station (MS) in idle mode are to camp on the best suitable cell to receive system information, initiate calls, and be located for incoming calls/SMS.
2. The MS selects a cell based on PLMN selection, cell selection, and cell reselection parameters like signal strength and cell identifiers. It performs location updates to register its location area with the network when the area changes.
3. Location updates allow the network to page the MS for incoming calls and keep track of its location. There is a tradeoff between frequent location updates increasing signalling load versus less frequent updates hindering paging.
The document discusses VoLTE optimization services including RAN and EPC analysis using various tools. It details accomplishments like optimizing sites for carriers and analyzing problems like VoLTE drop issues. The key services described are VoLTE parameter audits, drive log analysis, UETR analysis, and end-to-end VoLTE call tracing. Case studies provided examine issues like QCI profile not defined, RRC drops without VoLTE drops, and improvements gained from features like ICIC and parameter changes.
This document provides an overview of telecom concepts and GSM technology. It discusses early analog cellular systems, the development of GSM standards to address limitations in analog networks, and key aspects of GSM including frequency reuse, handovers, and network architecture. The document also covers cellular concepts like frequency bands, modulation techniques, and components of the mobile station and subscriber identity module.
This document outlines an agenda for a presentation on LTE basics and advanced topics. The presentation will cover LTE fundamentals including frame structures, reference signals, physical channels, signal processing architecture, and UE categories. It will then discuss advanced LTE topics such as MIMO modes, precoding techniques, CQI reporting, and LTE-Advanced developments. Diagrams and explanations are provided on key aspects of the LTE physical layer such as OFDMA transmission schemes, frame formats, reference signal patterns, and the transmitter and receiver processing chains.
1. The document discusses key performance indicators (KPI) for LTE networks in Korea, which has very high standards for call setup success rates, call drop rates, and call completion rates.
2. It provides an overview of the LTE camping procedure, including system selection, cell selection criteria, and different cell categories that UEs can camp on.
3. It explains the LTE random access procedure for both contention-based and non-contention based access, including the four-step process and different preamble formats.
GSM is the globel system of organation . It consists of
M.S,BSC MSC ,OMC,FIXED Phone.Mobile station is carried by
the subscriber.and base station subsystem control the radio
link with mobile station . The main part of system is
mobile switching center perform switching of calls between
the mobile and fixed or mobile network use. and operational
and maintainence center oversees the proper operation and
set up of the network. The MS and BSC communicate across
the um link or air interface and BSC&MSC communicate across
A interface.
This document provides an overview of GSM principles and network structure. It discusses key aspects of the GSM system including frequency reuse, multiple access techniques, network components, numbering plans and identifiers. The objectives are to understand the GSM system, its structure, protocols, channel combinations, radio techniques and the introduction of GPRS and EDGE. It contains detailed descriptions and illustrations of concepts such as cells, frequency division duplexing, time division multiple access, frequency planning and network interfaces.
The document discusses LTE uplink power control. It describes that uplink power control uses both open-loop and closed-loop mechanisms. Open-loop power control estimates path loss to set the initial transmission power, while closed-loop allows the network to directly control transmission power through power control commands. Power control helps reduce interference, maximize data rates, and prolong UE battery life by adjusting transmission power on a subframe basis.
The document discusses factors that affect LTE cell throughput, including transport block size, codewords, LTE UE categories, modulation and coding scheme, coding rate, and number of layers. It provides information on key LTE concepts such as how transport block size is determined based on MCS index and resource blocks assigned. Higher order modulations like 64QAM and higher coding rates allow for greater cell throughput by improving spectral efficiency.
This document discusses radio resource optimization parameters in GSM networks. It covers topics like idle parameter optimization, power control, handover control, radio resource administration, measurement processing, signaling channel mapping, traffic channel mapping, paging parameters, access grant channel parameters, frequency reuse, and frequency hopping techniques. Diagrams and examples are provided to illustrate concepts like TDMA frame structure, logical and physical channel organization, and capacity calculations.
This document provides formulas and proposed targets for key performance indicators (KPIs) related to LTE network monitoring. It includes KPIs for LTE OSS statistics measured at the network level and LTE drive test KPIs measured through field testing. For each KPI, it provides the detailed formula, measurement methodology, and a brief description. The goal is to establish a framework for initial discussion on monitoring LTE network performance.
Engineer EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES PRESENTA UNA NUEVA VERSION
THERE ONE NEW ONE PRESENTATION FOR 2G AND 3G ENGINEERING FOR LTE AND PSCORE ENGINEER
ITS VERY SUITABLE FOR YOUR RESEARCH AT ALL LEVELS OF RF ENGINEERING AND PS CS
This document lists key performance indicators (KPIs) for measuring different aspects of LTE network performance, including accessibility, retainability, mobility, usage, and integrity. It provides the names and descriptions of over 100 individual KPIs organized under these categories, such as RRC setup success rate, call drop rate, handover success rate, resource block usage, and latency.
Paging is the mechanism by which the network notifies a UE that it has data to send. The UE periodically wakes from idle mode to check for paging messages. If the UE ID in the paging message matches the UE, it notifies upper layers which may initiate a connection for incoming calls or other data. Paging messages are sent by the MME to eNodeBs and contain UE IDs, domain information, and indications for system information changes or emergency notifications.
This document provides an overview of analyzing SDCCH drop rate as a key performance indicator. It discusses the causes of SDCCH drops, investigation procedures, and troubleshooting techniques. Tools described include Business Objects, ZXG10 OMCR, TEMS Investigation, and MCOM 4.2. The technical procedure outlines analyzing SDCCH availability, causes, alarms, measurements, parameters, and drive testing. Examples demonstrate addressing hardware problems, interference, transmission issues, and parameter changes.
The document discusses different types of location updating procedures in mobile networks:
1. Location updating type normal occurs when a mobile subscriber (MS) moves to a new location area and needs to update the network of its new location.
2. IMSI attach is used when the MS powers back on in the same location area it was in when it entered detached mode.
3. Periodic registration is used to avoid unnecessary paging and prevent database failures. The MS registers at periodic intervals set by the network operator, from every 6 minutes to every hour.
WCDMA uses an OSI model with 7 layers. The lower 3 layers - physical, data link, and network layers - are most important for WCDMA. The physical layer uses different physical channels to transmit data over the air interface. Logical channels define how data is transferred, transport channels define how data is transmitted, and physical channels carry payload data and define signal characteristics. There are three types of channels - logical, transport, and physical - that work together to transmit various types of control and traffic data between the UE and base station.
This document provides guidance on optimizing the TCH call drop rate KPI in GSM networks. It defines the TCH call drop rate and recommends formulas for calculating it. It then discusses factors that can affect the TCH call drop rate, such as hardware failures, transmission problems, parameter settings, interference, coverage issues, and antenna problems. The document provides detailed steps for analyzing high TCH call drop rates, including checking hardware, transmissions, software versions, parameter settings, interference, coverage, antenna systems, uplink/downlink balance, and repeaters. It also includes several case studies and recommendations for optimization.
The document discusses various resources in an LTE network that need to be monitored to ensure capacity and quality of service. It describes several key performance indicators (KPIs) related to resources like connected users, traffic volume, paging messages, processor usage, and provides thresholds and solutions to address issues.
The document describes the CDLCP command, which prints long duration call supervision data. It lists the command format, parameters, function, examples, and resulting printouts. The command has no parameters and prints data on long calls, including setup information and whether automatic disconnection is enabled.
This document discusses various key performance indicators (KPIs) for Voice over LTE (VoLTE) networks. It describes KPIs for VoLTE control plane performance like registration success rate, call setup success rate, and call setup time. It also covers user plane KPIs such as mute rate, mean opinion score, RTP packet loss rate, and one way call rate. Additionally, it lists KPIs for packet core network elements like attach success rate, paging success rate, and IP pool utilization. The document provides details on calculating each KPI and healthy range benchmarks.
1. The document discusses idle mode operation in a mobile network. The key functions of a mobile station (MS) in idle mode are to camp on the best suitable cell to receive system information, initiate calls, and be located for incoming calls/SMS.
2. The MS selects a cell based on PLMN selection, cell selection, and cell reselection parameters like signal strength and cell identifiers. It performs location updates to register its location area with the network when the area changes.
3. Location updates allow the network to page the MS for incoming calls and keep track of its location. There is a tradeoff between frequent location updates increasing signalling load versus less frequent updates hindering paging.
The document discusses VoLTE optimization services including RAN and EPC analysis using various tools. It details accomplishments like optimizing sites for carriers and analyzing problems like VoLTE drop issues. The key services described are VoLTE parameter audits, drive log analysis, UETR analysis, and end-to-end VoLTE call tracing. Case studies provided examine issues like QCI profile not defined, RRC drops without VoLTE drops, and improvements gained from features like ICIC and parameter changes.
This document provides an overview of telecom concepts and GSM technology. It discusses early analog cellular systems, the development of GSM standards to address limitations in analog networks, and key aspects of GSM including frequency reuse, handovers, and network architecture. The document also covers cellular concepts like frequency bands, modulation techniques, and components of the mobile station and subscriber identity module.
This document outlines an agenda for a presentation on LTE basics and advanced topics. The presentation will cover LTE fundamentals including frame structures, reference signals, physical channels, signal processing architecture, and UE categories. It will then discuss advanced LTE topics such as MIMO modes, precoding techniques, CQI reporting, and LTE-Advanced developments. Diagrams and explanations are provided on key aspects of the LTE physical layer such as OFDMA transmission schemes, frame formats, reference signal patterns, and the transmitter and receiver processing chains.
1. The document discusses key performance indicators (KPI) for LTE networks in Korea, which has very high standards for call setup success rates, call drop rates, and call completion rates.
2. It provides an overview of the LTE camping procedure, including system selection, cell selection criteria, and different cell categories that UEs can camp on.
3. It explains the LTE random access procedure for both contention-based and non-contention based access, including the four-step process and different preamble formats.
GSM is the globel system of organation . It consists of
M.S,BSC MSC ,OMC,FIXED Phone.Mobile station is carried by
the subscriber.and base station subsystem control the radio
link with mobile station . The main part of system is
mobile switching center perform switching of calls between
the mobile and fixed or mobile network use. and operational
and maintainence center oversees the proper operation and
set up of the network. The MS and BSC communicate across
the um link or air interface and BSC&MSC communicate across
A interface.
This document provides an overview of GSM principles and network structure. It discusses key aspects of the GSM system including frequency reuse, multiple access techniques, network components, numbering plans and identifiers. The objectives are to understand the GSM system, its structure, protocols, channel combinations, radio techniques and the introduction of GPRS and EDGE. It contains detailed descriptions and illustrations of concepts such as cells, frequency division duplexing, time division multiple access, frequency planning and network interfaces.
Physical channels carry information over the air interface between the mobile station and base transceiver station. Logical channels map user data and signaling information onto physical channels. There are two main types of logical channels - traffic channels which carry call data, and control channels which communicate service information. Control channels include broadcast channels which transmit cell-wide information, common channels used for paging and access procedures, and dedicated channels for signaling during calls or when not on a call. Logical channels are mapped onto physical channels to effectively transmit information wirelessly between network components in a GSM system.
The document discusses the Global System for Mobiles (GSM) mobile communication technology. It describes GSM concepts like cellular structure and frequency division duplexing. It outlines the GSM network architecture including components like the mobile station, base station, base station controller, mobile switching center, home location register, and visitor location register. It also covers GSM channels, mobility management, and call management functions.
This document provides guidelines for LTE radio frequency (RF) network optimization. It describes the network optimization process including single site verification and RF optimization. Key aspects of RF optimization covered include preparing for optimization by collecting data, analyzing problems related to coverage, signal quality and handover success rate, and adjusting parameters like transmit power, antenna tilts and neighboring cell configurations. Common issues addressed are weak coverage, coverage holes, lack of a dominant cell, and cross coverage between cells. Optimization methods and specific cases are presented to resolve different problems.
Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard developed for voice services and data delivery using digital modulation. It has a network subsystem including components like the MSC, HLR, VLR, and AuC that handle call processing and subscriber information. The radio subsystem consists of BSCs controlling multiple BTSs to manage radio network access. GSM provides international roaming, high quality voice calls, and supports data services like SMS and fax in addition to voice.
This seminar will provide the basics of this fascinating technology. After attending this seminar you will understand OFDM-principles,
including SC-FDMA as the transmission scheme of choice for the LTE uplink. Multiple antenna technology (MIMO) is a fundamental
part of LTE and its impact on the design of device and network architecture will be explained. Further LTE-related physical layer
aspects such as channel structure and cell search will be presented with an overview of the LTE protocol structure.
The second part of the seminar provides an overview of the evolution in LTE towards 3GPP specification Release 9 and 10. This
includes features and methods for location based services like GNSS support or time delay measurements and the concept of
multimedia broadcast. Finally, we’ll introduce the main features of LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release-10) including carrier aggregation for
a larger bandwidth and backbone network aspects like self-organizing networks and relaying concepts.
The document provides an overview of GSM, GPRS, UMTS, HSDPA and HSUPA protocols and call flows. It describes the architecture, interfaces and protocols of each generation at the physical, data link and network layers. Key protocols discussed include LAPD, RR, MM, CM, SNDCP, GTP, RLC, MAC, RRC. Call flows for basic call origination, authentication, data transfer and detach procedures are illustrated for each network. The document also introduces HSDPA and HSUPA enhancements to UMTS such as new channels, scheduling functionality and H-ARQ protocol.
The document discusses key concepts in GSM cellular networks including:
1. An overview of GSM including its definition, phases, specifications, system architecture, network areas, and advantages over analog systems.
2. Cell planning principles such as types of cells, the planning process, and cell clusters.
3. Frequency reuse which allows frequencies to be reused in different cells to improve capacity, with an example shown.
This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It discusses that GSM was created in 1982 to set a standard for mobile communications and the first system was deployed in 1991. The GSM architecture includes the mobile station, base station subsystem consisting of base transceiver stations and base station controllers, and the network and switching subsystem including mobile switching centers, home location register, and authentication center. GSM operates in the 900MHz and 1800MHz bands in India and uses frequency division duplex to provide communications between mobile devices and the network.
The document discusses UMTS link budget methodology for both the uplink and downlink. It presents the methodology for calculating the maximum allowable path loss (MAPL) in the uplink, including factors such as transmission power, antenna gain, losses, and margins. It then compares the cell range for different uplink services in both dense urban and suburban environments. Finally, it briefly outlines the methodology for calculating the maximum allowable path loss in the downlink.
The document describes GPRS protocols including:
1. The RLC/MAC protocol which segments LLC frames and controls access to network resources using TFI in DL and USF in UL.
2. GPRS radio block structures which include MAC headers, RLC headers, RLC data, and BCS fields for data and control messages.
3. Details of MAC headers for DL and UL including fields like USF, RRBP, and payload type.
Here you are an interesting explanation about HSPA Technology. The High Speed packet Access is the combination of two technologies, one of the downlink and the other for the uplink that can be built onto the existing 3G UMTS or W-CDMA technology to provide increased data transfer speeds.
The original 3G UMTS / W-CDMA standard provided a maximum download speed of 384 kbps.
This document discusses the GPRS air interface and logical channels. It describes the additional logical channels introduced in GPRS, including the Packet Broadcast Control Channel (PBCCH) and Packet Common Control Channels (PCCCH). It also covers the 52 TDMA frame organization, halfrate PDTCH, multislot operation, radio resource states, and relation between RR states and GMM states. Temporary block flows, establishment of uplink and downlink TBFs, and other procedures like timing advance are also summarized.
ATI Courses Satellite Communications Systems Engineering Professional Develop...Jim Jenkins
ATI Courses Satellite Communications Systems Engineering course sampler. This three-day course is designed for satellite communications engineers, spacecraft engineers, and managers who want to obtain an understanding of the "big picture" of satellite communications. Each topic is illustrated by detailed worked numerical examples, using published data for actual satellite communications systems. The course is technically oriented and includes mathematical derivations of the fundamental equations. It will enable the participants to perform their own satellite link budget calculations. The course will especially appeal to those whose objective is to develop quantitative computational skills in addition to obtaining a qualitative familiarity with the basic concepts.
The document describes various 3G call flows in UTRAN including:
1. CS mobility handling such as location area updates and IMSI detach in both CELL_DCH and CELL_FACH states.
2. CS call procedures including mobile originated and terminated calls for idle mode UEs.
3. PS mobility management such as GPRS attach, detach, and routing area updates in different RRC states.
4. Session management including PDP context establishment with high bit rate QoS but no active traffic.
This document discusses device-to-device (D2D) communications in cellular networks. It provides an introduction to D2D, outlines the advantages such as improved efficiency and performance, and challenges including interference management. The objectives of the project are to measure D2D performance with and without interference and compare using uplink and downlink resources. The document describes the simulation scenario and setup, which uses OFDM and Rayleigh fading. Results are presented and further work is proposed to expand the analysis to more complex scenarios.
The document summarizes the air interface protocol stack and channels in LTE. It discusses:
1. The protocol stack includes application, IP, and transport layers that process data and signaling messages. These pass to the physical layer which has transport, physical channel, and analog processors.
2. Logical, transport, and physical channels carry data and control information between protocol layers. Logical channels include dedicated and common channels. Transport channels include shared, broadcast, multicast and random access channels.
3. Physical channels are distinguished by how the physical layer manipulates and maps them. Major channels include shared, broadcast, multicast, random access and control channels.
The document discusses HSPA systems and provides an overview of High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA). It notes that HSPA was introduced to improve the packet data capabilities of WCDMA in response to growing interest in rich calls, mobile TV, and streaming services. HSDPA introduced faster scheduling, link adaptation, and hybrid automatic repeat request to improve downlink performance, while HSUPA later improved uplink performance using similar techniques. The document provides technical details on the channels, link adaptation, scheduling, mobility, and retransmissions used in HSDPA and HSUPA systems.
This document provides an overview of LTE air interface concepts including:
- Main LTE features such as frequency bands and mobility protocols.
- The LTE protocol stack including layers such as RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC and physical.
- LTE channel types including logical, transport, and physical channels.
- Key physical channel functions like reference signals, synchronization signals, broadcast channels, and control channels.
- Uplink/downlink channel structures including time and frequency domain configurations.
• -How the channel concept is used on the radio interface
• -Different burst formats in the radio interface
• -The hierarchical frame structure
• -The content sent in different logical channels
• -The mapping of the logical channels
• -Superframe and Hyperframe
• -MOBILE STATIONS ISDN NUMBER (MSISDN)
• INTERNATIONAL MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (IMSI)
• TEMPORARY MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (TMSI)
• LOCATION AREA IDENTITY (LAI)
• CELL GLOBAL IDENTITY (CGI)
• BASE STATION IDENTITY CODE (BSIC)
• PIN management
- GSM was developed in 1982 by the Conference of European Postal and Telecommunications Administrations to improve digital cellular technology. It was later moved to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute.
- GSM operates using FDMA and TDMA, dividing carriers into time slots to maximize voice channels in limited bandwidth. It provides wireless communication and high security against tapping.
- The core network components are the BSS (including BTS and BSC), SS (including MSC, VLR, HLR, EIR), and MS. The network authenticates users based on their SIM card and supports various services like voice calls, SMS, and data.
The document provides an overview of GSM basics including its history and development. It describes the key aspects of GSM including the different frequency bands (GSM 900, DCS 1800, PCS 1900), physical channels, logical channels, control channels, and traffic channels. It also outlines the main components of the GSM network including the base station system (BSS), switching system (SS), and mobile station (MS). Finally, it covers GSM identities, operations, services, and advantages.
GSM is a standard for digital cellular networks that allows subscribers to use their phones globally. It uses FDMA to divide the spectrum into channels and TDMA to divide each channel into timeslots. The network consists of MSCs, HLRs, VLRs, BSCs, BTSs and cells. The MSC handles calls and interfaces with other networks. HLRs store subscriber data and VLRs temporarily store data for subscribers in the local area. BSCs control BTSs which transmit signals to mobile devices within cells. Key identifiers include IMSI, IMEI, MSISDN and MSRN.
This document discusses techniques of mobile communication, including multiple access methodology and types like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It provides details on GSM including its architecture, frequency bands used, identities like IMSI and IMEI, and components like the BTS. The BTS is responsible for communication to mobile stations via the air interface and comprises a transceiver, power amplifier, and antenna. It separates speech and control signals and sends them to the BSC.
1) The document outlines the GSM architecture and mobility management procedures.
2) GSM uses a two-level hierarchical strategy with HLR and VLR databases to track the location of mobile stations as they move between different location areas and mobile switching centers.
3) The three cases of location update in GSM are inter-LA movement, inter-MSC movement, and inter-VLR movement. The location update procedures exchange signaling messages between the mobile station, base station, MSC, VLR, and HLR to update the location information in the databases.
- The document describes a presentation given by Animesh Lochan on his industrial training at Ericsson India Pvt. Ltd. regarding the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM).
- It provides an overview of GSM, including its architecture, frequency bands, components like the mobile station, base station subsystem, network switching subsystem, and interfaces. Diagrams and explanations of network identifiers like IMSI, IMEI, and MSISDN are also included.
The document provides an overview of GSM system components and protocols. It discusses key aspects of GSM including that it uses TDMA and FDD, describes the development of GSM standards over time, and outlines the main network components like the BTS, BSC, MSC, HLR, VLR, and interfaces between them. It also discusses protocols like IMSI, TMSI, IMEI, LAI and their roles in the GSM network.
Mobile networks have evolved over several generations from 1G analog cellular to 4G LTE networks. This document provides an overview of the fundamental concepts and evolution of mobile networks including discussions of 2G, 3G, 4G networks and the Evolved Packet Core. It describes the core network functions and interfaces as well as basic network scenarios.
The document provides an overview of GSM and GPRS networks. It describes key components of the GSM access network including the BTS, BSC and MSC. It also explains the GSM core network elements such as the HLR, VLR, AuC and SMS centers. For GPRS, it outlines the new GPRS support nodes - SGSN and GGSN, and how they interface with existing GSM network elements.
The document provides guidelines for performing drive tests when collecting wireless network data. Key steps include choosing an above-clutter survey location, collecting data at regular intervals, making short and long calls to test call setup and handover, monitoring various radio parameters, and reporting issues or anomalies found. The purpose is to evaluate network coverage, capacity, and quality of service across an area.
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GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is a digital cellular network developed to provide improved spectrum efficiency, international roaming, and compatibility with other networks. It uses TDMA to allow multiple users to access the same radio frequency channel at different time slots. The GSM architecture consists of mobile stations, a base station subsystem including base transceiver stations and base station controllers, and a network subsystem including mobile switching centers and databases like the home location register.
6 Weeks Industrial Training In Telecom In ChandigarhArcadian Learning
GSM combines frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA) to allow multiple stations to access the same radio channel. The bandwidth is divided into 124 channels of 200 kHz each that are shared between up to eight mobile stations by assigning transmission slots. TDMA frames are 4.615 ms long and each frame is divided into 8 time slots of 577 μs. Uplink and downlink frames are offset by three time slots to avoid collisions. Logical channels include traffic channels, broadcast channels, common control channels, and dedicated control channels for functions like paging, synchronization, authentication and call setup. GSM uses pulse code modulation and RPE-LPC speech coding at 13 kbps to compress
Kumar gunjan 20160213 mobile communication securitynullowaspmumbai
The document discusses mobile communication technologies and security issues in GSM. It provides an overview of the evolution of mobile communication from 1G to 2G technologies such as GSM. It describes the GSM architecture including components like the SIM card, authentication and encryption schemes, and GSM channels. It also outlines the basic call sequences for mobile-to-land and land-to-mobile calls. Finally, it discusses some security issues in the GSM network like vulnerabilities to sniffing and man-in-the-middle attacks.
This document provides an overview of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technology. It discusses the history and development of GSM standards, the cellular network structure involving base stations, base station controllers, mobile switching centers and other components. It also describes key concepts such as frequency division multiple access, time division multiple access, mobility management, call management, and identifies used in GSM networks including IMSI, TMSI, IMEI. The document outlines the protocol architecture and functions of various nodes in the GSM network.
The document discusses the network layer in GSM systems. It describes the main sublayers and protocols in the network layer, including radio resource management (RR), mobility management (MM), and call control (CC). It explains the functions and procedures handled by each sublayer, such as channel assignment and handover (RR), location updating and authentication (MM), and call establishment and clearing (CC). It also outlines some of the key layer 3 protocols used, including RIL3-RR, RIL3-MM, RIL3-CC, and MAP, and provides examples of signaling flows for initial mobile acquisition and a mobile-originating call.
The document discusses GSM radio coverage and the air interface in 3 main points:
1. It describes the geometry of GSM cells and frequency reuse techniques used to divide a service area into smaller cells to improve coverage and capacity. Different cluster sizes such as 3/9, 4/12 and 7/21 are discussed.
2. It explains the GSM frequency bands and channel structure, including physical channels divided into timeslots, and logical channels for traffic and control data.
3. It outlines the structure of bursts transmitted on the air interface, including normal bursts containing encrypted speech blocks, training sequences, and guard periods between bursts.
The document provides an overview of GSM architecture and call flows. It describes the key components of the GSM network including the mobile station, base station subsystem, network switching subsystem, home location register, visitor location register and authentication center. It then details various location update call flows like IMSI attach, normal and periodic updates. It also summarizes the mobile to mobile and mobile to ISUP call flows and an intra-MSC handover call flow.
Basic Telecom concepts
Various Wireless Technologies
Cellular concepts & Principal of cellular Comm.
GSM Network Architecture
GSM channel Architecture
Call Flows in GSM
GSM Planning steps (Nominal Plan & RF surveys)
Alternative means of wireless communication
Walkie - Talkie
Pagers
Trunked private radios
Mobile Phone - the magic technology that enables everyone to communicate anywhere with anybody.
Till 1982 Cellular Systems were exclusively Analog Radio Technology.
Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
U.S. standard on the 800 MHz Band
Total Access Communication System (TACS)
U.K. standard on 900 MHz band
Nordic Mobile Telephone System (NMT)
Scandinavian standard on the 450 & 900 MHz band
The GSM standard was developed by the Groupe SpecialMobile, which was an initiative of the Conference of European Post and Telecommunications (CEPT) administrations.
The responsibility for GSM standardization now resides with the
Special Mobile Group (SMG) under the European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI).
Fully digital system utilizing the 900MHz frequency band.
TDMA over radiocarriers(200 kHz carrier spacing)
8 full rate or 16 half rate TDMA channels per carrier
User/terminal authentication for fraud control
Encryption of speech and data transmissions over the radio path
Full international roaming capability
Low speed data services (upto 9.6kb/s)
Compatibility with ISDN for supplementary services
Support of short message services(SMS)
GSM supports a range of basic and supplementary services, and these services are defined analogous to those for ISDN(i.e.,bearer services, teleservices, and supplementary services).
The most important service supported by GSM is Telephony.
Other services derived from telephony included in the GSM specification are emergency calling and voice messaging.
Bearer services supported in GSM include various asynchronous and synchronous data services for information transfer.
Teleservices based on these bearer services include group 3 fax and short message service(SMS)
The data capabilities of GSM have now been enhanced to include high speed circiut-switched data(HSCSD) and general packet radio service (GPRS).
Call offering services call forwarding
Call resrtiction services call barring
Call waiting service
Call hold service
Multi party service tele conferencing
Calling line presentation restriction services
Advice of charge service
Closed user group service
The GSM System comprises of Base Transceiver Station (BTS), Base Station Controllers (BSC), Mobile Switching Centers (MSC), and set of registers (databases) to assist in mobility management and security functions.
All signaling between the MSC and the various registers (databases) as well as between the MSCs takes place using the Signaling System 7(SS7) network, with the application level messages using the Mobile Application Protocol (MAP) designed specifically for GSM.
The MAP protocol utilizes the lower layer functions from the SS7 protocol stack.
This chapter provides an overview of basic wireless communication concepts such as frequency, bandwidth, channels, transmission rate and modulation methods. It describes Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) used in digital cellular systems and discusses advantages of digital transmission over analog. Transmission problems like path loss, shadowing, multipath fading and solutions like channel coding, interleaving, antenna diversity and adaptive equalization are also covered. The chapter then explains the GSM transmission process from analog to digital conversion to burst formatting and modulation.
ell Allocation (CA) is the subset of the total frequency band that is available for one BTS. It can be viewed as the total transport resource available for traffic between the BTS and its attached MSs. One Radio Frequency CHannel (RFCH) of the CA is used to carry synchronization information and the Broadcast Control CHannel (BCCH). This can be any of the carriers in the cell and it is known as the BCCH carrier or the c
carrier. Strong efficiency and quality requirements have resulted in a
0
rather complex way of utilizing the frequency resource. This chapter describes the basic principles of how to use this resource from the physical resource itself to the information transport service offered by the BTS.
Carrier separation is 200 kHz, which provides: • 124 pairs of carriers in the GSM 900 band • 374 pairs of carriers in the GSM 1800 band • 299 pairs of carriers in the GSM 1900 band
Using Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) each of these carriers is divided into eight Time Slots (TS). One TS on a TDMA frame is called a physical channel, i.e. on each duplex pair of carriers there are eight physical channels.
A variety of information is transmitted between the BTS and thMS. The information is grouped into different logical channelsEach logical channel is used for a specific purpose such as paging, call set-up and speech. For example, speech is sent on the logical channel Traffic CHannel (TCH). The logical channels are mapped onto the physical channels.
The information in this chapter does not include channels specific for GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). For basic information on GPRS see chapter 14 of this documentation.
Common core mechanics in Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS Outdoor and Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS Indoor
Common plug-in units
1940 x 770 x 750 mm (H x W x D)
Identical footprint to CityTalk BTS
Weight
Max weight (12 TRX) 340 kg
Heaviest single part 58 kg (core mechanics)
Heaviest plug-in unit 18 kg (RTC)
Acoustic noise (max): 68 dB(A)
Climatic conditions:
w/o heater -10°C ... +50°C
with optional heater -33°C ... +50°C
Ingress Protection Class: IP 55
Two level environmental protection:
BTS core and cabinet door provides EMC shielding
Outdoor kit provides additional weather proofing
The GENEX Assistant is excellent software tool for
Post-Processing 2G & 3G Drive Test Data.
With the GENEXAssistant, you can:
Have a panorama view of network performance
Locate network troubles
Improve network quality
Verify network planning and optimization
ANALYSIS OF LOGFILE
FOR POST PROCESSING OF LOGFILE IN
GENEX ASSISTANCE WE NEED TO
OPEN A NEW PROJECT
. Overview
2. Handover Causes & Priorities
3. Threshold Comparison Process
4. Target Cell Evaluation Process
5. Handover Algorithms
Power Budget (PBGT)
Level & Quality (RXLEV & RXQUAL)
Umbrella (& Combined Umbrella/PBGT)
MS Speed (FMMS & MS_SPEED_DETECTION)
6. Imperative Handovers
Distance
Rapid Field Drop (RFD) & Enhanced Rapid Field Drop (ERFD)
7. Handover Timers
Call continuity - to ensure a call can be maintained as a MS moves geographical location from the coverage area of one cell to another
Call quality - to ensure that if an MS moves into a poor quality/coverage area the call can be moved from the serving cell to a neighbouring cell (with better quality) without dropping the call
Traffic Reasons - to ensure that the traffic within the network is optimally
distributed between the different layers/bands of a network
If 2 or more handover (PC) criteria are satisfied simultaneously the following priority list
is used in determining which process is performed;
. Uplink and downlink Interference
2. Uplink quality
3. Downlink quality
4. Uplink level
5. Downlink level
6. Distance
7. Enhanced (RFD)
8. Rapid Field Drop (RFD)
9. Slow moving MS
10. Better cell i.e. Periodic check (Power Budget HO or Umbrella HO)
11. PC: Lower quality/level thresholds (UL/DL)
12. PC: Upper quality/level thresholds (UL/DL)
Introduction
Channel Configuration
Idle Mode Operation
Protocols
Radio resources
Measurements
Power Control
HO process
Intelligent Underlay Overlay
Handover Support for Coverage Enhanchements
The extended cell
Dynamic Hotspot
Dual band GSM/DCS Network Operation
Half Rate
HSCSD
Transmission management in BSS is a feature used in managing the Base Station Subsystem transmission system functions such as supervision, alarms, statistics
and settings. The network element mainly responsible for transmission management in BSS is the Base Station Controller (BSC).
Transmission management functionalities make it possible for the operators to manage the transmission equipment remotely from the BSC or from Nokia
NetAct integrated network management system, which simplifies network maintenance and operation. Supervision functions help minimise the time spent in maintenance, and statistics collection helps the operators analyse and optimise
the use of their transmission equipment. Moreover, new software can be downloaded in a way that does not interfere with the traffic.
Hardware and software requirements BSS transmission network elements
BSS transmission management functionalities Transmission parameters Transmission alarms
Transmission measurements
2.Hardware and software requirements
There are no specific hardware or software requirements for the transmission management functionalities. However, the type of the BTS poses certain
limitations.
The BTS type specific functionalities are listed in the table below.
More details about the functionalities can be found in BSS transmission management functionalities .
Polling list sending with priority is a functionality used in positioning. To ensure accurate positioning calculations, the LMU unit must supply Radio Interface Timing System (RIT) information to the network faster than the normal Q1 polling is able to do. Faster LMU polling is achieved by defining a Q1 polling
priority for each Q1 device, with the LMU having the highest priority. For more information see Location Services .
3.BSS transmission network elements
The base Station Subsystem (BSS) consists of at least one Base Station Controller (BSC) and its Base Transceiver Stations (BTS). The Transcoder Submultiplexer
(TCSM) is also part of the BSS although it is actually located in the MSC site. The three basic configurations (topologies) for transmission between the BSC and
the BTSs are: point-to-point connection
multidrop chain multidrop loop
In point-to-point configuration each BTS is connected directly to the BSC. In the multidrop chain, BTSs form a chain and the first BTS in the network is connected directly to the BSC. In the loop connection, the BTSs form a loop where the first and the last BTS in the loop are connected directly to the BSC via a crossconnecting node. The topology used depends on a number of factors such as the distance between the BSC and the BTS, the number of transceivers (TRXs) used at a particular BTS site and the signalling channel rate between the BSC and the\ BTS. Usually the topology used is a mixture of the three basic topologies. Formore information on the topologies, refer to Nokia BSS Transmission\Configuration .
This document discusses selecting the appropriate capacity for a Base Station Controller (BSC) in a mobile telecommunications network. It provides the following guidelines:
1. Allow a 20% margin for additional TRXs and space for future upgrading. Minimize handovers between BSCs.
2. Calculate required capacity based on offered traffic plus a 10% margin, not installed capacity.
3. Use Erlang B calculations to determine the number of channels needed to support the traffic load at a 0.1% blocking rate.
4. Divide the number of required channels by the number supported per Ater link or interface to determine the number of links needed between the BSC and core network.
– There are others : IS95 HDR, EDGE, etc.
» Direct Spread CDMA TDD
» Direct Spread CDMA FDD
» Multi-carrier CDMA FDD
Global 3G comprises of 3 modes :
– Marketed as Global 3G CDMA implying a single unified standard. In reality,
– Mostly dominated by Direct Sequence CDMA.
– Market is expected to be fragmented amongst several competing
IMT2000 guidelines defined by the ITU.
– Analog was 1G. GSM/IS95 were 2G. Next is 3G.
What is 3G ?
standards.
across the world.
Envisioned as a single Global standard allowing seamless roaming
Used interchangeably with IMT2000 although there are some specific
A loosely defined term referring to next generation wireless systems.
4
encompasses three optional modes of operation.”
Telecommunications Union (ITU) of a single CDMA third generation standard that
“Qualcomm and Ericsson ... jointly support approval by the International
Jun 1999 found compromise at the OHG.
“Qualcomm … is not prepared to grant licences according to the … ETSI IPR Policy.”
fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory basis in accordance with the ... ETSI IPR Policy.”
“Ericsson … is prepared to grant licences to these [W-CDMA & TD-CDMA] patents on
Dec 1998 saw a stand-off in standards.
WCDMA, WTDMA, OFDMA, Global CDMA 1 & 2.
Asia Pacific (ARIB & TTA):
WCDMA N/A, UWC-136, cdma2000, WIMS WCDMA, WP-CDMA.
North America(T1P1, TR45.3, TR45.5, TR46.1):
WCDMA, WTDMA,TDMA/CDMA, OFDMA, ODMA.
Europe (ETSI):
In
n
scrambling achieve?
scrambling achieve?
6
Secure link: a linear sequence of length 2
doesn’t
Benefits of wideband signals: multipath provides temporal diversity instead of ISI.
Spectral re-use factor of 1: all cells can use the same frequency spectrum.
does
What
What
Low cross-correlation (at any time offset).
High auto-correlation (at any time offset).
What are their important properties?
in to a low amplitude, wide bandwidth signal.
Converts a high amplitude, narrow bandwidth signal
How do they work?
Pseudo-random sequences: Gold codes, Kasami codes (M-sequences).
‘W’ of WCDMA.
W
This document provides an overview of MapInfo software and how to use its various functions. It discusses MapInfo basics like tables, workspaces and layers. It also covers how to register raster images, create vector maps, perform network analysis using drive test data, and output maps. The goal of the tutorial is to introduce common MapInfo operations and help users get familiar with the software for tasks like network planning and map maintenance.
Third generation mobile networks will provide significantly higher data rates and allow for convergence of various communication services. 3G networks will transition to an all-IP infrastructure and support multiple access technologies and standards to provide connectivity anywhere in the world. This will enable always-on high-speed access to multimedia applications and the internet from mobile devices.
Cdma2000 network problem analysis with mobile station 20030212-a-v1.0Tempus Telcosys
This document describes how to use a mobile station (MS) to locate network problems in CDMA2000 networks. It explains how to view debugging screens on different MSs to check indices like pilot strength, receive level, and transmit level, which can indicate issues with forward or reverse coverage. It also discusses using reverse frame error rate tests on the network side to evaluate connection quality and voice quality. The document provides guidance on interpreting these metrics and diagnosing potential problems based on the results, like interference issues affecting transmit levels or poor coverage in certain areas.
It is required that after the course study
you should:
Have a general concept about DT
Master Panorama DT operation
Master Panorama data analysis
Chapter 1 DT Introduction
Chapter 2 Panorama DT Introduction
Chapter 3 Panorama DT Data Analysis
Collect System Air interface data
Analyze Air interface data
Assist Export Analysis report
Qualcom CAIT
CDMA Air Interface Tester
WILL TECH DM2K/Pecker
Pecker Navigator, Pecker Analyzer
Panorama
Qualcom CAIT
CDMA Air Interface Tester
WILL TECH DM2K/Pecker
Pecker Navigator, Pecker Analyzer
Panorama
QCTest™ CDMA Air Interface Tester (CAIT™) 3.1 User’s GuideTempus Telcosys
QUALCOMM Proprietary
Export of this technology or software is regulated by the U.S. Government. Diversion contrary to Ulaw prohibited.
All data and information contained in or disclosed by this document are confidential and proprietinformation of QUALCOMM Incorporated, and all rights therein are expressly reserved. By acceptthis material, the recipient agrees that this material and the information contained therein are heldconfidence and in trust and will not be used, copied, reproduced in whole or in part, nor its contentsrevealed in any manner to others without the express written permission of QUALCOMM Incorporated.
Mobile communications is one of the communications fields that develop rapidly and energetically. The antenna builds the bridge between user terminals and base control devices. It is widely used in the mobile communications and the wireless access communication system. The rapid development of the antenna greatly promotes its technology innovation.
It is important to deeply grasp the knowledge of the antenna, which is useful to:
Install and maintain products.
Promote the network planning.
Chapter 1 Working Principle
Chapter 2 Classification
Chapter 3 Electrical Index
Chapter 4 Mechanical Index
When the conducting cable carries the alternating current, the electromagnetic wave radiation can be formed.
If two conducting cables are close, the directions of their current are opposite, and the electromotive force is counteracted. Thus the radiation becomes week.
If two conducting cables are open, the directions of their current are the same. Thus the radiation becomes strong.
When the length of the conducting cable is like the wavelength, the current on the cable will be enhanced. Thus the radiation becomes strong.
The straight conducting cable which can generate the strong radiation is called the dipole.
The pole whose two arms are of the same length (1/4 Wavelength) is called as dipole or half-wave-length dipole.
C cf radio propagation theory and propagation modelsTempus Telcosys
The radio propagation theory is an important lesson in the radio communication curriculum. This lesson answers the following questions:
How are radio waves transmitted from one antenna to the other antenna?
What features does the radio wave have during the propagation? Which factors affect the propagation distance?
What fruits are achieved by predecessors in the radio wave propagation theory? How to apply the theory to practice?
Chapter 1 Radio Propagation Theory
Chapter 2 Radio Propagation Environment
Chapter 3 Radio Propagation Models
What is Handoff in mobile network?
What is the Search Window?
How to optimize handoff parameters?
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Know handoff principle and classification.
Know search window and key parameters.
Master handoff tuning in network.
Chapter 1 Basic Concept
Chapter 2 Handoff in CDMA
Chapter 3 Optimization Command
Chapter 4 Summary
Soft handoff
It is a process of establishing a link with a target sector before breaking the link with the serving sector.
Softer handoff
Similar to the soft handoff, but the softer handoff is occurred among multi-sectors in the same base station.
Hard handoff
Hard handoff occurs when the two sectors are not synchronized or are not on the same frequency. Interruption in voice or data communication occurs but this interruption does not effect the user communication.
CDMA soft handoff is driven by the handset
Handset continuously checks available pilots
Handset tells system pilots it currently sees
System assigns sectors (up to 6 max.), tells handset
Handset assigns its fingers accordingly
All messages sent by dim-and-burst, no muting!
Each end of the link chooses what works best, on a frame-by-frame basis!
Users are totally unaware of handoff
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
5. Full rate => Used for speech at 13 Kbits/s
or sending data at 9.6 Kbits/s
Half rate => Used for speech at 6.5 Kbits/s
or sending data at 4.8 Kbits/s
Enhanced Full rate => Used for speech at 13 Kbits/s
or sending data at 9.6 Kbits/s but
with almost Land line quality
TCH = TRAFFIC CHANNEL
6. FCCH = FREQUENCY CORRECTION CHANNEL
=> To tell the Mobile that this is the BCCH carrier
=> To able the Mobile to synchronize to the frequency
(Downlink only)
SCH = SYNCHRONISATION CHANNEL
=> Used for sending BSIC (Base station Identity Code)
=> Give TDMA frame number to the Mobile.
(Downlink only)
BCCH = BROADCAST CONTROL CHANNEL
=> Used for sending information to the mobile like
CGI (Cell Global identity), LAI (Location Area Identity),
BCCH carriers of the neighboring cells,
maximum output power allowed in the cell and other
broadcast messages like barred cell. (Downlink only)
BROADCAST CHANNELS
7. PCH = PAGING CHANNEL
=> Used for paging the Mobile. (Downlink only)
Reason could be an incoming call or an incoming Short Message.
RACH = RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL
=> Used for responding to the paging (terminating), Location updating
or to make call access (originating) by asking for a signaling channel.
(Uplink only)
AGCH = ACCESS GRANT CHANNEL
=> Used to allocate SDCCH to the mobile.
(Downlink only)
COMMON CONTROL CHANNELS
8. SDCCH = STAND ALONE DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNEL
=> Used for allocating voice channel (TCH) to the mobile (call setup) and
Location updating.
=> Send Short Text message to Idle Mobile
(Uplink & Downlink)
SACCH = SLOW ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL
=> Used for sending information to the mobile like
CGI (Cell Global identity), LAI (Location Area Identity),
BCCH of all the neighbors and TA (Timing Advance)
=> Send Short Text message to Busy Mobile
(Downlink
=> Used for sending signal strength & bit error rate measurement of the
serving cell and signal strength of the BCCHs of the neighboring cells.
(Uplink)
FACCH = FAST ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL
=> Used for handover. (Uplink & Downlink)
DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNELS
9. => SMS messages are short TEXT messages up to 160 characters in length that you
can send or receive. The messages are not sent straight to the other mobile but is
sent to message centre operated by the Network provider.
=> If the mobile was switched off or is at outside of the coverage area,
the message is stored in the Message Service Center. The message
will be offered to the subscriber when the mobile is switched on again
or has reentered the coverage area again.
=> If the mobile is in the Idle mode the short message will be send through
the SDCCH. If the mobile is Busy the short message will send through
the SACCH.
CBCH = CELL BROADCAST CHANNEL
=> Used for sending short messages to all the mobiles within a geographic area.
Typical example is Traffic congestion in a major road or a major accident
in an area. Up to 93 characters can be sent.
=> If the mobile is in the Idle mode then the short message will be send through
the CBCH. If the mobile is Busy, it will not be sent.
NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH SMS !!!!!!!!
(SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE)
11. F D T T T T T T
S D T T T T T T
B D T T T T T T
B D T T T T T T
B D T T T T T T
B D T T T T T T
C D T T T T T T
C D T T T T T T
C D T T T T T T
C D T T T T T T
F D T T T T T T
S D T T T T T T
C D A T A T A T
C D T T T T T T
C D T T T T T T
C D T T T T T T
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7
4.615 ms
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1 Frame
(Downlink - BTS transmit)
1 carrier = 200 kHz
F = FCCH
S = SCH
B = BCCH
C = PCH or
AGCH
D = SDCCH
A = SACCH
T = TCH
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
R D A I A I A I
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
R D T T T T T T
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7
4.615 ms
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1 Frame
(Uplink - Mobile transmit)
1 carrier = 200 kHz
R = RACH
A = SACCH
T = TCH
12. 3 TIMESLOT
3 * 0.577ms = 1.73ms
Downlink
Uplink
TCH UP-DOWNLINK OFFSET
3 TIMESLOT
3 * 0.577ms = 1.73ms
3 TIMESLOT
3 * 0.577ms = 1.73ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 75 6 7
….
…..
…...
…..
This means that the mobile does not transmit and receive at the same time.
Also note that :
in TS 0 : All the Logical Channels will repeat itself after 51 frames
in TS 1 : All the Logical Channels will repeat itself after 102 frames
in TS 2 to 7 : All the Logical Channels will repeat itself after 26 frames
13. MOBILE STATIONS ISDN NUMBER (MSISDN)
=> Is the mobile number used in a GSM PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
MSISDN = Country Code + National Destination Code + Subscriber number
e.x. 63 + 0918 + 8889999
Maximum length is 15 digits.
INTERNATIONAL MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (IMSI)
=> Is the subscriber number used over radio path for all signaling in the GSM PLMN.
This number is stored in SIM (Subscriber Identity Module), HLR (Home Location Register,
and VLR (Visitor Location Register).
IMSI = MCC + MNC + MSIN
= Mobile Country Code + Mobile Network Code + Mobile Identification Number
[ 3 digit ] [ 2 digit ] [ 11 digit ]
e.x. 502 + 19 + 2345451
TEMPORARY MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (TMSI)
=> Is used for the subscriber's confidentiality. Since the TMSI has only local significance
(within MSC/VLR) the structure of the TMSI can be chosen by the Vendor.
But the size must be 1/2 of the size of IMSI. Each time a mobile request for location
updating or call setup, MSC/VLR allocates to the IMSI a new TMSI, so the TMSI
is used on the signaling path, protecting the IMSI identity. Plus since the TMSI is half
the size of IMSI, we can page twice the amount compared to IMSI.
14. LOCATION AREA IDENTITY (LAI)
=> Is used to uniquely identify each location area in the GSM PLMN. When the system
receives an incoming call it knows in which location area it should page the mobile
and does not page the entire network.
LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC
Mobile Country Code + Mobile Network Code + Location Area Code
[ 3 digit ] [ 2 digit ] [ 1 to 65 536 ]
e.x. = 502 + 20 + 60001
CELL GLOBAL IDENTITY (CGI)
=> Is used for cell identification within the GSM network.
LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC + CI
Mobile Country Code + Mobile Network Code + Location Area Code + Cell Identity
[ 3 digit ] [ 2 digit ] [ 1 to 65 536 ] [ 1 to 65 536 ]
e.x. = 502 + 20 + 60001 + 50001
BASE STATION IDENTITY CODE (BSIC)
=> Is used to distinguish co channel Frequency used in the neighboring cell.
BSIC = NCC + BCC
Network Color Code + Base Station Color Code
[ 1 to 7 ] [ 1 to 7 ]
15. SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY MODULE (SIM)
SIM is used to provide storage on subscriber related information as following :
• IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity).
• Temporary network data like TMSI, LAI, Location update status.
• Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki) and Ciphering Key (Kc) which are used for security purposes.
• BCCH information : List of carrier frequencies to be used for cell selection.
• Forbidden PLMN.
• Language preference.
• PIN number (Personal Identification Number) and PIN error counter.
• PUK number (Personal Unlock Key) and PUK error counter.
PIN management
The PIN number consist of 4 to 8 digit and it is loaded by the service activator an subscription time. Afterwards
the PIN number can be changed as many times an user wishes including the length of the PIN number.
The user can disable the PIN function but again can be inhibited at subscription time by a authorized
person. If an incorrect PIN is entered, an indication is given to the user. After 3 consecutive entries
the SIM is blocked, even if if the SIM is removed or the mobile is switch off and on.
If the SIM card is blocked the user cannot access the network. The unblocking of the SIM card can only be
done by keying in the PUK (Personal Unlock Key). PUK is 8 digit and is given to the user at subscription
time. If an incorrect PUK is entered more than 10 times then the PUK will not work anymore and the
SIM card will continue to be blocked until taken to the mobile vendor service center.
Two physical types of SIM are specified :
ID - 1 SIM - Looks like a Credit card
Plug in SIM - Look like a small chip is installed semi permanent in the mobile equipment.
16. • PLMN SELECTION
• CELL SELECTION
• CELL RESELECTION
• LOCATION UPDATING
AN IDLE MOBILE DOES 4 TASKS:
When the mobile is in idle mode it must always
be camped to a BCCH carrier. Why ???
There are 3 reasons:
1) For the PLMN to know in which location area the mobile is so that it can
page the mobile when an incoming call or Short Text Message is received.
2) The Mobile can initiate a call by accessing the network on Random Access
Channel (RACH) of the cell which it camped on.
3) To receive system information from the PLMN like Traffic congestion and
major Accidents.
17. When the mobile is switched on it will select the registered PLMN in the mobile if there exist one. If
there is no registered PLMN or the registered PLMN is not available (no coverage) then the mobile
will try to select another PLMN either automatically or manually depending on it mode.
AUTOMATIC MODE
The automatic mode uses a list of PLMNS in an order of priority. The priority will be :
1)The last network on which you were registered.
2) Home PLMN.
3) Each PLMN stored in the SIM card in priority order.
4) Other PLMN with signal level above -85 dBm in random order.
5) All other PLMN in decreasing signal strength.
MANUAL MODE
In the manual mode the mobile will try to connect to the Home PLMN first. If it is unsuccessful then it
will provide a list of available PLMN and ask the user to choose one. If the second chosen PLMN is not
successful then the mobile will make an indication to the user to select another PLMN. Until the users
selects another network a message “No access” will be displayed. If there is no GSM or DCS coverage at
all then a message “No Network” will be displayed.
PLMN SELECTION
18. Once the mobile is switched on and the registered home PLMN was selected (e.x. SMART), it will next
search for a BCCH frequency list, stored in its memory or in its SIM card. The list can have up to
32 BCCH frequencies for the mobile to scan. This reduces the time of cell selection, compared to
scanning the whole frequency band. If this feature is turned off at the switch then the mobile has to scan
the entire frequency band for the strongest BCCH carrier.
The BCCH frequency list is called BA (BCCH Allocation) list and there are 2 types, Active and Idle.
Idle is a list of BCCH used for scanning when the mobile is in an idle mode and Active is a list of BCCH
used during mobile busy mode. Why 2 List ???
When the mobile is in idle mode it may want to scan a longer list of BCCH and tune to the strongest
whereas when in Active mode the list of BCCH should be shorter (correspond to defined neighbors) so
that the mobile will scan the short list and get a more accurate signal strength measurements to achieve
better handover performance. It is also to reduce the time spend by the mobile to decode the BSIC.
Recommendation : ACTIVE MODE LIST SHOULD NOT BE MORE THAN 15 BCCH
FREQUENCIES.
If there is no BA list stored in the Mobile or SIM card then the mobile will scan all the 124 GSM
channels and 374 DCS channel and arrange the frequencies in a DESCENDING order of signal
strength. It will take the mobile 3 to 5 seconds to scan the whole band. After which it will tune to the
strongest frequency. The mobile will check if this is a BCCH carrier by looking out for the frequency
correction burst send by the FCCH (Frequency Correction Channel). If it is the BCCH carrier than
mobile tunes to this carrier to read the SCH (Synchronization Channel) for the BSIC parameter.
Next it will read the BCCH for system information like CGI (Cell Global identity), LAI (Location
Area Identity), BCCH carriers of the neighboring cells (BA List), maximum output power
allowed in the cell and other broadcast messages like barred cell.
[Continues …]
CELL SELECTION
19. Next the mobile will compare if the selected cell belongs to a forbidden PLMN stored in its SIM card. It
will look at the 2 digit Network Mobile Code transmitted by the BCCH on the LAI (Location Area
Identity). If those 2 digits ware registered as forbidden in the SIM card then the mobile will not select
this cell. The mobile then will tune to the second strongest BCCH carrier and subsequently does the
same process over and over again until it finds the right cell. Once it finds the right cell it will start using
the BA (BCCH allocation) list transmitted by the BCCH carrier for cell reselection, will be discussed
later.
Lets say the chosen PLMN is correct, able to read the FCH, SCH and BCCH and the chosen Cell is
accessible (no cell barring), DOES THIS MEAN THAT THE MOBILE NOW CAN CAMP ON
THIS SITE ??? NO !!!!!!!!!!!
THERE IS ONE LAST CRITERIA CALLED C1 CELL SELECTION
CRITERION WHICH MUST BE CALCULATED BY THE MOBILE AND
IF THE C1 VALUE IS GREATER THAN 0 THEN THE MOBILE
CAN CAMP ON THIS CELL OR ELSE THE NEXT CELL WITH C1 > 0
WILL BE SELECTED
CELL SELECTION
20. C1 = A - Max (B,0)
and C1 > 0 for the mobile to camp on this BTS
where:
A = RxLev - RxLevAccMin
B = MsTxPwrMaxCCH - P
C1-CELL SELECTION CRITERION
RxLev = Signal strength received by the mobile
RxLevAccMin = Minimum Signal level to be received by the mobile
from BTS (BCCH) before it could access the BTS
MsTxPwrMaxCCH = Maximum Transmit Power allowed to access the
BTS (using RACH)
P = Mobile Class power
C1 = (RxLev - RxLevAccMin) - Max(MsTxPwrMaxCCH - P, 0)
Ex : C1 = ( -80 - (-100) ) - Max (33 - 33, 0)
= -80 + 100 - Max (0, 0)
= 20
=> C1 > 0 so mobile will camp on this site
ShortCut : If RxLevel > RxLevAccMin then Mobile can camp
on this site
21. Minimum Signal level that must be received by the mobile
from BTS (BCCH) before it could access the BTSRxLevAccessMin (Nokia)
ACCMIN (Ericsson)
SSACC (TACS) (Uplink)
= -102 (GSM900) = -100 (DCS1800)
General rule : The signal received by the mobile should be
2 dB higher than the mobile sensitivity
22. What is the accurate way of setting the RxLevAccessMin parameter ?
RxLevAccessMin = Mobile Sensitivity + Body loss + Multipath loss + Interference Margin
Mobile Sensitivity = -104 for GSM900 and -102 for DCS1800
Body loss = 3 dB recommended by ETSI and 5 dB recommended by Ericsson for GSM 900
= 3 dB recommended by ETSI and 3 dB recommended by Ericsson for DCS 1800
Multipath loss = Signal loss from base station due to reflection by buildings, etc before reaching mobile.
Normally the Multipath loss is around 3 dB but can be overcome by Antenna Diversity which has gain
around 3 dB too. (Space diversity = 3 dB, 90 degrees polarized diversity = 3 dB,
45 degrees slant polarized diversity = 4.5 dB)
Interference Margin = Margin allocated to overcome C/I and C/N, the recommended value is 2 dB
RxLevAccessMin = Mobile Sensitivity + Body loss + Multipath loss + Interference Margin
RxLevAccessMin = -104 + 3 + 0 + 2 (for GSM 900 with ETSI standard)
= - 99 dBm
RxLevAccessMin = -104 + 5 + 0 + 2 (for GSM 900 with Ericsson standard)
= - 97 dBm
RxLevAccessMin = -104 + 3 + 0 + 2 (for DCS 1800)
= - 99 dBm
24. Maximum Transmit Power allowed to access the
BTS (using RACH) - Mobile is Idle
MsTxPwrMaxCCH(Nokia)
CCHPWR (Ericsson)
PLC (TACS)
= 30 dBm (DCS1800) = 0 (28 dBm) (TACS)= 33 dBm (GSM900)
Maximum Transmit Power allowed to use in a BTS
during busy status (Using TCH) - Mobile is BusyMsTxPwrMax(Nokia)
MsTxPwr (Ericsson)
PLVM (TACS)
= 30 dBm (DCS1800) = 0 (28 dBm) (TACS)= 33 dBm (GSM900)
Minimum Transmit Power allowed to use in a BTS
during busy status (Using TCH) - Mobile is Busy
MsTxPwrMin(Nokia)
= 13 dBm (DCS1800)= 13 dBm (GSM900)
25. Switch on the Mobile
For 2 to 3 seconds the Mobile will scan all the 124
channels in GSM900 and 374 channels in DCS1800
The mobile will synchronize to this carrier
and read the BCCH info like LAI, CGI
Tune to the second
strongest channel
Mobile will compare the signal strength
of the 124 channels and tune to the strongest
Mobile will check if it is a BCCH carrier ?
Does the BCCH belong to the wanted PLMN,
E.x: Smart, Globe, Islacom ?
Is the Cell Barred from accessing ?
Is C1 >0 ?
Camp on this site !!!
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
26. CELL RESELECTION
After the cell has been successfully selected, the mobile now will start reselection tasks. It will continuously
make measurements on its neighboring cells (as indicated by the BA list) to initiate cell reselection if
necessary. At least 5 measurement sample per neighboring cell is needed. A running average of the
received signal level will be maintained for each carrier in the BA list.
All system information messages sent on the current BCCH on the serving cell must be read by the mobile
every 30 seconds to monitor changes in cell parameters (ex: MsTxPwrMax). The mobile also has to read the
6 strongest BCCH every 5 minutes to receive its cell parameters (ex: MsTxPwrMax). The 6 strongest can be
seen from the BA list which has the updated measurement of the 32 BCCH carrier. The neighboring list for
the best 6 neighbors is updated every 60 seconds, which means the mobile has to measure each neighbor by
10 seconds. The mobile also has to read the BSIC of the 6 strongest BCCH every 30 seconds to confirm that
it is still monitoring the same cells. If a new BSIC is detected, then the BCCH of this BSIC will be read to
receive the cell parameters.
-
Every 30 secs Every 5 minute
Every 30 secs
BSIC BCCH
Serving cell
Six neighbors
[Continues …]
1) Perform Cell reselection measurement first
27. The mobile will reselect and camp on another cell if any of the following criteria is satisfied :
a) The serving cell is barred.
b) C1 value in the current cell is below 0 for 5 seconds which indicates that the path loss is high and the
mobile needs to change cell.
c) The Mobile has unsuccessfully tried to access the network as defined by the MAXRET (Ericsson) parameter
or MaxNumberRetransmissions (Nokia).
MAXRET is the maximum number of retransmission a mobile can do when it is accessing the system
It is defined per cell.
CELL RESELECTION
2) Cell reselection Criteria :
Assuming that one of the criteria above was satisfied then the mobile
will select a cell with a better C1.
However if the cell belongs to a different location area then the C1 for
that cell has to exceed a reselection hysterisis parameter called CRH
(Ericsson) or CellReselectHyseteris (Nokia) for the reselection to happen !!
[Continues …]
28. If the mobile is moving in a border area between location areas, it might repeatedly change between
location areas. Each change requires location updating and cause heavy signaling load and risk
paging message being lost. To prevent this, a cell reselect hysteresis parameter CRH is used.
The cell in a different location area will only be selected if the C1 of that cell is higher than the C1 of
the current serving cell by the value of the Reselect Hysteresis.
Since the Value of CRH maybe different for each cell, the CRH used for comparison will be the one
broadcast by the serving cell. If the value is set very low then the mobile will Ping-Pong between
location areas which will increase signaling load. If the value is set very high the mobile may camp in
the wrong cell too long.
Recommendations : Set the value to 6
C1 = 1
CRH = 4
C1 = 6
Serving cell Target cell
LA 1 LA 2
CELL RESELECTION
29. MOBILE IDLE
When the mobile is idle, it listens to the best cell to camp. Mobile decides to choose the cell by itself
without the help of BSC. This is done by comparing signal strength of each BCCH frequency and if
found the strongest then it will camp once the C1 > 0 (Cell Selection Criterion). If after camping to this
cell, it finds that a neighboring cell is much better then it will change to that neighboring cell. If the new
cell is in same location area the mobile does not have to inform the BSC about its new cell but if the new
cell is from a different different location area then the mobile will perform a location updating to inform
the BSC.
BASIC COMPARISON
MOBILE BUSY
A mobile is considered busy when there is a call going on (speech, data or fax) or it is in the middle of
a call setup. At this stage the mobile cannot decide by itself whether it is necessary for the mobile to
handover to a better cell. Only BSC can determine if a mobile has to change to another cell other than the
serving cell. BSC makes the decision based on measurement reports sent by both Mobile and BTS.
This decision making is called locating. In a busy state, mobiles can receive Short Text Message (SMS)
but cannot receive Cell Broadcast Messages.