BSS Dimensioning
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This document discusses selecting the appropriate capacity for a Base Station Controller (BSC) in a mobile telecommunications network. It provides the following guidelines: 1. Allow a 20% margin for additional TRXs and space for future upgrading. Minimize handovers between BSCs. 2. Calculate required capacity based on offered traffic plus a 10% margin, not installed capacity. 3. Use Erlang B calculations to determine the number of channels needed to support the traffic load at a 0.1% blocking rate. 4. Divide the number of required channels by the number supported per Ater link or interface to determine the number of links needed between the BSC and core network.
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Channelconfih s9
Introduction
Channel Configuration
Idle Mode Operation
Protocols
Radio resources
Measurements
Power Control
HO process
Intelligent Underlay Overlay
Handover Support for Coverage Enhanchements
The extended cell
Dynamic Hotspot
Dual band GSM/DCS Network Operation
Half Rate
HSCSD
Ch 04 HANDOVER_gvl
. Overview
2. Handover Causes & Priorities
3. Threshold Comparison Process
4. Target Cell Evaluation Process
5. Handover Algorithms
Power Budget (PBGT)
Level & Quality (RXLEV & RXQUAL)
Umbrella (& Combined Umbrella/PBGT)
MS Speed (FMMS & MS_SPEED_DETECTION)
6. Imperative Handovers
Distance
Rapid Field Drop (RFD) & Enhanced Rapid Field Drop (ERFD)
7. Handover Timers
Call continuity - to ensure a call can be maintained as a MS moves geographical location from the coverage area of one cell to another
Call quality - to ensure that if an MS moves into a poor quality/coverage area the call can be moved from the serving cell to a neighbouring cell (with better quality) without dropping the call
Traffic Reasons - to ensure that the traffic within the network is optimally
distributed between the different layers/bands of a network
If 2 or more handover (PC) criteria are satisfied simultaneously the following priority list
is used in determining which process is performed;
. Uplink and downlink Interference
2. Uplink quality
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4. Uplink level
5. Downlink level
6. Distance
7. Enhanced (RFD)
8. Rapid Field Drop (RFD)
9. Slow moving MS
10. Better cell i.e. Periodic check (Power Budget HO or Umbrella HO)
11. PC: Lower quality/level thresholds (UL/DL)
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Modul 2 gsm air interface
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1. Channel configuration options including combined, non-combined, and hybrid configurations and how logical channels are mapped to timeslots.
2. Signaling channel (SDCCH) dimensioning based on call setup load and location update load to determine the number of subscribers that can be supported.
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. Overview
2. Handover Causes & Priorities
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4. Target Cell Evaluation Process
5. Handover Algorithms
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MS Speed (FMMS & MS_SPEED_DETECTION)
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Rapid Field Drop (RFD) & Enhanced Rapid Field Drop (ERFD)
7. Handover Timers
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5. Downlink level
6. Distance
7. Enhanced (RFD)
8. Rapid Field Drop (RFD)
9. Slow moving MS
10. Better cell i.e. Periodic check (Power Budget HO or Umbrella HO)
11. PC: Lower quality/level thresholds (UL/DL)
12. PC: Upper quality/level thresholds (UL/DL)
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ORG010202 CDMA 1x Handoff Algorithm
What is Handoff in mobile network?
What is the Search Window?
How to optimize handoff parameters?
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Know handoff principle and classification.
Know search window and key parameters.
Master handoff tuning in network.
Chapter 1 Basic Concept
Chapter 2 Handoff in CDMA
Chapter 3 Optimization Command
Chapter 4 Summary
Soft handoff
It is a process of establishing a link with a target sector before breaking the link with the serving sector.
Softer handoff
Similar to the soft handoff, but the softer handoff is occurred among multi-sectors in the same base station.
Hard handoff
Hard handoff occurs when the two sectors are not synchronized or are not on the same frequency. Interruption in voice or data communication occurs but this interruption does not effect the user communication.
CDMA soft handoff is driven by the handset
Handset continuously checks available pilots
Handset tells system pilots it currently sees
System assigns sectors (up to 6 max.), tells handset
Handset assigns its fingers accordingly
All messages sent by dim-and-burst, no muting!
Each end of the link chooses what works best, on a frame-by-frame basis!
Users are totally unaware of handoff
Bss par
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Burst
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c1 & c2 values
This document discusses cell selection and reselection in GSM networks. It explains:
1) Cell selection is performed when a mobile first turns on to select an initial "camped-on" cell. Reselection occurs when the mobile moves to ensure it remains on the best cell.
2) C1 and C2 criteria are used for selection and reselection. C1 compares signal levels and C2 adds offsets.
3) In the scenario, the mobile selects the 900MHz cell using C1/C2 criteria. To prefer the 1800MHz cell instead, the document suggests using the C2 formula without offsets by setting the penalty time lower.
coverage_enhancement
1. The document discusses various coverage enhancement features used in cellular networks including extended cell range, long reach timeslots, super extended cells, and smart radio concepts.
2. It provides details on the technical implementation of these features such as delayed receivers, double BCCH allocation lists, and parameters for handover control.
3. Advanced concepts like intelligent downlink diversity, interference rejection combining, and space time interference rejection combining are introduced to further improve coverage and capacity.
Modul 3 gsm procedures
The document discusses GSM-GPRS network operations including:
1. Network identity parameters such as MCC, MNC, LAC, CI which allow identification of network elements and location of mobile stations.
2. Idle mode operations which include cell selection, location updating, and allow mobile stations to receive system information when not in a call.
3. Location update and handover procedures which update the network on a mobile station's location area and allow calls to be maintained as a mobile station moves between cells.
Meid overview
The document discusses Nortel's Mobile Equipment Identifier (MEID) solution. Key points include:
- MEID replaces Electronic Serial Number to uniquely identify mobile devices as ESNs are exhausted.
- Nortel's solution supports MEID in their CDMA and EVDO networks through software upgrades and allows configuration of MEID querying and Public Long Code Mask assignment.
- Validation of MEIDs is added in MTX15 through provisioning in the HLR and MSC to check MEIDs against records during registration and calls.
12 multiple access
The document outlines different multiple access mechanisms for data link layers, including random access, controlled access, and channelization. It then describes the sublayers of the data link layer and various random access protocols like ALOHA, slotted ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD, and CSMA/CA. It provides details on how each protocol handles channel access and collisions.
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138078380 gsm-timers
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Timing advances
The document discusses timing advances in GSM networks. It explains that timing advances are used to compensate for propagation delay between mobile stations and base transceiver stations. The base station system determines the timing advance needed based on how far away it perceives the mobile station to be. Each timing advance corresponds to a range of distances, with each subsequent timing advance representing an additional 553.5 meters in distance from the base transceiver station. The maximum distance of a cell is standardized at 37.8 kilometers to account for the round trip delay of the radio signal.
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This document discusses configuring a Remote Unit Subsystem (RUS) for a GSM network. It describes the available RUS variants using the naming convention RU<t> <gg> <bb>. It also details the RUS's certified output power levels, use of license keys to adjust the power level, and main functions which include transceiving, filtering, power amplification, and supporting up to four carriers. The document then discusses defining the configuration in the Integrated DataBase (IDB) including settings for Multi Carrier Transceivers (MCTRs) and their power distributions based on the number of transceivers. It concludes with steps for defining node, ESB delay, and time frequency compensation parameters
Ch12
This document discusses multiple access protocols for wireless networks. It describes random access methods like ALOHA and slotted ALOHA, controlled access methods using reservation, polling, and token passing, and channelization methods including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. Examples are provided to illustrate the calculation of throughput for various access loads in ALOHA and slotted ALOHA networks.
2 g parameters_guidelines1
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Modul 7 gprs operation
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Sdcch
The document discusses SDCCH (Standalone Dedicated Control Channel) configuration and usage in GSM networks. It describes possible SDCCH configurations including SDCCH/8 and SDCCH/4. It also discusses SDCCH holding times for different functions, reasons for SDCCH congestion, and methods to prevent congestion through proper dimensioning of SDCCH resources.
Timer doc
Your colleague changed the MSC timers T305 and T308 to clear calls early before BSS drop statistics could be recorded. However, this does not actually improve network quality and may mask underlying RF interference issues. T305 and T308 should be set to at least 11 seconds to allow the related BSS timers like T200*(N200+1) to expire first at the air interface, ensuring successful message transmission. Playing with timers does not solve problems and can mislead operators into thinking quality is better than it is.
02 channel concept
ell Allocation (CA) is the subset of the total frequency band that is available for one BTS. It can be viewed as the total transport resource available for traffic between the BTS and its attached MSs. One Radio Frequency CHannel (RFCH) of the CA is used to carry synchronization information and the Broadcast Control CHannel (BCCH). This can be any of the carriers in the cell and it is known as the BCCH carrier or the c
carrier. Strong efficiency and quality requirements have resulted in a
0
rather complex way of utilizing the frequency resource. This chapter describes the basic principles of how to use this resource from the physical resource itself to the information transport service offered by the BTS.
Carrier separation is 200 kHz, which provides: • 124 pairs of carriers in the GSM 900 band • 374 pairs of carriers in the GSM 1800 band • 299 pairs of carriers in the GSM 1900 band
Using Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) each of these carriers is divided into eight Time Slots (TS). One TS on a TDMA frame is called a physical channel, i.e. on each duplex pair of carriers there are eight physical channels.
A variety of information is transmitted between the BTS and thMS. The information is grouped into different logical channelsEach logical channel is used for a specific purpose such as paging, call set-up and speech. For example, speech is sent on the logical channel Traffic CHannel (TCH). The logical channels are mapped onto the physical channels.
The information in this chapter does not include channels specific for GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). For basic information on GPRS see chapter 14 of this documentation.
GSM Idle Mode Behavior
This documents will help to understand the details procedure of GSM IDLE Mode Behavior. GSM Idle mode behavior starting from PLMN selection, GSM Cell Camp, Cell Selection, Cell Reselection, Location Update, Paging, System Information to Measurements procedures have been captured in this document.
SDH & SONET CONVERSION DELIVERABLES
The document outlines various digital communication standards including their nominal bit rates, actual line rates, equivalent voice channels supported, and corresponding PDH, SONET, and SDH terminology. It provides a mapping between common digital communication standards like T1, E1, E3, OC-1, and others in both North America and Europe/Japan.
3g
4
encompasses three optional modes of operation.”
Telecommunications Union (ITU) of a single CDMA third generation standard that
“Qualcomm and Ericsson ... jointly support approval by the International
Jun 1999 found compromise at the OHG.
“Qualcomm … is not prepared to grant licences according to the … ETSI IPR Policy.”
fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory basis in accordance with the ... ETSI IPR Policy.”
“Ericsson … is prepared to grant licences to these [W-CDMA & TD-CDMA] patents on
Dec 1998 saw a stand-off in standards.
WCDMA, WTDMA, OFDMA, Global CDMA 1 & 2.
Asia Pacific (ARIB & TTA):
WCDMA N/A, UWC-136, cdma2000, WIMS WCDMA, WP-CDMA.
North America(T1P1, TR45.3, TR45.5, TR46.1):
WCDMA, WTDMA,TDMA/CDMA, OFDMA, ODMA.
Europe (ETSI):
In
n
scrambling achieve?
scrambling achieve?
6
Secure link: a linear sequence of length 2
doesn’t
Benefits of wideband signals: multipath provides temporal diversity instead of ISI.
Spectral re-use factor of 1: all cells can use the same frequency spectrum.
does
What
What
Low cross-correlation (at any time offset).
High auto-correlation (at any time offset).
What are their important properties?
in to a low amplitude, wide bandwidth signal.
Converts a high amplitude, narrow bandwidth signal
How do they work?
Pseudo-random sequences: Gold codes, Kasami codes (M-sequences).
‘W’ of WCDMA.
W
C cf radio propagation theory and propagation models
The radio propagation theory is an important lesson in the radio communication curriculum. This lesson answers the following questions:
How are radio waves transmitted from one antenna to the other antenna?
What features does the radio wave have during the propagation? Which factors affect the propagation distance?
What fruits are achieved by predecessors in the radio wave propagation theory? How to apply the theory to practice?
Chapter 1 Radio Propagation Theory
Chapter 2 Radio Propagation Environment
Chapter 3 Radio Propagation Models
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ORG010202 CDMA 1x Handoff Algorithm
What is Handoff in mobile network?
What is the Search Window?
How to optimize handoff parameters?
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Know handoff principle and classification.
Know search window and key parameters.
Master handoff tuning in network.
Chapter 1 Basic Concept
Chapter 2 Handoff in CDMA
Chapter 3 Optimization Command
Chapter 4 Summary
Soft handoff
It is a process of establishing a link with a target sector before breaking the link with the serving sector.
Softer handoff
Similar to the soft handoff, but the softer handoff is occurred among multi-sectors in the same base station.
Hard handoff
Hard handoff occurs when the two sectors are not synchronized or are not on the same frequency. Interruption in voice or data communication occurs but this interruption does not effect the user communication.
CDMA soft handoff is driven by the handset
Handset continuously checks available pilots
Handset tells system pilots it currently sees
System assigns sectors (up to 6 max.), tells handset
Handset assigns its fingers accordingly
All messages sent by dim-and-burst, no muting!
Each end of the link chooses what works best, on a frame-by-frame basis!
Users are totally unaware of handoff
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The EQC command creates a BTS in the BSDATA with the following parameters: BCF identification, BTS identification, BTS name, cell identity, frequency band in use, network colour code, BTS colour code, mobile country code, mobile network code, location area code, BTS hopping mode, hopping sequence numbers. Optional parameters include: SEG identification, SEG name, reference BTS identification, GPRS enabled, routing area code, network service entity identifier, transport type, and packet service entity identifier. After creation, the BTS is in the LOCKED state.
Burst
This document discusses the GSM slot structure and multiple access scheme. It explains that GSM uses a combination of TDMA and FDMA, dividing carriers by frequency and then dividing time using TDMA. Each GSM slot lasts 0.577ms and 8 slots are grouped into a 4.615ms TDMA frame. There are different types of frames and bursts used to carry various data and provide synchronization. The document then describes the structure and purpose of normal, synchronization, frequency correction, and random access bursts.
c1 & c2 values
This document discusses cell selection and reselection in GSM networks. It explains:
1) Cell selection is performed when a mobile first turns on to select an initial "camped-on" cell. Reselection occurs when the mobile moves to ensure it remains on the best cell.
2) C1 and C2 criteria are used for selection and reselection. C1 compares signal levels and C2 adds offsets.
3) In the scenario, the mobile selects the 900MHz cell using C1/C2 criteria. To prefer the 1800MHz cell instead, the document suggests using the C2 formula without offsets by setting the penalty time lower.
coverage_enhancement
1. The document discusses various coverage enhancement features used in cellular networks including extended cell range, long reach timeslots, super extended cells, and smart radio concepts.
2. It provides details on the technical implementation of these features such as delayed receivers, double BCCH allocation lists, and parameters for handover control.
3. Advanced concepts like intelligent downlink diversity, interference rejection combining, and space time interference rejection combining are introduced to further improve coverage and capacity.
Modul 3 gsm procedures
The document discusses GSM-GPRS network operations including:
1. Network identity parameters such as MCC, MNC, LAC, CI which allow identification of network elements and location of mobile stations.
2. Idle mode operations which include cell selection, location updating, and allow mobile stations to receive system information when not in a call.
3. Location update and handover procedures which update the network on a mobile station's location area and allow calls to be maintained as a mobile station moves between cells.
Meid overview
The document discusses Nortel's Mobile Equipment Identifier (MEID) solution. Key points include:
- MEID replaces Electronic Serial Number to uniquely identify mobile devices as ESNs are exhausted.
- Nortel's solution supports MEID in their CDMA and EVDO networks through software upgrades and allows configuration of MEID querying and Public Long Code Mask assignment.
- Validation of MEIDs is added in MTX15 through provisioning in the HLR and MSC to check MEIDs against records during registration and calls.
12 multiple access
The document outlines different multiple access mechanisms for data link layers, including random access, controlled access, and channelization. It then describes the sublayers of the data link layer and various random access protocols like ALOHA, slotted ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD, and CSMA/CA. It provides details on how each protocol handles channel access and collisions.
39540950 gsm-ion-course
This document discusses the parameters and configuration of base station subsystems (BSS) in GSM networks. It describes the channel configuration including logical and physical channels, signaling channels, traffic channels, and their organization into frames, multiframes, and hyperframes. It also provides an example calculation of SDCCH capacity for a cell with 325 subscribers, showing that 5 SDCCHs are needed to support call establishment and location update with a 1% blocking probability based on Erlang B, requiring a separate rather than combined channel configuration.
138078380 gsm-timers
T200 and N200 are timers related to the LAPD protocol used for communication between the BTS and MS. T200 is started when a frame is transmitted and defines the time between retransmissions if an acknowledgment is not received. The frame will be retransmitted up to N200 times before a link failure is detected. If the T200 timer expires after N200 retransmissions without an acknowledgment, the connection will be dropped due to a data link failure between the BTS and MS. Setting the T200 and N200 values too low can cause increased call drops, while too high may cause unnecessary retransmissions.
Timing advances
The document discusses timing advances in GSM networks. It explains that timing advances are used to compensate for propagation delay between mobile stations and base transceiver stations. The base station system determines the timing advance needed based on how far away it perceives the mobile station to be. Each timing advance corresponds to a range of distances, with each subsequent timing advance representing an additional 553.5 meters in distance from the base transceiver station. The maximum distance of a cell is standardized at 37.8 kilometers to account for the round trip delay of the radio signal.
146661638 configuring-rbs-6201-gsm-with-rus
This document discusses configuring a Remote Unit Subsystem (RUS) for a GSM network. It describes the available RUS variants using the naming convention RU<t> <gg> <bb>. It also details the RUS's certified output power levels, use of license keys to adjust the power level, and main functions which include transceiving, filtering, power amplification, and supporting up to four carriers. The document then discusses defining the configuration in the Integrated DataBase (IDB) including settings for Multi Carrier Transceivers (MCTRs) and their power distributions based on the number of transceivers. It concludes with steps for defining node, ESB delay, and time frequency compensation parameters
Ch12
This document discusses multiple access protocols for wireless networks. It describes random access methods like ALOHA and slotted ALOHA, controlled access methods using reservation, polling, and token passing, and channelization methods including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. Examples are provided to illustrate the calculation of throughput for various access loads in ALOHA and slotted ALOHA networks.
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Sdcch
The document discusses SDCCH (Standalone Dedicated Control Channel) configuration and usage in GSM networks. It describes possible SDCCH configurations including SDCCH/8 and SDCCH/4. It also discusses SDCCH holding times for different functions, reasons for SDCCH congestion, and methods to prevent congestion through proper dimensioning of SDCCH resources.
Timer doc
Your colleague changed the MSC timers T305 and T308 to clear calls early before BSS drop statistics could be recorded. However, this does not actually improve network quality and may mask underlying RF interference issues. T305 and T308 should be set to at least 11 seconds to allow the related BSS timers like T200*(N200+1) to expire first at the air interface, ensuring successful message transmission. Playing with timers does not solve problems and can mislead operators into thinking quality is better than it is.
02 channel concept
ell Allocation (CA) is the subset of the total frequency band that is available for one BTS. It can be viewed as the total transport resource available for traffic between the BTS and its attached MSs. One Radio Frequency CHannel (RFCH) of the CA is used to carry synchronization information and the Broadcast Control CHannel (BCCH). This can be any of the carriers in the cell and it is known as the BCCH carrier or the c
carrier. Strong efficiency and quality requirements have resulted in a
0
rather complex way of utilizing the frequency resource. This chapter describes the basic principles of how to use this resource from the physical resource itself to the information transport service offered by the BTS.
Carrier separation is 200 kHz, which provides: • 124 pairs of carriers in the GSM 900 band • 374 pairs of carriers in the GSM 1800 band • 299 pairs of carriers in the GSM 1900 band
Using Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) each of these carriers is divided into eight Time Slots (TS). One TS on a TDMA frame is called a physical channel, i.e. on each duplex pair of carriers there are eight physical channels.
A variety of information is transmitted between the BTS and thMS. The information is grouped into different logical channelsEach logical channel is used for a specific purpose such as paging, call set-up and speech. For example, speech is sent on the logical channel Traffic CHannel (TCH). The logical channels are mapped onto the physical channels.
The information in this chapter does not include channels specific for GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). For basic information on GPRS see chapter 14 of this documentation.
GSM Idle Mode Behavior
This documents will help to understand the details procedure of GSM IDLE Mode Behavior. GSM Idle mode behavior starting from PLMN selection, GSM Cell Camp, Cell Selection, Cell Reselection, Location Update, Paging, System Information to Measurements procedures have been captured in this document.
SDH & SONET CONVERSION DELIVERABLES
The document outlines various digital communication standards including their nominal bit rates, actual line rates, equivalent voice channels supported, and corresponding PDH, SONET, and SDH terminology. It provides a mapping between common digital communication standards like T1, E1, E3, OC-1, and others in both North America and Europe/Japan.
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3g
4
encompasses three optional modes of operation.”
Telecommunications Union (ITU) of a single CDMA third generation standard that
“Qualcomm and Ericsson ... jointly support approval by the International
Jun 1999 found compromise at the OHG.
“Qualcomm … is not prepared to grant licences according to the … ETSI IPR Policy.”
fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory basis in accordance with the ... ETSI IPR Policy.”
“Ericsson … is prepared to grant licences to these [W-CDMA & TD-CDMA] patents on
Dec 1998 saw a stand-off in standards.
WCDMA, WTDMA, OFDMA, Global CDMA 1 & 2.
Asia Pacific (ARIB & TTA):
WCDMA N/A, UWC-136, cdma2000, WIMS WCDMA, WP-CDMA.
North America(T1P1, TR45.3, TR45.5, TR46.1):
WCDMA, WTDMA,TDMA/CDMA, OFDMA, ODMA.
Europe (ETSI):
In
n
scrambling achieve?
scrambling achieve?
6
Secure link: a linear sequence of length 2
doesn’t
Benefits of wideband signals: multipath provides temporal diversity instead of ISI.
Spectral re-use factor of 1: all cells can use the same frequency spectrum.
does
What
What
Low cross-correlation (at any time offset).
High auto-correlation (at any time offset).
What are their important properties?
in to a low amplitude, wide bandwidth signal.
Converts a high amplitude, narrow bandwidth signal
How do they work?
Pseudo-random sequences: Gold codes, Kasami codes (M-sequences).
‘W’ of WCDMA.
W
C cf radio propagation theory and propagation models
The radio propagation theory is an important lesson in the radio communication curriculum. This lesson answers the following questions:
How are radio waves transmitted from one antenna to the other antenna?
What features does the radio wave have during the propagation? Which factors affect the propagation distance?
What fruits are achieved by predecessors in the radio wave propagation theory? How to apply the theory to practice?
Chapter 1 Radio Propagation Theory
Chapter 2 Radio Propagation Environment
Chapter 3 Radio Propagation Models
Gsm1
The GSM standard was developed by the Groupe SpecialMobile, which was an initiative of the Conference of European Post and Telecommunications (CEPT) administrations.
The responsibility for GSM standardization now resides with the
Special Mobile Group (SMG) under the European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI).
Fully digital system utilizing the 900MHz frequency band.
TDMA over radiocarriers(200 kHz carrier spacing)
8 full rate or 16 half rate TDMA channels per carrier
User/terminal authentication for fraud control
Encryption of speech and data transmissions over the radio path
Full international roaming capability
Low speed data services (upto 9.6kb/s)
Compatibility with ISDN for supplementary services
Support of short message services(SMS)
GSM supports a range of basic and supplementary services, and these services are defined analogous to those for ISDN(i.e.,bearer services, teleservices, and supplementary services).
The most important service supported by GSM is Telephony.
Other services derived from telephony included in the GSM specification are emergency calling and voice messaging.
Bearer services supported in GSM include various asynchronous and synchronous data services for information transfer.
Teleservices based on these bearer services include group 3 fax and short message service(SMS)
The data capabilities of GSM have now been enhanced to include high speed circiut-switched data(HSCSD) and general packet radio service (GPRS).
Call offering services call forwarding
Call resrtiction services call barring
Call waiting service
Call hold service
Multi party service tele conferencing
Calling line presentation restriction services
Advice of charge service
Closed user group service
The GSM System comprises of Base Transceiver Station (BTS), Base Station Controllers (BSC), Mobile Switching Centers (MSC), and set of registers (databases) to assist in mobility management and security functions.
All signaling between the MSC and the various registers (databases) as well as between the MSCs takes place using the Signaling System 7(SS7) network, with the application level messages using the Mobile Application Protocol (MAP) designed specifically for GSM.
The MAP protocol utilizes the lower layer functions from the SS7 protocol stack.
CDMA1X Pilot Panorama introduction
It is required that after the course study
you should:
Have a general concept about DT
Master Panorama DT operation
Master Panorama data analysis
Chapter 1 DT Introduction
Chapter 2 Panorama DT Introduction
Chapter 3 Panorama DT Data Analysis
Collect System Air interface data
Analyze Air interface data
Assist Export Analysis report
Qualcom CAIT
CDMA Air Interface Tester
WILL TECH DM2K/Pecker
Pecker Navigator, Pecker Analyzer
Panorama
Qualcom CAIT
CDMA Air Interface Tester
WILL TECH DM2K/Pecker
Pecker Navigator, Pecker Analyzer
Panorama
3g
Third generation mobile networks will provide significantly higher data rates and allow for convergence of various communication services. 3G networks will transition to an all-IP infrastructure and support multiple access technologies and standards to provide connectivity anywhere in the world. This will enable always-on high-speed access to multimedia applications and the internet from mobile devices.
Tempus Telcosys Telco and IT
Tempus Telcosys is an Indian company that provides telecom and IT outsourcing services. It was founded in 2011 and is headquartered in Jabalpur, India with additional branch offices. The company offers a range of services including network installation, data entry, call center services, and IT services and products. Its goal is to help telecom companies enhance efficiency and reduce costs through outsourcing.
03 Wireless Concept
This chapter provides an overview of basic wireless communication concepts such as frequency, bandwidth, channels, transmission rate and modulation methods. It describes Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) used in digital cellular systems and discusses advantages of digital transmission over analog. Transmission problems like path loss, shadowing, multipath fading and solutions like channel coding, interleaving, antenna diversity and adaptive equalization are also covered. The chapter then explains the GSM transmission process from analog to digital conversion to burst formatting and modulation.
GSM BSS dimensioning Alcatel
This document provides an overview of dimensioning a GSM/GPRS network. It defines key terms like Erlang units which measure traffic intensity, and describes traffic models which define parameters like call arrival rates and durations. The dimensioning procedure calculates the number of radio resources, TRXs, and equipment needed based on these models and blocking probability targets. Dimensioning ensures the network has sufficient capacity for the predicted traffic load.
GSM Introduction
The global system for mobile communications (GSM) is a set of recommendations and specifications for a digital cellular telephone network (known as a Public Land Mobile Network, or PLMN). These recommendations ensure the compatibility of equipment from different GSM manufacturers, and interconnectivity between different administrations, including operations across international boundaries
The GSM network is comprised of the following components:
Network Elements
The GSM network incorporates a number of network elements to support mobile equipment. They are listed and described in the GSM network elements section of this chapter.
GSM subsystems
In addition, the network includes subsystems that are not formally recognized as network elements but are necessary for network operation. These are described in the GSM subsystems (non-network elements) section of this chapter.
Standardized Interfaces
GSM specifies standards for interfaces between network elements, which ensure the connectivity of GSM equipment from different manufacturers. These are listed in the Standardized interfaces section of this chapter.
Network Protocols
For most of the network communications on these interfaces, internationally recognized communications protocols have been used
These are identified in the Network protocols section of this chapter.
GSM Frequencies
The frequency allocations for GSM 900, Extended GSM and Digital Communications Systems are identified in the GSM frequencies section of this chapter.
CDMA 1x Introduction to Power Control Issue2.1
One of the aims of the CDMA1X system is to maximize the number of its users. If each mobile station (MS) adjusts its transmitter power to minimize the signal noise received by the base transceiver station (BTS), the capacity of the system is maximized. Higher power brings higher interference and results in more capacity loss. Power control can adjust the transmission power of the MS and BTS, aiming to minimize the interference
After learning this course, you will learn the following：
The importance of the power control of the CDMA system
Categories and calculating theories of the power control
Data configuration of the power control
Chapter 1 Goals and Principles of Power Control
Chapter 2 Categories and Arithmetic of Power Control
Chapter 3 Data Configuration of Power Control
Each couple of customers is in a same room.
Each couple of customers speaks a language different from that spoken by other couples.
If the noise becomes louder, all the customers will raise their voices.
If the noise is too louder, the customers may go to other rooms.
The customer who speaks too loudly will affect the communication of others.
The transmission power of the control BTS and MS must ensure that the signal sent to the receiver through the complicated radio space can meet the threshold of correct demodulation.
When the first principle is satisfied, the transmission power of the BTS and MS is required to be lowered as much as possible to decrease the interference between users and best optimize the network performance.
The transmission power of the MS near the BTS is lower than that of the MS far from the BTS and of the MS in the fading areas.
CDMA Drive Test Report Format
1. This is a 3 page drive test report summarizing pre-cutover network performance in Ramayampet, India.
2. Key network metrics like mobile Rx power, Tx power, frame error rate, Ec/Io, active PN sets, and throughput were analyzed on predefined drive routes.
3. Post-cutover drive tests will compare network coverage and call performance to the pre-cutover results reported here.
Ultrasite technical for 4op
Common core mechanics in Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS Outdoor and Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS Indoor
Common plug-in units
1940 x 770 x 750 mm (H x W x D)
Identical footprint to CityTalk BTS
Weight
Max weight (12 TRX) 340 kg
Heaviest single part 58 kg (core mechanics)
Heaviest plug-in unit 18 kg (RTC)
Acoustic noise (max): 68 dB(A)
Climatic conditions:
w/o heater -10°C ... +50°C
with optional heater -33°C ... +50°C
Ingress Protection Class: IP 55
Two level environmental protection:
BTS core and cabinet door provides EMC shielding
Outdoor kit provides additional weather proofing
3g cdma-qualcom
– There are others : IS95 HDR, EDGE, etc.
» Direct Spread CDMA TDD
» Direct Spread CDMA FDD
» Multi-carrier CDMA FDD
Global 3G comprises of 3 modes :
– Marketed as Global 3G CDMA implying a single unified standard. In reality,
– Mostly dominated by Direct Sequence CDMA.
– Market is expected to be fragmented amongst several competing
IMT2000 guidelines defined by the ITU.
– Analog was 1G. GSM/IS95 were 2G. Next is 3G.
What is 3G ?
standards.
across the world.
Envisioned as a single Global standard allowing seamless roaming
Used interchangeably with IMT2000 although there are some specific
A loosely defined term referring to next generation wireless systems.
Gsm
Basic Telecom concepts
Various Wireless Technologies
Cellular concepts & Principal of cellular Comm.
GSM Network Architecture
GSM channel Architecture
Call Flows in GSM
GSM Planning steps (Nominal Plan & RF surveys)
Alternative means of wireless communication
Walkie - Talkie
Pagers
Trunked private radios
Mobile Phone - the magic technology that enables everyone to communicate anywhere with anybody.
Till 1982 Cellular Systems were exclusively Analog Radio Technology.
Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
U.S. standard on the 800 MHz Band
Total Access Communication System (TACS)
U.K. standard on 900 MHz band
Nordic Mobile Telephone System (NMT)
Scandinavian standard on the 450 & 900 MHz band
CDMA 2000 Principle Issue4.0
the development of mobile communication system
the structure of CDMA2000 network
the number planning in CDMA2000 network
the techniques used by CDMA system including:
source coding, channel coding, interleaving, scrambling, spreading and modulation etc.
power control, soft handoff, RAKE receiver
F-PCH,F-PICH,F-SYNCH,F-FCH,F-SCH,R-ACH,R-PICH
Long code, short code and Walsh code
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: CDMA Techniques & Technologies
Chapter 3: CDMA Air Interface
Chapter 4: CDMA Number Planning
EMF Survey
In the age of Cellular Mobile technology telecom industries are growing very fast due to its demand, every year large number of users are using the mobile Phones this forces companies to provide the coverage to there customers in a very discipline manner ,In order to provide the coverage companies have competition to install new cell site, now a days we can see new cell sites around us ,you can see large number of towers are installed on the building, due to this a net of towers are created around us , these tower are highly radiative which are radiating the EMF(Electromagnetic Magnetic Field wave), At some range it is harmful for the human body .In this competitions companies are neglecting the rules and regulation of the TRAI(Telecom Regularity Authority of India ),which causes harmful effect to the human being .TRAI have some set of rules on basis of which companies have to installed the tower, and the transmission from the tower should have a specifics range of EIRP(Effective Isotropic Radiated Power).Government is responsible to check the EIRP ,for this government asked companies to provide the report to the TRAI .The survey perform by the companies to provide this report to the TRAI is called EMF Survey (Electromagnetic Field Survey).EMF Survey is perform to check the value of EIRP across the BSS.
Introduction to mapinfo
This document provides an overview of MapInfo software and how to use its various functions. It discusses MapInfo basics like tables, workspaces and layers. It also covers how to register raster images, create vector maps, perform network analysis using drive test data, and output maps. The goal of the tutorial is to introduce common MapInfo operations and help users get familiar with the software for tasks like network planning and map maintenance.
Introduction to Genex Assistance
The GENEX Assistant is excellent software tool for
Post-Processing 2G & 3G Drive Test Data.
With the GENEXAssistant, you can:
Have a panorama view of network performance
Locate network troubles
Improve network quality
Verify network planning and optimization
ANALYSIS OF LOGFILE
FOR POST PROCESSING OF LOGFILE IN
GENEX ASSISTANCE WE NEED TO
OPEN A NEW PROJECT
Drive Test
Drive Tests and Propagation Prediction software are the two methods that are used to check the coverage area of a particular wireless system. Generally prediction software is used in conjunction with the radio signal measurements in order to determine an accurate picture of signal propagation. In some cases, field measurements may be needed to be taken in order to calibrate the prediction software.
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C cf radio propagation theory and propagation models
C cf radio propagation theory and propagation models
Similar to BSS Dimensioning
Session.pptx
This document provides an agenda and guidelines for an Ericsson 2G training in April 2019. The agenda covers topics such as improving 2G KPIs like SDCCH congestion%, SDCCH drop%, TCH congestion%, and HO success rate. It also discusses optimizing processes like dynamic power control, call reestablishment, automatic neighbor relations, and handover optimization. Other topics include adaptive channel allocation, extended cell range, repeated downlink/SACCH transmissions, layer 2 reestablishment, and power saving features. The document provides explanations and recommendations for adjusting parameters to improve performance for each metric and process.
2G Optimization
This document discusses radio resource optimization parameters in GSM networks. It covers topics like idle parameter optimization, power control, handover control, radio resource administration, measurement processing, signaling channel mapping, traffic channel mapping, paging parameters, access grant channel parameters, frequency reuse, and frequency hopping techniques. Diagrams and examples are provided to illustrate concepts like TDMA frame structure, logical and physical channel organization, and capacity calculations.
2 g training optimization
This document discusses radio resource optimization parameters in GSM networks. It covers topics like idle parameter optimization, power control, handover control, radio resource administration, measurement processing, signaling channel mapping, traffic channel mapping, paging parameters, access grant channel parameters, frequency reuse, and frequency hopping techniques. Diagrams and examples are provided to illustrate concepts like TDMA frame structure, logical and physical channel organization, and capacity calculations.
Low voltage circuit breakers
This document discusses circuit breakers, including their purpose, construction, types, sizing and selection factors. It provides information on:
- Circuit breakers are used to protect electrical systems and people from faults and overloads. They have advantages over fuses in many applications.
- The main types discussed are miniature circuit breakers (MCB), moulded case circuit breakers (MCCB), earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCB), motor protection circuit breakers (MPCB) and air circuit breakers (ACB).
- Selection of a circuit breaker depends on the load magnitude and nature, as well as the system component being protected. Standards like rated current and short circuit capacity must
Wat question papers
Sectorizing an omnidirectional site can increase capacity while maintaining similar interference levels.
For a propagation exponent of n=4:
- The reuse factor RCS' can be increased to ~7
- Traffic channels per sector increase from 24 to ~40
- Total Erlang capacity increases from 6.16 to 23.2
For a propagation exponent of n=3:
- RCS' can be increased to ~5.7
- Traffic channels per sector increase from 24 to ~50
- Total Erlang capacity increases more, from 16.6 to 29.4 Erlangs
The capacity gain is higher for n=3 because path loss increases more
LOW POWER-AREA GDI & PTL TECHNIQUES BASED FULL ADDER DESIGNS
Full adder circuit is functional building block of micro processors, digital signal processors or any ALUs. In this paper leakage power is reduced by using less number of transistors with the techniques like GDI (Gate Diffusion Input) and PTL (Pass Transistor Logic) techniques. In this paper 3 designs have been proposed of low power 1 bit full adder circuit with 10Transistors ( using PTL multiplexer) , 8 Transistor
(by using NMOS and PMOS PTL devices), 12Transistors (6Transistors to generate carry using GDI technique and 6Transistors to generate sum using tri state inverters).
These circuits consume less power with maximum of 73% power saving com-pare to conventional 28T design. The proposed circuit exploits the advantage of GDI technique and
pass transistor logic, and sum is generated by tri state inverter logic in all designs. The entire simulations have been done on 180nm single n-well CMOS bulk technology, in virtuoso platform of cadence tool with the supply voltage 1.8V and frequency of 100MHz.
Low power area gdi & ptl techniques based full adder designs
Full adder circuit is functional building block of micro processors, digital signal processors or
any ALUs. In this paper leakage power is reduced by using less number of transistors with the
techniques like GDI (Gate Diffusion Input) and PTL (Pass Transistor Logic) techniques. In this
paper 3 designs have been proposed of low power 1 bit full adder circuit with 10Transistors
( using PTL multiplexer) , 8 Transistor
(by using NMOS and PMOS PTL devices), 12Transistors (6Transistors to generate carry using
GDI technique and 6Transistors to generate sum using tri state inverters).
These circuits consume less power with maximum of 73% power saving com-pare to
conventional 28T design. The proposed circuit exploits the advantage of GDI technique and
pass transistor logic, and sum is generated by tri state inverter logic in all designs.
The entire simulations have been done on 180nm single n-well CMOS bulk technology, in
virtuoso platform of cadence tool with the supply voltage 1.8V and frequency of 100MHz.
LOW POWER-AREA GDI & PTL TECHNIQUES BASED FULL ADDER DESIGNS
This document describes three new low-power full adder circuit designs with 10, 12, and 8 transistors. Simulation results show up to 73% power savings compared to a conventional 28-transistor design. The 12-transistor design generates the carry using a GDI technique and sum using tri-state inverters. The 10-transistor design uses a pass-transistor multiplexer for carry and tri-state inverters for sum. The 8-transistor design uses pass transistors for carry and tri-state inverters for sum. All designs were simulated in 180nm technology and showed improvements in power, delay, and area over previous designs.
Gsm (3)
The document discusses GSM radio coverage and the air interface in 3 main points:
1. It describes the geometry of GSM cells and frequency reuse techniques used to divide a service area into smaller cells to improve coverage and capacity. Different cluster sizes such as 3/9, 4/12 and 7/21 are discussed.
2. It explains the GSM frequency bands and channel structure, including physical channels divided into timeslots, and logical channels for traffic and control data.
3. It outlines the structure of bursts transmitted on the air interface, including normal bursts containing encrypted speech blocks, training sequences, and guard periods between bursts.
6 Weeks Industrial Training In Telecom In Chandigarh
GSM combines frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA) to allow multiple stations to access the same radio channel. The bandwidth is divided into 124 channels of 200 kHz each that are shared between up to eight mobile stations by assigning transmission slots. TDMA frames are 4.615 ms long and each frame is divided into 8 time slots of 577 μs. Uplink and downlink frames are offset by three time slots to avoid collisions. Logical channels include traffic channels, broadcast channels, common control channels, and dedicated control channels for functions like paging, synchronization, authentication and call setup. GSM uses pulse code modulation and RPE-LPC speech coding at 13 kbps to compress
Gsm rf interview questions
The document provides an overview of GSM RF interview questions and answers. It covers topics such as the three services offered by GSM (teleservices, bearer services, and supplementary services), spectrum allocation for GSM-900 and DCS-1800, carrier frequencies and separation, ciphering and authentication algorithms, equalization, interleaving, speech coding, channel coding, frequency reuse, cell splitting, interfaces (Um, Abis, A), LAPD and LAPDm, WPS, MA, MAIO, frequency hopping types, DTX, DRX, gross data rate, Erlangs and grade of service, coverage differences between GSM900 and DCS1800, time advance, location area and location update
39540950 gsm-ion-course-130814024028-phpapp01
This document discusses BSS parameter configurations in GSM networks. It describes the channel configurations including TDMA frame structure, signaling channels like BCCH, CCCH, SDCCH, and traffic channels like TCH. It explains combined and separated signaling channel configurations and shows examples of multiframe structures for different channel types. It also covers capacity calculations for SDCCH channels and includes an Erlang B table.
Gsmrfinterviewquestions 120421043611-phpapp01
This document contains interview questions and answers related to GSM RF technology. It discusses topics such as the three main services offered by GSM (teleservices, bearer services, and supplementary services), spectrum allocation for GSM 900 and DCS 1800, carrier frequencies and separation, ciphering and authentication algorithms, equalization, interleaving, speech coding, channel coding, frequency reuse, cell splitting, interfaces between network elements, protocols like LAPDm, features like WPS, MA, MAIO, frequency hopping techniques, discontinuous transmission and reception, data rates, Erlangs and grade of service, path loss differences between frequency bands, timing advance, location areas and location updates, subscriber identities like IMSI and TMSI
Gsm inteview question
This document contains interview questions and answers related to GSM RF technology. Some key points covered include:
- The three main services offered by GSM are teleservices, bearer services, and supplementary services. Bearer services provide the underlying network capacity for transmission, while supplementary services are optional features like call forwarding.
- Questions cover topics like the spectrum allocation for GSM900 and DCS1800, the number of carrier frequencies and their separation, ciphering and authentication algorithms, equalization techniques, interleaving, and speech coding in GSM.
- Other concepts discussed include frequency reuse, cell splitting, interfaces like Um, Abis and A, protocols like LAPDm, features like WPS, MA
Q nd a on rf
This document contains interview questions and answers related to GSM RF technology. It discusses topics like the three main services offered by GSM (teleservices, bearer services, and supplementary services), spectrum allocation for GSM 900 and DCS 1800, carrier frequencies and separation, ciphering and authentication algorithms, equalization, interleaving, speech coding, channel coding, frequency reuse, cell splitting, interfaces (Um, Abis, A), LAPD and LAPDm, WPS, MA, MAIO, frequency hopping types, HSN, DTX, DRX, GSM data rate, Erlangs and grade of service, path loss differences between GSM 900 and DCS 1800, time advance, location area
Insights into the performance and configuration of TCP in Automotive Ethernet...
Insights into the performance and configuration of TCP in Automotive Ethernet...RealTime-at-Work (RTaW)
The idea of using TCP in cars has been around for some time, as the first specification of Autosar TCP/IP stack dates back from early 2013. However, TCP has not been popular yet in cars and there has not been much published works on using TCP for in-vehicle communications so far.
TCP – the Transmission Control Protocol – provides connection-oriented reliable transmission between network applications. TCP is the cornerstone of the Internet – a hugely successful protocol over the last 40 years – if it is certainly a fine piece of engineering but it is definitely a complex one.
The question we explore in this study is what can we expect from TCP for on-board in-vehicle communication in terms of latencies & throughput and how to best configure TCP in a context for which
it has not been conceived. In particular, we will show that TCP configuration on the ECU sides should consider the amount of memory available in the switches and that traffic shaping policy, as available in TSN, can provide a nice performance boost for TCP communication.3 g coverage guidelines v2
The document provides guidelines for 3G radio network planning including coverage parameters for different network environments from dense urban to rural areas. It specifies minimum coverage levels for CPICH RSCP and HSDPA cell radius by area type. The document also includes definitions for classifying different area types and an example of how areas are defined in the Jabotabek region of Indonesia.
GSM Channel Concept
• -How the channel concept is used on the radio interface
• -Different burst formats in the radio interface
• -The hierarchical frame structure
• -The content sent in different logical channels
• -The mapping of the logical channels
• -Superframe and Hyperframe
• -MOBILE STATIONS ISDN NUMBER (MSISDN)
• INTERNATIONAL MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (IMSI)
• TEMPORARY MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (TMSI)
• LOCATION AREA IDENTITY (LAI)
• CELL GLOBAL IDENTITY (CGI)
• BASE STATION IDENTITY CODE (BSIC)
• PIN management
GSM Air Interface
Topics covered in this presentation:
1. RF spectrum and GSM specifications
2. FDMA and TDMA
3. Digital Voice Transmission
4. Channel coding, Interleaving and Burst formatting
5. GMSK
6. Frame structure of GSM
7. Corrective actions against multipath fading
Answers to questions
This document discusses various technical aspects of GSM radio frequency (RF) including:
1. The three main services offered by GSM - teleservices, bearer services, and supplementary services.
2. Spectrum allocation for GSM-900 and DCS-1800 networks.
3. Concepts like ciphering, authentication, equalization, and interleaving which are used to secure communications and address issues like signal distortion over the air interface.
4. Channel coding and speech coding techniques used to compress voice data and add error correction for transmission.
Similar to BSS Dimensioning (20)
LOW POWER-AREA GDI & PTL TECHNIQUES BASED FULL ADDER DESIGNS
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Low power area gdi & ptl techniques based full adder designs
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LOW POWER-AREA GDI & PTL TECHNIQUES BASED FULL ADDER DESIGNS
LOW POWER-AREA GDI & PTL TECHNIQUES BASED FULL ADDER DESIGNS
6 Weeks Industrial Training In Telecom In Chandigarh
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Insights into the performance and configuration of TCP in Automotive Ethernet...
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More from Tempus Telcosys
BASIC GSM
Full rate => Used for speech at 13 Kbits/s
or sending data at 9.6 Kbits/s
Half rate => Used for speech at 6.5 Kbits/s
or sending data at 4.8 Kbits/s
Enhanced Full rate => Used for speech at 13 Kbits/s
or sending data at 9.6 Kbits/s but
with almost Land line quality
FCCH = FREQUENCY CORRECTION CHANNEL
=> To tell the Mobile that this is the BCCH carrier
=> To able the Mobile to synchronize to the frequency
(Downlink only)
SCH = SYNCHRONISATION CHANNEL
=> Used for sending BSIC (Base station Identity Code)
=> Give TDMA frame number to the Mobile.
(Downlink only)
BCCH = BROADCAST CONTROL CHANNEL
=> Used for sending information to the mobile like
CGI (Cell Global identity), LAI (Location Area Identity),
BCCH carriers of the neighboring cells,
maximum output power allowed in the cell and other
broadcast messages like barred cell. (Downlink only)
PCH = PAGING CHANNEL
=> Used for paging the Mobile. (Downlink only)
Reason could be an incoming call or an incoming Short Message.
RACH = RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL
=> Used for responding to the paging (terminating), Location updating
or to make call access (originating) by asking for a signaling channel.
(Uplink only)
AGCH = ACCESS GRANT CHANNEL
=> Used to allocate SDCCH to the mobile.
(Downlink only)
Transmission management in BSS
Transmission management in BSS is a feature used in managing the Base Station Subsystem transmission system functions such as supervision, alarms, statistics
and settings. The network element mainly responsible for transmission management in BSS is the Base Station Controller (BSC).
Transmission management functionalities make it possible for the operators to manage the transmission equipment remotely from the BSC or from Nokia
NetAct integrated network management system, which simplifies network maintenance and operation. Supervision functions help minimise the time spent in maintenance, and statistics collection helps the operators analyse and optimise
the use of their transmission equipment. Moreover, new software can be downloaded in a way that does not interfere with the traffic.
Hardware and software requirements BSS transmission network elements
BSS transmission management functionalities Transmission parameters Transmission alarms
Transmission measurements
2.Hardware and software requirements
There are no specific hardware or software requirements for the transmission management functionalities. However, the type of the BTS poses certain
limitations.
The BTS type specific functionalities are listed in the table below.
More details about the functionalities can be found in BSS transmission management functionalities .
Polling list sending with priority is a functionality used in positioning. To ensure accurate positioning calculations, the LMU unit must supply Radio Interface Timing System (RIT) information to the network faster than the normal Q1 polling is able to do. Faster LMU polling is achieved by defining a Q1 polling
priority for each Q1 device, with the LMU having the highest priority. For more information see Location Services .
3.BSS transmission network elements
The base Station Subsystem (BSS) consists of at least one Base Station Controller (BSC) and its Base Transceiver Stations (BTS). The Transcoder Submultiplexer
(TCSM) is also part of the BSS although it is actually located in the MSC site. The three basic configurations (topologies) for transmission between the BSC and
the BTSs are: point-to-point connection
multidrop chain multidrop loop
In point-to-point configuration each BTS is connected directly to the BSC. In the multidrop chain, BTSs form a chain and the first BTS in the network is connected directly to the BSC. In the loop connection, the BTSs form a loop where the first and the last BTS in the loop are connected directly to the BSC via a crossconnecting node. The topology used depends on a number of factors such as the distance between the BSC and the BTS, the number of transceivers (TRXs) used at a particular BTS site and the signalling channel rate between the BSC and the\ BTS. Usually the topology used is a mixture of the three basic topologies. Formore information on the topologies, refer to Nokia BSS Transmission\Configuration .
Cdma2000 network problem analysis with mobile station 20030212-a-v1.0
This document describes how to use a mobile station (MS) to locate network problems in CDMA2000 networks. It explains how to view debugging screens on different MSs to check indices like pilot strength, receive level, and transmit level, which can indicate issues with forward or reverse coverage. It also discusses using reverse frame error rate tests on the network side to evaluate connection quality and voice quality. The document provides guidance on interpreting these metrics and diagnosing potential problems based on the results, like interference issues affecting transmit levels or poor coverage in certain areas.
QCTest™ CDMA Air Interface Tester (CAIT™) 3.1 User’s Guide
QUALCOMM Proprietary
Export of this technology or software is regulated by the U.S. Government. Diversion contrary to Ulaw prohibited.
All data and information contained in or disclosed by this document are confidential and proprietinformation of QUALCOMM Incorporated, and all rights therein are expressly reserved. By acceptthis material, the recipient agrees that this material and the information contained therein are heldconfidence and in trust and will not be used, copied, reproduced in whole or in part, nor its contentsrevealed in any manner to others without the express written permission of QUALCOMM Incorporated.
C cf introduction to antenna
Mobile communications is one of the communications fields that develop rapidly and energetically. The antenna builds the bridge between user terminals and base control devices. It is widely used in the mobile communications and the wireless access communication system. The rapid development of the antenna greatly promotes its technology innovation.
It is important to deeply grasp the knowledge of the antenna, which is useful to:
Install and maintain products.
Promote the network planning.
Chapter 1 Working Principle
Chapter 2 Classification
Chapter 3 Electrical Index
Chapter 4 Mechanical Index
When the conducting cable carries the alternating current, the electromagnetic wave radiation can be formed.
If two conducting cables are close, the directions of their current are opposite, and the electromotive force is counteracted. Thus the radiation becomes week.
If two conducting cables are open, the directions of their current are the same. Thus the radiation becomes strong.
When the length of the conducting cable is like the wavelength, the current on the cable will be enhanced. Thus the radiation becomes strong.
The straight conducting cable which can generate the strong radiation is called the dipole.
The pole whose two arms are of the same length (1/4 Wavelength) is called as dipole or half-wave-length dipole.
Gsm system antenna
Electrical properties
Operation Frequency Band
Input impedance
VSWR
Polarization
Gain
Radiation Pattern
Horizontal/Vertical beamwidth
Downtilt
Front/back ratio
Sidelobe suppression and null filling
Power capability
3rd order Intermodulation
Insulation
Mechanical properties
Size
Weight
Radome material
Appearance and color
Working temperature
Storage termperature
Windload
Connector types
Package Size
Lightening
Transmission fundamentals
TRANSMISSION :
A PROCESS WHERE TRAFFIC (VOICE,DATA,VIDEO) IS DESPATCHED OVER A MEDIUM BETWEEN THE SOURCE AND THE DESTINATION
TYPES OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA :
WIRED TRANSMISSION MEDIA
1.COPPER CABLE
2.OPTICAL FIBER
WIRELESS TRANSMISSION MEDIA
1.VSAT NETWORKS
2.MICROWAVE RADIO
Training on microwave communication
This document provides an overview of microwave communication. It discusses various topics related to microwave communication including possible media, manufacturers, advantages of microwave, characteristics, types of links and systems. It also covers topics such as line of sight requirements, wave propagation, multipath propagation, path loss, antenna types and gains. The document discusses concepts like fade margin, reliability and signal to noise ratio which are important in microwave system design. It provides examples of calculating free space loss and fresnel zone radius.
LOS Survey
1. The document discusses surveys for telecom backbone and access routes, including factors to consider like terrain, man-made structures, tree heights, and line-of-sight visibility.
2. For backbone surveys, the document recommends collecting location coordinates, azimuths, elevations, plotting routes on maps first before field surveys, and noting any critical points or obstructions.
3. Example data is given for a backbone link between Belmuri and Burdwan showing path length, frequencies used, antenna heights, and obstruction heights along the route.
Introduction to mapinfo
Instruction to MAPINFO
This course is intended to give a brief introduction to MAPINFO on the following aspects:
To get a knowledge of basic functions of MAPINFO and be familiar with normal operations of MAPINFO
To carry out network planning, optimization and map maintenance with MAPINFO
GSM , RF & DT
This document provides an overview of telecom concepts and GSM technology. It discusses early analog cellular systems, the development of GSM standards to address limitations in analog networks, and key aspects of GSM including frequency reuse, handovers, and network architecture. The document also covers cellular concepts like frequency bands, modulation techniques, and components of the mobile station and subscriber identity module.
Frequency Reuse
This document discusses frequency reuse in cellular networks. It describes the frequency bands used in GSM900 and GSM1800 standards. Common frequency reuse patterns include "4 3", "3 3", and dual frequency reuse. Frequency reuse allows the same frequencies to be used in different cells by ensuring sufficient distance between those cells. The document also provides equations to calculate frequency reuse distance based on cell radius and reuse factor.
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BSS Dimensioning
- 2. BSC Ater , A-if and TCSM SDCCH
- 3. BTS BTS BSC TCSM MS C Ate r A-if BSC Model BSC2i 248BCF/248BTS/512TRX BSC3i 248BCF/248BTS/660TRX How to select BSC capacity - 20% TRXs margin - space and future upgrading - minimize inter BSC HO
- 4. BTS BTS BSC TCSM MS C Ate r A-if Use offer traffic to calculate. Not install capacity Add 10% traffic margin Offer 823Erl (sum from each BTS under this BSC) 823+10% = 915Erl We calculate at 915 Erl
- 5. BTS BTS BSC TCSM MS C Ate r A-if From Erl-B we calculate number of channel need at 915Erl and 0.1% blocking = 985 channel (64kbps circuits) TCSM 1->4 : 1 Ater = 116 channels TCSM 1->3 : 1 Ater = 90 1 A-if handle 30 channels with TCSM can multiplex 4 A-if to 1 Ater But if use TCSM 4->1 will lost 1 TSL(4channels) to signaling Actually we must have O&M link so 1 Ater = 114 channels but only 1 or 2 link/BSC so we can ignore it. Except very small BSC have only 1 or 2 Ater.
- 6. BTS BTS BSC TCSM MS C Ate r A-if Ater = 985/116 = 8.49 = 9 Ater links A-if = 985/29 = 33.9 = 34 A-if links This case use TCSM 1->4 Ater 116 = 4 A-if with 29 channels
- 7. BSC BSC BSC TCSM TCSM MSC Ate r A- if TCSM racks need = Ater within same MSC / 8
- 8. When SDCCH get high congest TCH utility become degrade MS terminated but no SDCCH for new call setup To solve congestion and utility don’t forget SDCCH!