This document provides an overview of network drive testing on 2G/3G networks. It discusses the reasons for performing drive tests, including network performance monitoring, maintenance, benchmarking, and addressing customer complaints. It then outlines the modules to be covered in the training, including an overview of 3G systems, drive test concepts, performing outdoor drive tests, and drive test reporting and analysis. Key topics that will be covered include 3G/UMTS architectures, channelization, handover processes, and the parameters measured during 2G and 3G drive tests.

1. Nemo Drive Test on 2G/3G
Networks
Toha Ardi Nugraha
Trainer at Expert Coaching Clinic

2. Network Optimization Process

3. Reason of Drive Test?
1. Network Performance Monitoring
2. Maintenance
3. Benchmarking
4. Customer Complains

4. • Module 1 : Overview 3G System (1 hour)
• Module 2 : Drive Test Concept (1,5 hour)
• Module 3 : Drive Test on Field (2,5 hour)
• Module 4 : Reporting (2 hour)
• Module 5 : Analysis (2 hour)

5. Module 1
OVERVIEW 3G SYSTEM

6. Data Transmission

7. GSM & UMTS Evolution

8. 3G/UMTS Architectures (Migration)

9. Specification of GSM
• Frequency band :
Uplink 890 – 915 Mhz
Downlink 935 – 960 Mhz
• Duplex spacing : 45 Mhz
• Carrier spacing : 200 khz
• Modulation : GMSK
• Access method : FDMA / TDMA

10. GSM network Architecture (cont’d)
• 3 Subsystem in GSM network
- BSS (Base Station Subsystem)
- NSS (Network and Switching Subsystem)
- OSS/OMC (Operating and Support system or
Operating and Maintenance Centre)

11. GSM network Architecture (cont’d)
BSS (Base Station SubSystem)
• BTS (Base Transceiver Station)
- Radio equipment
- To transmit and Receive signal to MS
- Defined a Cell coverage
depend on the power transmit
• BSC (Base Station Controller)
- RRM for several BTS
- Handover management
• TRAU
- Rate adaption

12. GSM network Architecture (cont’d)
NSS (Network and Switching Sub System)
• MSC (Mobile Switching Centre)
• HLR (Home Location Register)
• VLR (Visitor Location Register)
• AuC (Authentication Center)

13. GSM network Architecture (cont’d)
Operation and Support System
• Control and Monitor the Network
- NMC (Network Management Centre)
- Some OMC are controlled by NMC
- OMC (Operation and Maintenance Centre)

14. GSM Frequency Bands
Frequency Band
GSM type
Uplink (UL) Downlink (DL)
GSM 900 890-915 Mhz 935-960 Mhz
GSM 1800 (DCS 1800) 1710-1785 Mhz 1805-1880 Mhz
GSM 1900 (PCS 1900) 1850-1910 Mhz 1930-1990 Mhz

15. GSM Channelization
• Physical Channel
– 200 Khz (Frequency Carrier) consist of 8 TS
• Logical Channel
– Control Channel
– Traffic Channel
Control Traffic
Channel Channel

16. GSM channelization (Cont’d)
Logical
channel
Chontrol Traffic
Channel Channel
Common Dedicated
Broadcast
Control Control Full Rate Half rate
channel
Channel Channel

17. 3G/UMTS Concept
• WCDMA Concept
• UMTS Architecture
• Channelization
• Handover

18. WCDMA - Wideband CDMA
• Radio access technology for one of the UMTS access
modes (UTRA FDD) using 5 MHz duplex channels.
– Frame length is of 10 msec, Chip rate is 3.84 Mcps
– All users share the same frequency and time domain
– Users separated by the codes

19. UMTS Radio Frequency Ranges
• FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)
• TDD (Time Division Duplex)

20. Channelization in UMTS
• Logical Channel between RLC
and MAC
– Specific for information types
– What type of data to be
transferred
• Transport channel between MAC
and PHY
– Specific for “how to transfer
information?” (quality guarantee)
– How and with which type of
characteristic the data is
transferred by the Physical
Layer
• Physical Channel
– Exact Physical characteristics of the
radio channel

21. WCDMA Channel (Cont.'s)
• Spreading means increasing the signal bandwidth
• Spreading includes two operations
– Channelization (increases signal bandwidth)
• Orthogonal Spreading
– Scrambling
(does not affect the signal bandwidth)
• Use pseudo-noise codes

22. Handover Concept
BSC
Handover Req Handover
Acknowledge Request
Handover Req
Handover Req Acknowledge
Acknowledge
Handover
Handover
command
Complete
Handover
Request
Posisi 2
Site B Posisi 1 Site A
Posisi 3

23. Handover: Types (2G)
• Intracell handover
– MS moves from one sector to another sector within
same cell
• IntraBSC handover
– MS moves from cell to another cell within same BSC
• IntraMSC handover
– MS moves from cell to another cell from different BSC
within same MSC
• InterMSC handover
– MS moves from cell to another cell from different BSC
and different MSC

24. Handover: Types (3G)
• Intra-System handovers
– Intra-frequency handovers
• Soft, Softer
– Inter-frequency handovers
• Hard
• Inter-System handovers
– Handover between
WCDMA <> GSM (Hard)
– Handover between
WCDMA/FDD <> TDD
(Hard)

25. Pilots Set
The handset considers pilots in sets
– Active : pilot of sector actually in use
– Candidate : pilots mobile requested,
but not yet set up & transmitting by
system
– Neighbors: pilots told t mobile by
system, as nearby sectors to check
– Remaining: any pilots used by system
but not already in the other sets

26. Soft Handover Algorithm
T T T
Measurement
Quantity CPICH 1
As_Th + As_Th_Hyst
AS_Th – AS_Th_Hyst
As_Rep_Hyst
CPICH 2
CPICH 3
Time
Event 1A Event 1C  Event 1B 
Cell 1 Connected  Add Cell 2 Replace Cell 1 with Cell 3 Remove Cell 3

27. Module 2
DRIVE TEST CONCEPT

28. Network Environment
• UMTS Drive Test is testing and measuring performance of
3G/UMTS network.
• Tools :
1. Software Nemo Outdoor
2. PC laptop
3. GPS
4. Scanner

29. Reason of Drive Test?
• Network Performance Monitoring
• Maintenance
• Benchmarking
• Customer Complains

30. Continuous Drive Test
• Drive Test (outdoor)
– GPS
• Walk Test (indoor)
– Pin point/way point

31. Analyze Data Collection
• Analyze data that was collected before
(from Log files)
• To know some problems in current area

32. Reporting
• To Answer Analyze Data Collection (Objective
Answer)
• Optimization Consideration
• Recommendation

33. Parameters DT GSM
1. Rx Level
2. Rx Qual
3. SQI
4. Cell Id, BSIC
5. TA (Timing Advance)
6. ARFCN, etc

34. Parameters DT UMTS
• UARFCN (UMTS Absolute Radio Frequency Channel
Number)
• RSCP (Receive Signal Code Power)
• RSSI (Receive Signal Strength Indicator)
• SC (Scrambling Code)
• Ec/No
• UE TxPower (dBm)
• Throughput
• BER, etc

35. Open Device Manager
• Step 1:
Start >“Settings”> “Control
Panel” > “System”
Or “My Computer” >
“Manage” > “Device Manager”
• Step 2: Choose “Hardware”
Tab in System Properties >
Click “Device Manager”.

36. Open Device Manager
• Step 3 :
• Look port to
conect hardware
(Modem)
• Scanner/GPS &
Check COM
Ports

37. Connect UE & Check COM Ports
• Double click the “3G
Modem” to check Trace
port number > Check
under “Modem” Tab.
• For UE Modem:
– In device manager
view:

38. Start Nemo Outdoor 5.07 and Load
Workspace
• Make sure the Nemo dongle is connected to the laptop.
• Launch Nemo Outdoor 5.07.
• Load the desired workspace.
• Workspace should contains adequate information for the
user to monitor.
• Different workspace should be created for different setup
configuration.
• Nemo workspace are stored proper folder for easy
access, eg.
C:Nemo ToolsNemo OutdoorWorkspaces

39. Running Program
Start >Program Files > Nemo Tools > Nemo Outdoor 5
• Workspace
• Details
• Device Configuration
• Load a measurement

40. User Interface Nemo Outdoor 5
Device graph
Worksheet

41. Load Workspace
• Step 3: Browse to Nemo Workspace Folder -> Select “workspace” >
Click “Open”.

42. Create Workspace
• Parameter

43. Add Devices
• Step 1: Go to “Measurement” workspace > “Add New Device”.
• Step 2: Click the “Configuration” part
> “Trace port” and “Modem port”

44. Nemo Interface
• Map Interface
– Open map (.tab)
• Nemo logfiles and other files are stored proper folder for easy
access, eg.
C:Nemo ToolsResults (.nmf)

45. Module 3
DRIVE TEST ON FIELD (OUTDOOR)

46. Module 4
REPORTING

47. Map Info
• Exporting from Nemo Outdoor
– Select Parameters
• Reporting KPI with Map Info
• Layer Control
– Symbol
• Create Thematic Map
• Define Network Performance
• Open Table

48. Export to Map Info

49. Select Parameters

50. Report KPI With Mapinfo
• KPI (Key Performance Indicator) : key
to detemaint Network performance.
like as , RSCP, Ec/No, etc
• Mapinfo is Software for loading and
mapping geogharphic analysis
• File > open file (chose file
extention .tab)
• Ex : bandung.tap
• Used Layer control

51. Open Log files
• Example file (.tab)

52. Layer Control
• Command:
– View
– Edit

53. Create Symbol

54. Create Thematic Map

55. Create Thematic Map (Cont.'s)

56. Create Thematic Map (Cont.'s)

57. Reporting with Map Info

58. Open Table

59. Module 4
ANALYSIS (TUNING THE NETWORK)

60. UMTS Optimization
• 3 Mayor Steps in Optimizing Network
• UMTS performance indicator
• Problem Signature
• Tuning network
– Specific Neighbor list
– Managing excessive soft handoff

61. 3 Mayor Steps in Optimizing Network
• RF optimization is the process of measuring,
• analyzing, and tuning and existing network to meet
network performance criteria
• It usually occurs after the network planning is completed
• It can be performed frequently to respond:
– Changes or growth in the network
– Customer complaints such as coverage,
dropped call etc.
– The need to improve capacity.

62. UMTS Performance Indicator
KPI Target :
– RSCP (good > -85 dBm)
– Ec/No ( > -8 dB)
– BER (98%)
– Analyze Pilot Pollution Area
– Drop Call Rate (DCR)
– HSR (Handover Success Rate)
– Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR)

63. Problem Signature
• Missing Neighbor or No Neighbors defined for
Site. (Database)
• Poor Coverage Area.
• Pilot Pollution Area

64. Poor Coverage Area
• Test mobile measurements
• Antenna configuration check
• Verification of RF network design
• Propagation model verification
• Link budget analysis

65. Improving coverage
– Cell spliting, Sectorisation
• Difficult , Expensive
• Primarily used for capacity enhancement
– Overlaid cell structure
• Micro- and picocells
• Cellular repeaters
RNC
Node B Node B
Node B
Node B

66. Pilot Pollution
• Active set UE > 3 and in range 5 dB or approximately 3
dB from the biggest active set.
• Reduce system performance,

67. Antenna Fine Tuning
• Horizontal plane
– Possible coverage weakness between sector
– Interference reduction
– Traffic load distribution
• Vertical Plane
– Interference reduction
– Possible coverage weakness in the short to medium
distance range
– Traffic load distribution

68. Tuning the Network
Solution (Antenna Adjustments)
Include :
– Down tilting
– Antenna Height
– Azimuth
– Type of antenna
Reason of Down tilting:
1 Reduce interference
2 Optimizing cell

69. Antenna Configuration
• General points to check
– antenna type, e.g.
• omni
• directional 60, 90 or 120 degrees
• electrical downtilt
– antenna azimuth angle (for directional antenna)
• coverage targets
– antenna tilt angle
• electrical + mechanical
– diversity & isolation
• e.g. space diversity,
• polarisation diversity

70. Type Antenna Down tilt
Mechanical down tilt
– Physic, Sectoral
Electrical down tilt
– Easy
0° 0°
Electrical Mechanical

71. Typical antenna beam pattern

72. Omni vs. Sectorised
• OMNI cells - more difficult to optimize
– Electrical down tilt possible, however
• same for entire cell
– Parameters same for entire cell
• Directional antenna
– narrower beam easier to control interference
– tilting less efficient with wider beams
Sectorised cell site with different
downtilt angles

73. Reference
• Short Course “In Building DCS 1800 Coverage”, Mobile
Communication Laboratory, 2009
• Short Course “Drive Test UMTS”, Mobile Communication
Laboratory, 2008
• Short Course “Drive Test CDMA 2001x and Optimization”, Mobile
Communication Laboratory, 2008
• Short Course “CDMA Drive Test and Optimization”, Antenna
Laboratory, 2007
• Nemo_Outdoor_manual

74. Thanks