The document discusses cellular network basics and the evolution of cellular network generations from 0G to 4G. It covers key aspects of 2G cellular networks including GSM standards, channels, frequencies, architecture involving mobile stations, base station subsystems, switching subsystems, and location and handoff procedures. It also provides an overview of 3G networks and the transition from 2G technologies like GSM to 3G standards like UMTS, discussing services and performance improvements with each generation.
Mobile phones connect to a cellular network by communicating with nearby base stations using radio frequencies, with each base station serving an area called a cell, and cellular networks have evolved through generations from analog 1G networks to current digital 4G networks that provide high-speed wireless internet access.
This document provides a summary of lectures on cellular networks given at the Department of Electrical Engineering at University of Qatar. It discusses the basics of cellular networks including multiple access techniques used like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It describes the evolution of cellular technologies from 1G to 4G including GSM, 3G, HSPA, and LTE. Key aspects covered include network architecture, frequency bands, protocols, and mobility management in cellular systems.
The document provides an overview of mobile handset cellular networks, including the evolution from 2G to 4G networks. It describes key aspects of 2G GSM networks such as architecture, channels, protocols and short message service. It also summarizes the development of 3G UMTS networks and 4G LTE networks, outlining their technical improvements over previous generations including increased data rates and new multiple access technologies.
The document provides an overview of mobile cellular networks from 1G to 4G technologies. It discusses the basics of cellular networks including frequency bands, cells, and handoffs. It then describes the multiple access schemes used in different generations including FDMA in 1G, TDMA in 2G, and CDMA in 3G. It provides details on 2G GSM network standards, protocols, and architecture. It also summarizes the evolution from 2G to 3G UMTS and 3.5G HSPA networks as well as the 4G LTE technology including its advantages over previous standards.
Mobile networks have evolved through generations from 0G to 4G. 2G networks like GSM used frequency division multiple access and provided basic voice and SMS services. 3G networks such as UMTS enabled higher speed digital services using WCDMA technology. Between 2G and 3G, networks added technologies like GPRS, EDGE, and HSDPA (3.5G) to improve speeds. 4G networks like LTE provide broadband access using OFDM and MIMO with speeds over 100 Mbps for voice, data and multimedia services on all-IP networks.
The document provides an overview of basic telecommunications systems and concepts. It describes how early communication methods used visual signals like smoke signals. A basic telecom system consists of a transmitter that converts information to a signal, a transmission medium that carries the signal, and a receiver that converts the signal back to usable information. Common types of multiplexing that allow multiple signals to share a channel are frequency-division, time-division, and code-division multiple access. Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is an accepted standard for digital cellular networks consisting of switching systems, base station systems, and mobile handsets.
This presentation is all about GSM (Global System for mobile Communication). All components, entities ,architecture ,advantages of GSM, future of GSM was the main focus.
Call routing for incoming and outgoing call is also included in the presentation.
Mobile phones connect to a cellular network by communicating with nearby base stations using radio frequencies, with each base station serving an area called a cell, and cellular networks have evolved through generations from analog 1G networks to current digital 4G networks that provide high-speed wireless internet access.
This document provides a summary of lectures on cellular networks given at the Department of Electrical Engineering at University of Qatar. It discusses the basics of cellular networks including multiple access techniques used like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It describes the evolution of cellular technologies from 1G to 4G including GSM, 3G, HSPA, and LTE. Key aspects covered include network architecture, frequency bands, protocols, and mobility management in cellular systems.
The document provides an overview of mobile handset cellular networks, including the evolution from 2G to 4G networks. It describes key aspects of 2G GSM networks such as architecture, channels, protocols and short message service. It also summarizes the development of 3G UMTS networks and 4G LTE networks, outlining their technical improvements over previous generations including increased data rates and new multiple access technologies.
The document provides an overview of mobile cellular networks from 1G to 4G technologies. It discusses the basics of cellular networks including frequency bands, cells, and handoffs. It then describes the multiple access schemes used in different generations including FDMA in 1G, TDMA in 2G, and CDMA in 3G. It provides details on 2G GSM network standards, protocols, and architecture. It also summarizes the evolution from 2G to 3G UMTS and 3.5G HSPA networks as well as the 4G LTE technology including its advantages over previous standards.
Mobile networks have evolved through generations from 0G to 4G. 2G networks like GSM used frequency division multiple access and provided basic voice and SMS services. 3G networks such as UMTS enabled higher speed digital services using WCDMA technology. Between 2G and 3G, networks added technologies like GPRS, EDGE, and HSDPA (3.5G) to improve speeds. 4G networks like LTE provide broadband access using OFDM and MIMO with speeds over 100 Mbps for voice, data and multimedia services on all-IP networks.
The document provides an overview of basic telecommunications systems and concepts. It describes how early communication methods used visual signals like smoke signals. A basic telecom system consists of a transmitter that converts information to a signal, a transmission medium that carries the signal, and a receiver that converts the signal back to usable information. Common types of multiplexing that allow multiple signals to share a channel are frequency-division, time-division, and code-division multiple access. Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is an accepted standard for digital cellular networks consisting of switching systems, base station systems, and mobile handsets.
This presentation is all about GSM (Global System for mobile Communication). All components, entities ,architecture ,advantages of GSM, future of GSM was the main focus.
Call routing for incoming and outgoing call is also included in the presentation.
Global System For Mobile Communication by Ummer &MaroofUmmer Rashid Dar
Global System For Mobile Communication
By: Ummer Rashid Dar & Maroof Bashir Bhat
M.tech (ECE) ,1st year .
Pounduchery University.
Dept.of Electronics Engineering .
605014
What is GSM?
The Global System for Mobile communications is a digital cellular communications system. It was developed in order to create a common European mobile telephone standard but it has been rapidly accepted worldwide.
Formerly it was “Groupe Spéciale Mobile” (founded in 1982)
now: Global System for Mobile Communication.
Services:
Tele-services
Bearer or Data Services
Supplementary services
Applications:
Mobile telephony
GSM-R
Telemetry System
- Fleet management
- Automatic meter reading
- Toll Collection
- Remote control and fault reporting of DG sets
Value Added Services
Advantages:
Better Quality of speech
Data transmission is supported
New services offered due to ISDN compatibility
International Roaming possible
Large market
Crisper, cleaner quieter calls
disadvantages:
Dropped and missed calls
Less Efficiency
Security Issues
conclusion
The mobile telephony industry rapidly growing and that has become backbone for business success and efficiency and a part of modern lifestyles all over the world.
In this session I have tried to give and over view of the GSM system. I hope that I gave the general flavor of GSM and the philosophy behind its design.
The GSM is standard that insures interoperability without stifling competition and innovation among the suppliers to the benefit of the public both in terms of cost and service quality.
The document provides an overview of the GSM network including its history, architecture, technical specifications, and applications. It discusses the key components of GSM including the mobile station, base station subsystem, network switching subsystem, logical and physical channels, and security features. The architecture consists of the mobile station, base station subsystem with BTS and BSC, and the network switching subsystem including the MSC, HLR, VLR, and AUC. GSM uses TDMA and FDMA and operates in the 900/1800MHz spectrum. It provides voice and data services and allows international roaming.
Global system for mobile communication(GSM)Jay Nagar
~Introduction
~GSM Architecture
~GSM Entities
~SMS Service In GSM
~Call Routing In GSM
~PLMN Interfaces
~GSM Addresses and Identifiers
~Network aspects in GSM
~Handover
~Mobility Management
~GSM Frequency Allocation
~Authentication and Security In GSM
This document provides an introduction to GSM networks and their history. It discusses [1] the origins and evolution of cellular networks prior to GSM, [2] the formation of GSM in 1982 to develop a pan-European cellular standard, and [3] the key phases and advances of GSM technology over time, including digital voice services, SMS, and mobile data. The document also outlines some of the main advantages of GSM networks, including international roaming, security, voice quality, and their use of a single global standard.
GSM is a 2G mobile communication system that provides voice and data services. It uses TDMA and FDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously. The key components of a GSM network are the radio subsystem including the BTS, BSC and MS; the network and switching subsystem including the MSC, HLR, VLR; and the operation subsystem including the OMC, AuC and EIR. GSM provides services like telephony, SMS, and data transmission using bearer channels while ensuring security, anonymity and authentication of users.
The document discusses GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication), including its definition as a 2G cellular standard, system architecture with components like the mobile station, base station subsystem, and network subsystem, basic features like call waiting and advanced features like roaming, future developments like UMTS, and advantages like international roaming capabilities and efficient use of spectrum.
This document provides an overview of digital switching systems and digital transmission systems. It discusses how telecommunication networks have transitioned from analog to digital technologies. Key topics covered include digital switching systems, components of transmission networks like digital distribution frames, synchronous digital hierarchy for digital transmission, and fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) technologies using dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) to transmit multiple signals over fiber. The document is intended as an educational reference on modern digital telecommunication systems and technologies.
This document provides an overview of the GSM architecture, which includes the mobile station, base station subsystem, and network switching subsystem. The mobile station contains the mobile equipment and subscriber identity module. The base station subsystem consists of the base transceiver station and base station controller. The network switching subsystem contains the mobile switching center, home location register, visitor location register, authentication center, and equipment identity register. The interfaces between these subsystems enable communication and functionality across the different elements of the GSM network.
The GSM network architecture consists of three major subsystems: the network and switching subsystem (NSS), the base station subsystem (BSS), and the operation and support subsystem (OSS). The BSS is composed of the base transceiver station (BTS), base station controller (BSC), and transcoder (TCU/TRAU). The BTS handles radio transmission/reception, the BSC manages radio resources and handles radio call processing, and the TCU converts between GSM and PSTN/ISDN formats. The NSS contains the mobile switching center (MSC), home location register (HLR), visitor location register (VLR), and equipment identity register (EIR), which manage subscriber
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a digital cellular network developed to provide digital wireless voice and data services. It was designed to be a digital (wide area) wireless network driven by European Telecom manufacturers, operators, and standardization committees. GSM uses a combination of time division multiple access and frequency division multiple access and has become widely used around the world.
The GSM radio interface uses FDMA to divide the frequency band into channels and TDMA to divide each frequency channel into time slots to allow multiple users, with each user assigned a single time slot. The normal GSM burst carries digitized voice data or other information in a 57-bit data field, and includes guard periods and training sequences to help with timing synchronization and equalization between the mobile station and base transceiver station. GSM networks operate at different frequencies around the world, with GSM-900 being most common in Europe and other parts of the world.
GSM(Global system for mobile communication ) is a second generation cellular standard developed to cater voice services and data delivery using digital modulation.
GSM - (CHARACTERISITCS, FEATURES & ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES)kalpanait16
This document discusses the characteristics, features, advantages, and disadvantages of GSM. The key characteristics of GSM include it being a fully digital system, providing security against fraud and enhanced privacy, full international roaming capability, support for new services, and support of short message service. The advantages are better quality of speech, support for data transmission and new digital services, international roaming ability, and a large market. However, some disadvantages include dropped and missed calls, less efficiency in dense areas, and potential security issues.
Topics covered in this presentation:
What is a Base Transceiver Station ?
Components of any BTS
BTS transceiver, BTS O&M module, clock module
BTS Transmitter and Receiver Characteristics
BTS configurations
BTS functions and Protocols on Um and Abis Interface
BTS security aspects
El documento habla sobre la importancia de ayudar a otras personas que lo necesitan sin esperar nada a cambio, actuando como héroes sin capa. Al ayudar a otros que lo necesitan hoy, es posible que algún día seamos nosotros quienes necesitemos ayuda.
International Metals Trading, LLC supplies and installs steel reinforcement bar (rebar) for superstructure and civil construction projects in the New York Metropolitan area. It acquires, fabricates, and distributes rebar, cutting and bending it according to project specifications. The company also installs rebar on construction sites through its subsidiary Rebar Masters, LLC. International Metals Trading manages commodity risks associated with rebar purchases and sales through hedging strategies and contracts to stabilize pricing for customers. It is expanding operations with a new larger facility to increase rebar processing capacity and support continued strong revenue and profitability growth.
El documento define el currículo nacional de Guatemala como un proyecto educativo centrado en el desarrollo integral de las personas y los pueblos de Guatemala. Se concibe al ser humano como el centro del proceso educativo, un ser social con identidad propia capaz de transformar el mundo. Los fines del currículo incluyen el desarrollo integral de las personas y culturas de Guatemala, el fortalecimiento de la identidad cultural y nacional, y el fomento de la convivencia pacífica entre los pueblos basada en la inclusión y el respeto
This short document contains random letters and symbols with no coherent meaning or message. It does not provide any essential information that could be summarized in 3 sentences or less.
IMT is an international commodities trading and construction company that operates across multiple industries. It began as a trading company focused on recycling catalytic converters before expanding into construction materials trading and construction services. IMT uses hedging strategies and risk management to protect margins in its trading business. It has grown rapidly in recent years through strategic acquisitions and diversification, with revenues increasing from $7 million in 2014 to a forecasted $165 million in 2017. IMT emphasizes sustainability, community engagement, and ethical business practices across its operations.
El Curriculum Nacional Base de Guatemala se centra en el desarrollo integral de cada persona y en la construcción de una sociedad plural e inclusiva. Busca que los estudiantes desarrollen un pensamiento científico y se apropien de su realidad para encontrar soluciones a sus necesidades. También fomenta la investigación desde edades tempranas y una relación de construcción compartida entre docentes, conocimiento y estudiantes.
Global System For Mobile Communication by Ummer &MaroofUmmer Rashid Dar
Global System For Mobile Communication
By: Ummer Rashid Dar & Maroof Bashir Bhat
M.tech (ECE) ,1st year .
Pounduchery University.
Dept.of Electronics Engineering .
605014
What is GSM?
The Global System for Mobile communications is a digital cellular communications system. It was developed in order to create a common European mobile telephone standard but it has been rapidly accepted worldwide.
Formerly it was “Groupe Spéciale Mobile” (founded in 1982)
now: Global System for Mobile Communication.
Services:
Tele-services
Bearer or Data Services
Supplementary services
Applications:
Mobile telephony
GSM-R
Telemetry System
- Fleet management
- Automatic meter reading
- Toll Collection
- Remote control and fault reporting of DG sets
Value Added Services
Advantages:
Better Quality of speech
Data transmission is supported
New services offered due to ISDN compatibility
International Roaming possible
Large market
Crisper, cleaner quieter calls
disadvantages:
Dropped and missed calls
Less Efficiency
Security Issues
conclusion
The mobile telephony industry rapidly growing and that has become backbone for business success and efficiency and a part of modern lifestyles all over the world.
In this session I have tried to give and over view of the GSM system. I hope that I gave the general flavor of GSM and the philosophy behind its design.
The GSM is standard that insures interoperability without stifling competition and innovation among the suppliers to the benefit of the public both in terms of cost and service quality.
The document provides an overview of the GSM network including its history, architecture, technical specifications, and applications. It discusses the key components of GSM including the mobile station, base station subsystem, network switching subsystem, logical and physical channels, and security features. The architecture consists of the mobile station, base station subsystem with BTS and BSC, and the network switching subsystem including the MSC, HLR, VLR, and AUC. GSM uses TDMA and FDMA and operates in the 900/1800MHz spectrum. It provides voice and data services and allows international roaming.
Global system for mobile communication(GSM)Jay Nagar
~Introduction
~GSM Architecture
~GSM Entities
~SMS Service In GSM
~Call Routing In GSM
~PLMN Interfaces
~GSM Addresses and Identifiers
~Network aspects in GSM
~Handover
~Mobility Management
~GSM Frequency Allocation
~Authentication and Security In GSM
This document provides an introduction to GSM networks and their history. It discusses [1] the origins and evolution of cellular networks prior to GSM, [2] the formation of GSM in 1982 to develop a pan-European cellular standard, and [3] the key phases and advances of GSM technology over time, including digital voice services, SMS, and mobile data. The document also outlines some of the main advantages of GSM networks, including international roaming, security, voice quality, and their use of a single global standard.
GSM is a 2G mobile communication system that provides voice and data services. It uses TDMA and FDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously. The key components of a GSM network are the radio subsystem including the BTS, BSC and MS; the network and switching subsystem including the MSC, HLR, VLR; and the operation subsystem including the OMC, AuC and EIR. GSM provides services like telephony, SMS, and data transmission using bearer channels while ensuring security, anonymity and authentication of users.
The document discusses GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication), including its definition as a 2G cellular standard, system architecture with components like the mobile station, base station subsystem, and network subsystem, basic features like call waiting and advanced features like roaming, future developments like UMTS, and advantages like international roaming capabilities and efficient use of spectrum.
This document provides an overview of digital switching systems and digital transmission systems. It discusses how telecommunication networks have transitioned from analog to digital technologies. Key topics covered include digital switching systems, components of transmission networks like digital distribution frames, synchronous digital hierarchy for digital transmission, and fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) technologies using dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) to transmit multiple signals over fiber. The document is intended as an educational reference on modern digital telecommunication systems and technologies.
This document provides an overview of the GSM architecture, which includes the mobile station, base station subsystem, and network switching subsystem. The mobile station contains the mobile equipment and subscriber identity module. The base station subsystem consists of the base transceiver station and base station controller. The network switching subsystem contains the mobile switching center, home location register, visitor location register, authentication center, and equipment identity register. The interfaces between these subsystems enable communication and functionality across the different elements of the GSM network.
The GSM network architecture consists of three major subsystems: the network and switching subsystem (NSS), the base station subsystem (BSS), and the operation and support subsystem (OSS). The BSS is composed of the base transceiver station (BTS), base station controller (BSC), and transcoder (TCU/TRAU). The BTS handles radio transmission/reception, the BSC manages radio resources and handles radio call processing, and the TCU converts between GSM and PSTN/ISDN formats. The NSS contains the mobile switching center (MSC), home location register (HLR), visitor location register (VLR), and equipment identity register (EIR), which manage subscriber
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a digital cellular network developed to provide digital wireless voice and data services. It was designed to be a digital (wide area) wireless network driven by European Telecom manufacturers, operators, and standardization committees. GSM uses a combination of time division multiple access and frequency division multiple access and has become widely used around the world.
The GSM radio interface uses FDMA to divide the frequency band into channels and TDMA to divide each frequency channel into time slots to allow multiple users, with each user assigned a single time slot. The normal GSM burst carries digitized voice data or other information in a 57-bit data field, and includes guard periods and training sequences to help with timing synchronization and equalization between the mobile station and base transceiver station. GSM networks operate at different frequencies around the world, with GSM-900 being most common in Europe and other parts of the world.
GSM(Global system for mobile communication ) is a second generation cellular standard developed to cater voice services and data delivery using digital modulation.
GSM - (CHARACTERISITCS, FEATURES & ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES)kalpanait16
This document discusses the characteristics, features, advantages, and disadvantages of GSM. The key characteristics of GSM include it being a fully digital system, providing security against fraud and enhanced privacy, full international roaming capability, support for new services, and support of short message service. The advantages are better quality of speech, support for data transmission and new digital services, international roaming ability, and a large market. However, some disadvantages include dropped and missed calls, less efficiency in dense areas, and potential security issues.
Topics covered in this presentation:
What is a Base Transceiver Station ?
Components of any BTS
BTS transceiver, BTS O&M module, clock module
BTS Transmitter and Receiver Characteristics
BTS configurations
BTS functions and Protocols on Um and Abis Interface
BTS security aspects
El documento habla sobre la importancia de ayudar a otras personas que lo necesitan sin esperar nada a cambio, actuando como héroes sin capa. Al ayudar a otros que lo necesitan hoy, es posible que algún día seamos nosotros quienes necesitemos ayuda.
International Metals Trading, LLC supplies and installs steel reinforcement bar (rebar) for superstructure and civil construction projects in the New York Metropolitan area. It acquires, fabricates, and distributes rebar, cutting and bending it according to project specifications. The company also installs rebar on construction sites through its subsidiary Rebar Masters, LLC. International Metals Trading manages commodity risks associated with rebar purchases and sales through hedging strategies and contracts to stabilize pricing for customers. It is expanding operations with a new larger facility to increase rebar processing capacity and support continued strong revenue and profitability growth.
El documento define el currículo nacional de Guatemala como un proyecto educativo centrado en el desarrollo integral de las personas y los pueblos de Guatemala. Se concibe al ser humano como el centro del proceso educativo, un ser social con identidad propia capaz de transformar el mundo. Los fines del currículo incluyen el desarrollo integral de las personas y culturas de Guatemala, el fortalecimiento de la identidad cultural y nacional, y el fomento de la convivencia pacífica entre los pueblos basada en la inclusión y el respeto
This short document contains random letters and symbols with no coherent meaning or message. It does not provide any essential information that could be summarized in 3 sentences or less.
IMT is an international commodities trading and construction company that operates across multiple industries. It began as a trading company focused on recycling catalytic converters before expanding into construction materials trading and construction services. IMT uses hedging strategies and risk management to protect margins in its trading business. It has grown rapidly in recent years through strategic acquisitions and diversification, with revenues increasing from $7 million in 2014 to a forecasted $165 million in 2017. IMT emphasizes sustainability, community engagement, and ethical business practices across its operations.
El Curriculum Nacional Base de Guatemala se centra en el desarrollo integral de cada persona y en la construcción de una sociedad plural e inclusiva. Busca que los estudiantes desarrollen un pensamiento científico y se apropien de su realidad para encontrar soluciones a sus necesidades. También fomenta la investigación desde edades tempranas y una relación de construcción compartida entre docentes, conocimiento y estudiantes.
Individuals are more likely to express opinions they believe are shared by the majority to avoid isolation. The spiral of silence theory proposes that those with minority opinions remain silent for fear of isolation. The study used latent growth modeling on a three-wave panel survey to test hypotheses aligned with the theory, finding support that individuals correlate their opinions to the perceived climate of opinions over time and space. Further research on other dynamic issues could provide more understanding of why people fear voicing unpopular opinions.
El documento presenta el Curriculum Nacional Base de Guatemala. Define el curriculum como el proyecto educativo del Estado para promover el desarrollo integral de las personas, los pueblos y la nación de manera plural. Se centra en valorar la identidad cultural y fomentar la interculturalidad. Sus principios incluyen la equidad, pertinencia y sostenibilidad. Sus políticas buscan fortalecer valores democráticos, impulsar el desarrollo de cada pueblo y promover el bilingüismo.
This short document contains random letters and symbols with no coherent meaning or message. It does not provide any essential information that could be summarized in 3 sentences or less.
Este documento presenta un taller práctico sobre 10 claves para la implementación de tendencias y enfoques innovadores en la enseñanza. El taller busca que los docentes identifiquen el cambio necesario para incorporar las TIC al aula y currículo. Se desarrolla de manera teórico-práctica e individual y colaborativa, abordando temas como nuevas habilidades docentes, políticas de acceso a TIC e innovación educativa. El docente debe analizar tendencias pedagógicas emergentes y cómo estas se reflejan en
IMT is a vertically integrated construction and construction materials company that aims to become one of the largest in the US. It prides itself on professionalism, safety, quality, and delivering value to shareholders through steady growth. IMT's core businesses include rebar fabrication, construction management, concrete construction, and hedging commodity risks. It has experienced rapid revenue and earnings growth in recent years and aims to reach $100 million and $15 million respectively through continued expansion.
SC Cyberworld = Malaysia's Latest IT News_ NCBM INTRODUCES ‘SAVE AS DAISY XML...Iriani Zulkifli
The National Council for the Blind Malaysia (NCBM) introduced a new "Save As DAISY XML" feature for Microsoft Word that allows documents to be saved in an accessible format for people with disabilities. The new feature converts documents into the DAISY standard format, making text readable by screen readers and allowing easy navigation through headings, pages and references. It will benefit the estimated 600 visually impaired people in Malaysia who use Word. The new tool promotes the inclusion of people with disabilities by making published information accessible.
Lectures on 2 g,3g,3.5g,4g By Professor Dr Arshad Abbas KhanProfArshadAbbas
This document provides a summary of lectures on cellular networks given at the Department of Electrical Engineering at University of Qatar. It discusses the basics of cellular networks including frequency bands used, multiple access techniques like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It describes the evolution of cellular technologies from 1G to 4G including GSM, 3G UMTS, HSPA 3.5G, and LTE 4G. Key aspects of these technologies like their network architecture, protocols, and frequency spectrums are summarized. The document concludes with a case study on the impact of user mobility on bandwidth sharing in HSPA networks for mobile users on public transportation.
1. Cellular networks use multiple base stations that transmit and receive from mobile devices using assigned frequencies to allow frequency reuse and increase both coverage and capacity.
2. Multiple access schemes like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously by dividing the available bandwidth.
3. Generations of cellular networks have increased capabilities with 2G supporting digital signals and data, 3G allowing faster data rates including video calls, and 4G providing high-speed multimedia access.
GSM is a second generation cellular technology developed to provide digital voice and data services using TDMA and FDMA. It initially provided circuit switched services but later added packet switched capabilities with GPRS. The key components of GSM are the mobile station, base station subsystem including base transceiver stations and base station controllers, and the network switching subsystem centered around mobile switching centers and databases like HLR, VLR, EIR and AUC. GSM supports various voice and data services as well as supplementary services and saw continual upgrades over time to improve data capabilities.
This presentation covers:
How evolution has happened from First Generation Mobile Communication Systems to present day 3G/UMTS/WCMDA systems
Brief introduction of each Generation: GSM - 2G, 2.5 G - GPRS, 2.75G - EDGE, 3G and then LTE/4G
GSM is a 2G mobile communication system that provides voice and data services using radio frequency bands between 800-2000MHz. It has a three-part architecture including the radio subsystem with mobile stations, base stations and controllers; the network and switching subsystem with mobile switching centers and registers; and the operation subsystem for network management. Key protocols used in GSM include LAPDm for signaling, mobility management for registration and location updating, and call management for call establishment and control. GSM provides location tracking as users roam between different visitor location registers.
GSM is a digital cellular network standard that allows for compatibility between networks and devices. It divides geographic coverage areas into cells served by base stations. GSM uses paired frequencies between 890-960 MHz for uplinks and 935-960 MHz for downlinks, separated by 45 MHz. The network components include the mobile station containing the mobile equipment and SIM card, base station subsystem including base transceiver stations and base station controllers, switching centers, databases, and interfaces to other networks.
The document provides an introduction to the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It describes key aspects of GSM including that it uses a digital cellular network, divides service areas into cells with equipment to transmit and receive calls, operates in specific radio frequency ranges, and uses subscriber identities like IMSI and TMSI. It also summarizes important GSM network components like the MSC, BTS, HLR, VLR, EIR and SIM card.
The document provides an introduction to the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It describes key aspects of GSM including that it uses a digital cellular network, divides service areas into cells with equipment to transmit and receive calls, operates in specific radio frequency ranges, and uses subscriber identity modules (SIMs) and mobile equipment (ME). The document also summarizes key GSM network components like the mobile switching center (MSC), home location register (HLR), visitor location register (VLR), and base station subsystem (BSS).
The document provides information on Global System for Mobile (GSM) network. It discusses that GSM is a second generation cellular standard developed to provide voice and data services using digital modulation. It details the history and development of GSM standards. The document describes the various GSM services including teleservices, bearer services, and supplementary services. It explains the GSM system architecture including components like mobile station, base station subsystem, network switching subsystem and their functions. It also covers GSM specifications, call routing process, advantages of GSM over analog systems, and the future of GSM network.
The document provides an introduction to the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It discusses key aspects of GSM including that it uses digital cellular networks divided into regions called cells. Each cell has equipment to transmit and receive calls within its coverage area. GSM networks operate in specific radio frequency ranges and use frequency reuse to increase capacity. The network components work together to provide mobile communication services, identifying and authenticating subscribers as they roam across different cells.
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a 2G digital cellular network that was developed to provide improved voice services and support data transmission using digital modulation. It operates in the 900MHz or 1800MHz frequency bands. GSM digitizes and compresses data before transmitting it in time slots on a channel along with other user data. The key components of GSM architecture are the mobile station (comprising the mobile equipment and SIM card), base station subsystem (including base transceiver stations and base station controllers), and networking switching subsystem (consisting of elements like the home location register, visitor location register, and authentication center).
Global System for Mobile Communications(1).pdfbutrukerdu
The document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). Key points include:
- GSM is a digital cellular network developed to provide improved voice quality, capacity, and security compared to earlier analog networks.
- The network uses a cell structure where each cell contains radio transmission equipment and is connected to switches that provide access to wired networks.
- Core network components include Mobile Switching Centers (MSCs), Home Location Registers (HLRs), Visitor Location Registers (VLRs), and Authentication Centers (AUCs) that manage subscriber data and authentication.
- Radio access is handled by Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) and Base Station Controllers (BSCs)
Mobile communication has evolved from 1G to 4G networks over time. 1G networks used analog technologies while newer generations like 2G, 3G and 4G use digital technologies. 2G networks like GSM use TDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously. The GSM network architecture consists of mobile stations, base station subsystem and network subsystem. The base station subsystem comprises of base transceiver stations and base station controllers. The network subsystem includes switching centers, databases and registers that control connectivity and mobility. GSM ensures security using authentication and encryption algorithms.
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a digital cellular network developed to provide a common mobile telecommunications system across Europe. It includes specifications for a mobile network including the architecture and functions of the network components. GSM provides both basic voice services as well as advanced features like caller ID, call forwarding, and short messaging. The GSM network architecture includes mobile stations, base station subsystems, and a network subsystem with components like the mobile switching center and home location register. GSM was developed to provide an international roaming capability and has since expanded globally.
Mobile, wireless and pervasive computing technologies have evolved from large computers to smaller portable devices like PDAs and smartphones. This allows computing to be done anywhere and anytime through wireless connectivity standards like WiFi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks. Wearable computers embed technology into everyday items to provide an "anywhere" computing experience. Mobile computing enables personalization, instant access to information, and location-based services through ubiquitous connectivity.
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This document provides an overview of Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) technology. It discusses the history and evolution of GSM from 1G to future 5G networks. The key components of a GSM network are described, including the mobile equipment, subscriber identity module, base station system consisting of base transceiver stations and base station controllers, mobile switching center, home location register, visitor location register, and authentication center. Applications, advantages like worldwide connectivity, and disadvantages like limited range are highlighted. The presentation concludes with references and an acknowledgment.
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GSM was developed in the 1980s to standardize cellular networks in Europe and beyond. It uses a cellular network structure with Base Transceiver Stations that define cells and connect to Base Station Controllers and Mobile Switching Centers in the core network. A mobile device contains a Mobile Equipment unit and Subscriber Identity Module smart card. GSM provides voice calls and supports additional features like text messaging, caller ID, and international roaming across networks. It was a major advancement over previous analog systems and paved the way for 3G and 4G cellular standards.
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Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
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3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
2. Cellular Network Basics
• There are many types of cellular services; before delving into
details, focus on basics (helps navigate the “acronym soup”)
• Cellular network/telephony is a radio-based technology; radio
waves are electromagnetic waves that antennas propagate
• Most signals are in the 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900
MHz frequency bands
Cell phones operate in this frequency
range (note the logarithmic scale)
3. Cellular Network
• Base stations transmit to and receive from mobiles at the
assigned spectrum
– Multiple base stations use the same spectrum (spectral reuse)
• The service area of each base station is called a cell
• Each mobile terminal is typically served by the ‘closest’ base
stations
– Handoff when terminals move
4. Cellular Network Generations
• It is useful to think of cellular Network/telephony in
terms of generations:
– 0G: Briefcase-size mobile radio telephones
– 1G: Analog cellular telephony
– 2G: Digital cellular telephony
– 3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony (including video
telephony)
– 4G: IP-based “anytime, anywhere” voice, data, and
multimedia telephony at faster data rates than 3G
(to be deployed in 2012–2015)
6. The Multiple Access Problem
• The base stations need to serve many mobile
terminals at the same time (both downlink
and uplink)
• All mobiles in the cell need to transmit to the
base station
• Interference among different senders and
receivers
• So we need multiple access scheme
8. Frequency Division Multiple Access
• Each mobile is assigned a separate frequency channel for the
duration of the call
• Sufficient guard band is required to prevent adjacent channel
interference
• Usually, mobile terminals will have one downlink frequency band
and one uplink frequency band
• Different cellular network protocols use different frequencies
• Frequency is a precious and scare resource. We are running out of
it
– Cognitive radio
frequency
9. Time Division Multiple Access
• Time is divided into slots and only one mobile terminal transmits
during each slot
– Like during the lecture, only one can talk, but others may take the
floor in turn
• Each user is given a specific slot. No competition in cellular network
– Unlike Carrier Sensing Multiple Access (CSMA) in WiFi
Guard time – signal transmitted by mobile
terminals at different locations do no arrive
at the base station at the same time
10. Code Division Multiple Access
• Use of orthogonal codes to separate different transmissions
• Each symbol of bit is transmitted as a larger number of bits
using the user specific code – Spreading
– Bandwidth occupied by the signal is much larger than the information
transmission rate
– But all users use the same frequency band together
Orthogonal among users
12. GSM
• Abbreviation for Global System for Mobile
Communications
• Concurrent development in USA and Europe
in the 1980’s
• The European system was called GSM and
deployed in the early 1990’s
13. GSM Services
• Voice, 3.1 kHz
• Short Message Service (SMS)
– 1985 GSM standard that allows messages of at most 160 chars. (incl.
spaces) to be sent between handsets and other stations
– Over 2.4 billion people use it; multi-billion $ industry
• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
– GSM upgrade that provides IP-based packet data transmission up to
114 kbps
– Users can “simultaneously” make calls and send data
– GPRS provides “always on” Internet access and the Multimedia
Messaging Service (MMS) whereby users can send rich text, audio,
video messages to each other
– Performance degrades as number of users increase
– GPRS is an example of 2.5G telephony – 2G service similar to 3G
14. GSM Channels
• Physical Channel: Each timeslot on a carrier is referred to as a
physical channel
• Logical Channel: Variety of information is transmitted
between the MS and BTS. Different types of logical channels:
– Traffic channel
– Control Channel
Downlink
Uplink
Channels
15. GSM Frequencies
• Originally designed on 900MHz range, now also
available on 800MHz, 1800MHz and 1900 MHz
ranges.
• Separate Uplink and Downlink frequencies
– One example channel on the 1800 MHz frequency band,
where RF carriers are space every 200 MHz
1710 MHz 1880 MHz1805 MHz1785 MHz
UPLINK FREQUENCIES DOWNLINK FREQUENCIES
UPLINK AND DOWNLINK FREQUENCY SEPARATED BY 95MHZ
17. Mobile Station (MS)
• MS is the user’s handset and has two parts
• Mobile Equipment
– Radio equipment
– User interface
– Processing capability and memory required for
various tasks
• Call signalling
• Encryption
• SMS
– Equipment IMEI number
• Subscriber Identity Module
18. Subscriber Identity Module
• A small smart card
• Encryption codes needed to identify the subscriber
• Subscriber IMSI number
• Subscriber’s own information (telephone directory)
• Third party applications (banking etc.)
• Can also be used in other systems besides GSM, e.g., some
WLAN access points accept SIM based user authentication
19. Base Station Subsystem
• Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit (TRAU)
– Performs coding between the 64kbps PCM coding used in the
backbone network and the 13 kbps coding used for the Mobile
Station (MS)
• Base Station Controller (BSC)
– Controls the channel (time slot) allocation implemented by the
BTSes
– Manages the handovers within BSS area
– Knows which mobile stations are within the cell and informs the
MSC/VLR about this
• Base Transceiver System (BTS)
– Controls several transmitters
– Each transmitter has 8 time slots, some used for signaling, on a
specific frequency
20. Network and Switching Subsystem
• The backbone of a GSM network is a telephone network with
additional cellular network capabilities
• Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
– An typical telephony exchange (ISDN exchange) which supports
mobile communications
– Visitor Location Register (VLR)
• A database, part of the MSC
• Contains the location of the active Mobile Stations
• Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC)
– Links the system to PSTN and other operators
• Home Location Register (HLR)
– Contain subscriber information, including authentication information
in Authentication Center (AuC)
• Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
– International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI) codes for e.g.,
blacklisting stolen phones
21. Home Location Register
• One database per operator
• Contains all the permanent subscriber information
– MSISDN (Mobile Subscriber ISDN number) is the telephone
number of the subscriber
– International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) is a 15 digit code
used to identify the subscriber
• It incorporates a country code and operator code
– IMSI code is used to link the MSISDN number to the subscriber’s
SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)
– Charging information
– Services available to the customer
• Also the subscriber’s present Location Area Code, which
refers to the MSC, which can connect to the MS.
22. Other Systems
• Operations Support System
– The management network for the whole GSM network
– Usually vendor dependent
– Very loosely specified in the GSM standards
• Value added services
– Voice mail
– Call forwarding
– Group calls
• Short Message Service Center
– Stores and forwards the SMS messages
– Like an E-mail server
– Required to operate the SMS services
23. Location Updates
• The cells overlap and usually a mobile station
can ‘see’ several transceivers (BTSes)
• The MS monitors the identifier for the BSC
controlling the cells
• When the mobile station reaches a new BSC’s
area, it requests an location update
• The update is forwarded to the MSC, entered
into the VLR, the old BSC is notified and an
acknowledgement is passed back
24. Handoff (Handover)
• When a call is in process, the changes in location
need special processing
• Within a BSS, the BSC, which knows the current
radio link configuration (including feedbacks from
the MS), prepares an available channel in the
new BTS
• The MS is told to switch over to the new BTS
• This is called a hard handoff
– In a soft handoff, the MS is connected to two BTSes
simultaneously
25. Roaming
• When a MS enters another operators network, it
can be allowed to use the services of this
operator
– Operator to operator agreements and contracts
– Higher billing
• The MS is identified by the information in the SIM
card and the identification request is forwarded
to the home operator
– The home HLR is updated to reflect the MS’s current
location
29. Service Roadmap
Improved performance, decreasing cost of delivery
Typical
average bit
rates
(peak rates
higher)
WEB browsing
Corporate data access
Streaming audio/video
Voice & SMS Presence/location
xHTML browsing
Application downloading
E-mail
MMS picture / video
Multitasking
3G-specific services take
advantage of higher bandwidth
and/or real-time QoS
3G-specific services take
advantage of higher bandwidth
and/or real-time QoS
A number of mobile
services are bearer
independent in nature
A number of mobile
services are bearer
independent in nature
HSDPA
1-10
Mbps
WCDMA
2
Mbps
EGPRS
473
kbps
GPRS
171
kbps
GSM
9.6
kbps
Push-to-talk
Broadband
in wide area
Video sharing
Video telephony
Real-time IP
multimedia and games
Multicasting
CDMA
2000-
EVDO
CDMA
2000-
EVDV
CDMA
20001x
30. GSM Evolution to 3G
GSM
9.6kbps (one timeslot)
GSM Data
Also called CSD
GSM
General Packet Radio Services
Data rates up to ~ 115 kbps
Max: 8 timeslots used as any one time
Packet switched; resources not tied up all the time
Contention based. Efficient, but variable delays
GSM / GPRS core network re-used by WCDMA (3G)
GPRS
HSCSD
High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection ~ 50 kbps
Good for real-time applications c.w. GPRS
Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when nothing sent
Not as popular as GPRS (many skipping HSCSD)
EDGE
Enhanced Data Rates for Global
Evolution
Uses 8PSK modulation
3x improvement in data rate on short distances
Can fall back to GMSK for greater distances
Combine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384 kbps
Can also be combined with HSCSD
WCDMA
31. UMTS
• Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
(UMTS)
• UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE
• The standardization work for UMTS is carried out
by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
• Data rates of UMTS are:
– 144 kbps for rural
– 384 kbps for urban outdoor
– 2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor
• Virtual Home Environment (VHE)
32. UMTS Frequency Spectrum
• UMTS Band
– 1900-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz for 3G transmission
– In the US, 1710–1755 MHz and 2110–2155 MHz will be
used instead, as the 1900 MHz band was already used.
33. UMTS Architecture
Mobile Station
MSC/
VLR
Base Station
Subsystem
GMSC
Network Subsystem
AUCEIR HLR
Other Networks
Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.
GGSN
SGSN
BTS
BSC
Node
B
RNC
RNS
UTRAN
SIM
ME
USIM
ME
+
PSTN
PLMN
Internet
34. UMTS Network Architecture
• UMTS network architecture consists of three
domains
– Core Network (CN): Provide switching, routing and
transit for user traffic
– UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN):
Provides the air interface access method for user
equipment.
– User Equipment (UE): Terminals work as air interface
counterpart for base stations. The various identities
are: IMSI, TMSI, P-TMSI, TLLI, MSISDN, IMEI, IMEISV
35. UTRAN
• Wide band CDMA technology is selected for UTRAN air
interface
– WCDMA
– TD-SCDMA
• Base stations are referred to as Node-B and control
equipment for Node-B is called as Radio Network
Controller (RNC).
– Functions of Node-B are
• Air Interface Tx/Rx
• Modulation/Demodulation
– Functions of RNC are:
• Radio Resource Control
• Channel Allocation
• Power Control Settings
• Handover Control
• Ciphering
• Segmentation and reassembly
36. 3.5G (HSPA)
High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an amalgamation of two
mobile telephony protocols, High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), that
extends and improves the performance of existing WCDMA
protocols
3.5G introduces many new features that will enhance the UMTS
technology in future. 1xEV-DV already supports most of the
features that will be provided in 3.5G. These include:
- Adaptive Modulation and Coding
- Fast Scheduling
- Backward compatibility with 3G
- Enhanced Air Interface
37. 4G (LTE)
• LTE stands for Long Term Evolution
• Next Generation mobile broadband
technology
• Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps
• Based on UMTS 3G technology
• Optimized for All-IP traffic
40. Major LTE Radio Technogies
• Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) for downlink
• Uses Single Carrier Frequency Division
Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for uplink
• Uses Multi-input Multi-output(MIMO) for
enhanced throughput
• Reduced power consumption
• Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (less
battery power used by handsets)