Bacteria and their energy
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Bacteria can obtain energy through three main methods - autotrophs produce their own energy using solar or chemical energy, chemotrophs produce energy from chemical reactions, and heterotrophs obtain energy from organic matter. Bacteria also reproduce through binary fission, conjugation where genetic material is exchanged, or forming highly resistant spores.
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Microbial growth involves an increase in cell size and number through binary fission. The generation time for common bacteria ranges from 20 minutes to 20 hours depending on the species. Bacterial growth in liquid culture follows distinct phases - lag, exponential, stationary, and decline - as shown by a growth curve. Key factors influencing growth include temperature, atmosphere, pH, moisture, osmotic pressure, radiation, and nutrients. Bacteria require carbon, nitrogen, water, and inorganic salts for growth and are classified based on their nutritional requirements and energy sources. Some bacteria also require growth factors like B vitamins.
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2. Bacterial growth involves an increase in cell size and number through binary fission, with a typical generation time of 20 minutes. Growth is affected by temperature, oxygen levels, pH, moisture, and other environmental factors.
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2) Environmental factors that affect bacterial growth include temperature, pH, oxygen availability, and water availability.
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2. Bacterial growth involves an increase in cell size and number through binary fission, with a typical generation time of 20 minutes. Growth is affected by temperature, oxygen levels, pH, moisture, and other environmental factors.
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- Bacteria require specific temperatures, pH levels, oxygen levels, carbon sources, inorganic ions, organic nutrients, and enzymes to metabolize and grow.
- Bacterial metabolism includes anabolic and catabolic reactions. Energy is obtained through fermentation, anaerobic respiration using electron acceptors, or aerobic respiration using oxygen. Enzymes catalyze specific metabolic reactions.
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1. Bacterial physiology refers to the biochemical reactions that enable bacteria to live, grow and reproduce. Important factors for bacterial growth include nutrients, temperature, pH, and oxygen requirements.
2. Bacteria grow through a lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, and death phase. The log phase is when rapid, exponential growth occurs through binary fission.
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Photosynthesis and Respiration
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose. During photosynthesis, chloroplasts in plants use energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through a chemical reaction. This process is essential as it produces oxygen and food in the form of glucose, providing energy to fuel life on Earth.
Fermentation ppt
Fermentation is a classical biotechnology process that involves harnessing bacteria and yeast to produce consumable products from their waste. Key examples include alcoholic fermentation by yeast to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide from glucose, and lactic acid fermentation by muscle and bacteria cells to produce lactic acid, carbon dioxide, and a few ATP. Yogurt is produced through lactic acid fermentation of milk by thermophilic bacteria Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, which acidify the milk and cause the casein proteins to coagulate into a gel-like texture.
Metabolism c
The document discusses various topics related to metabolism in bacteria and other microorganisms. It covers classification of bacteria based on oxygen tolerance, biochemical reactions, fermentation products, pathways of energy metabolism like glycolysis and Krebs cycle, and biosynthesis of compounds like proteins, lipids, amino acids and nucleotides. It also distinguishes between different types of microbes based on their carbon and energy sources, including photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs and chemoautotrophs.
Bacterial anatomy, physiology, growth, nutrition, metabolism, toxin and bacte...
Best description of Bacterial anatomy, physiology, growth, nutrition, metabolism, toxin and bacteriocin
Yogurt
Yogurt is produced by adding a starter culture containing Lactobacillus bulgaricus bacteria to milk. During fermentation, the bacteria convert lactose into lactic acid, lowering the pH and causing the milk proteins to thicken. This partial pre-digestion and acidic environment makes yogurt easily digestible and able to replenish healthy bacteria in the intestines after antibiotic use. Yogurt can be made by boiling, cooling, and incubating milk with a starter culture for 10 hours to allow the bacteria to ferment the lactose into lactic acid.
Bacterial nutrition
Bacteria have various nutritional requirements for growth and reproduction. They require water, a carbon source, nitrogen, inorganic salts, and small amounts of carbon dioxide. Bacteria are classified based on their ability to produce their own organic compounds (autotrophs vs heterotrophs) and use of oxygen (aerobic vs anaerobic). They also have varying temperature, moisture, pH, light, and osmotic pressure requirements. Oxygen requirements further divide bacteria into aerobic, anaerobic, microaerophilic, and facultative anaerobic groups. Most grow best in neutral pH ranges at mesophilic temperatures.
Lecture 3 bacterial nutrition and growth-
This document discusses microbial nutrition and growth. It covers the classification of microorganisms based on their temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, and oxygen requirements. Key points include:
- Microbes are classified as mesophiles, psychrophiles, thermophiles, or hyperthermophiles based on their optimal temperature ranges.
- Most microbes grow best between pH 6-8 but some are acidophiles or alkaliphiles that prefer more extreme pH levels.
- Halophiles and barophiles thrive in high salt or pressure environments while others are merely tolerant.
- Microbes obtain carbon, energy, nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients from their environment and are classified based on these
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Biology - Chp 19 - Bacteria And Viruses - PowerPoint
This document discusses bacteria and viruses. It describes the key characteristics of prokaryotes like bacteria, including their shapes, cell walls, movement, and how they obtain energy. It also explains how bacteria grow and reproduce through binary fission. The document then covers viruses, describing their structure, life cycles of lytic and lysogenic infections, and examples like retroviruses. It discusses how bacteria and viruses can cause disease in humans and methods to prevent and treat bacterial infections, like vaccines, antibiotics, and sterilization.
Viruses
The document discusses viruses and bacteria. It defines viruses as non-cellular particles made of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells. It contrasts viruses with bacteria, noting that bacteria are cellular while viruses are non-cellular. It describes the structure of viruses including their nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein coat. It also discusses the structure and types of bacteria including their cell walls, shapes, motility, energy sources, reproduction, and symbiotic relationships with other organisms.
Viruses
This powerpoint presentation covers viruses, bacteria, and other microbes. It begins by defining viruses as non-cellular particles composed of genetic material and protein that can infect living cells. Examples discussed include bacteriophages like T4 and viruses like herpes. Bacteria like E. coli are introduced as single-celled organisms distinct from viruses. The structures of viruses and bacteria are described, along with how bacteria reproduce through binary fission, conjugation, and forming spores. Different types of bacteria are classified by their energy production, respiration, and symbiotic relationships. The powerpoint concludes by discussing nitrogen fixation by bacteria.
Bacteriology 5, Bacterial spore
This document discusses carbon and energy sources for bacterial growth. It explains that autotrophs use CO2 as a carbon source while heterotrophs use organic carbon sources. Phototrophs use light as an energy source and chemotrophs use redox reactions. The document also discusses bacterial spores, describing them as dormant, resistant structures that help bacteria survive harsh conditions until nutrients return. It covers the structure, types, formation, and germination of bacterial spores.
Bacteria Introduction
Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea. Bacteria were first observed in 1674 and include diverse species found in many habitats. Prokaryotes are single-celled without internal membranes and reproduce through binary fission. Major groups include eubacteria like E. coli and archaea found in extreme environments like hot springs or salt lakes. Bacteria play important roles in ecosystems through processes like nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis.
Bacteria
Bacteria come in a variety of shapes and sizes. They can be spherical, spiral, or rod-shaped. Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission where a single parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells. Some bacteria can also undergo sexual reproduction through conjugation where DNA is transferred between two bacteria through a bridge. Bacteria have different ways of obtaining food including photosynthesis, breaking down chemicals, or consuming other organisms or organic matter. They can survive unfavorable conditions by forming hardy endospores. Bacteria play both helpful and harmful roles in nature such as producing oxygen, recycling nutrients, causing disease, and spoiling food.
Life and cells
This document provides an outline for a lesson on cells and cell structures. It begins with an introduction to organisms and the key features of life. It then discusses using microscopes to view cells. The main body explains the structures and functions of animal and plant cells, including the cell membrane, nucleus, DNA, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. It concludes with objectives about identifying cell parts, comparing animal and plant cells, and experiments on diffusion and osmosis.
Viruses 001
This document summarizes key aspects of viruses, bacteria, and their interactions. It defines viruses as non-cellular particles composed of genetic material and protein that can infect living cells. It then describes the structures of some specific viruses and bacteria, including their nucleic acids, protein coats, and cellular structures. It also outlines several bacterial processes like respiration, reproduction, and symbiotic relationships between bacteria and how they obtain energy.
Viruses
This document summarizes key aspects of viruses, bacteria, and their interactions. It describes viruses as non-cellular particles composed of genetic material and protein that can infect living cells. It then discusses the structures of specific viruses like bacteriophages and herpes viruses. The document also outlines the structures and life cycles of bacteria, including their shapes, cell walls, movement, energy sources, reproduction, and symbiotic relationships with other organisms like nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Key differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, as well as gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are also summarized.
living things & cell theory
Living beings have 7 main characteristics:
1. They are composed of cells, which can be single-celled or multicellular.
2. They have a chemical composition and are highly organized from primary bioelements like carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen.
3. Living things use energy, either producing their own through photosynthesis (autotrophs) or consuming organic molecules (heterotrophs).
This summarizes the key points about the characteristics of living beings according to the document.
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic organisms: characterization and comparison.pptx
Structural, metabolic and evolutionary characterization and contrast of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
Comparison between cell reproduction processes, description of endosymbiosis.
PROKARYOTES
This document provides information on prokaryotes, including their structure, growth, reproduction, metabolic diversity, and roles. It discusses the key characteristics of prokaryotic cells, such as their lack of membrane-bound organelles. It describes the different shapes of prokaryotes and structures found in their cells like cell walls, flagella, and endospores. The document also summarizes the different types of prokaryotic metabolism and how they obtain energy and carbon. It outlines the important ecological roles of prokaryotes as decomposers, pathogens, symbionts, and their use in industry. Finally, it distinguishes the three main groups of Archaebacteria: methanogens, halophiles,
PROKARYOTES
This document provides information on prokaryotes, including their structure, growth, reproduction, metabolic diversity, and roles. Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea. They are unicellular organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles. They have various shapes and structures including cell walls, flagella, and plasmids. Bacteria reproduce through binary fission. Metabolically, they include photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs and chemoheterotrophs. Prokaryotes play important ecological roles as decomposers, pathogens, symbionts, and are used commercially in food/medical industries and bioremediation. Archaea are unique prok
Classification of microorganisms
This document provides an overview of the classification of microorganisms. It discusses how organisms are grouped into three domains - archaea, bacteria, and eukarya - based on cell structure. Within these domains, microorganisms can be further classified based on various characteristics like cell structure, metabolism, temperature and pH optima, oxygen requirements, morphology, gram staining, presence of flagella, and ability to form spores. Bacteria, fungi, and archaea are described in more detail with examples provided for different groups.
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Bacteria require certain physical and chemical conditions to grow. These include appropriate temperature, pH, moisture, light exposure, osmotic pressure, and nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and trace elements. Bacteria are classified based on their temperature preferences as psychrophiles, mesophiles, or thermophiles. They also differ in their ability to utilize oxygen, ranging from obligate aerobes to obligate anaerobes to facultative organisms. Bacteria can exist independently, in symbiotic relationships with other microbes and hosts, or in antagonistic relationships where one organism inhibits another.
BIOLOGY FORM 5 CHAPTER 4 - 4.1 Asexual &Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes through fertilization to form a zygote. Asexual reproduction involves mitosis and produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent without fusion of gametes. The main types of asexual reproduction include binary fission, budding, regeneration, and vegetative propagation, while the benefits of sexual reproduction include genetic diversity and ability to adapt to environmental changes.
Bacteria
Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria are composed of single-celled prokaryotes. Archaebacteria are typically obligate anaerobes that live in extreme environments, while Eubacteria are more diverse and include bacteria that can live with or without oxygen. Both Archaebacteria and Eubacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission, but some bacteria can also undergo genetic exchange through conjugation, transduction, or transformation.
1. Cell Biology.pptx
1) Cell biology is the study of cells, which are the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things. Key discoveries in cell biology include the first observation of cells in the 1600s and the formulation of the cell theory in the 1830s-1840s.
2) Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells, which are simpler bacterial cells, and eukaryotic cells, which are more complex and include plant and animal cells. Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus while prokaryotic cells do not.
3) Stem cells have potential applications in cell replacement therapy and regenerative medicine. Embryonic stem cells are plurip
Microbial-Diversity.pptx 123333333333333333333
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A prelude to genetics of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
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Types of cells
There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells that lack a nucleus and eukaryotic cells that have a nucleus. Kingdoms are divided based on whether cells are prokaryotic like Monera or eukaryotic like Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Unicellular organisms are in the kingdoms of Monera and Protista while multicellular organisms are in Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
Taxonomy
The document discusses taxonomy and classification systems. It explains that binomial nomenclature is the scientific naming system developed by Carolus Linnaeus, using a two-part Latin name of genus and species. An example is provided of the full taxonomic classification of humans from the broadest kingdom to the specific species. Key terms like genus, species, and DNA are defined. A brief history of classification systems mentions Ernst Haeckel's original three kingdom system.
Osmosis
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane according to concentration gradients. Cells placed in hypotonic solutions will swell as water enters, while hypertonic solutions cause water to leave cells, shrinking them. Transport across the cell membrane is facilitated by carrier proteins that bind specific molecules and change shape to transport them either passively down gradients or actively against gradients using ATP. Cells take material in through endocytosis and release it through exocytosis using membrane-bound vesicles.
Nitrogen fixations
The document discusses nitrogen fixation, which is the process by which nitrogen in the atmosphere is converted into a form that can be used by living things. It then provides details about the general characteristics of bacteria, including that they are single-celled organisms without organelles, have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, can reproduce through binary fission, and can perform both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Finally, it lists 13 biological importance of bacteria, such as their role in producing antibiotics, decomposing waste, and processing foods like cheese and yogurt.
Mitosis
1. Mitosis involves cell division for growth, healing, and asexual reproduction where one diploid cell divides into two identical diploid daughter cells.
2. The main stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase where chromosomes condense and align before separating and distributing into two new daughter cells.
3. Meiosis involves two cell divisions that result in four haploid cells from one original diploid cell. The main stages are similar to mitosis but with additional processes like independent assortment and crossing over during prophase I and a second division to separate sister chromatids.
Membrane biology
The plasma membrane separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. It is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane structure, with hydrophobic lipid tails facing the interior and hydrophilic heads facing the exterior. Membrane proteins have various functions like transport, receiving signals, and acting as enzymes. The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, allowing small uncharged molecules to pass through by passive or active transport mechanisms.
Kingdom monera
Monera is a kingdom composed solely of prokaryotic organisms like bacteria and cyanobacteria. Bacteria can exist as single cells, filaments, or colonies, and can be aerobic or anaerobic, autotrophic or heterotrophic. Other groups in the kingdom include cyanobacteria, which can perform photosynthesis, and eubacteria, which rely on organic carbon sources. Archaebacteria are the most ancient group and differ so greatly from other Monera that they may constitute their own kingdom.
Introduction to cell
The document discusses the structure and function of prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are much smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells, lacking organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria. The basic structure of a prokaryotic cell includes an outer cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm containing ribosomes and other inclusions, and sometimes additional structures like flagella, pili, or plasmids. The cell wall provides shape and rigidity while the membrane is semipermeable and controls movement of molecules in and out. Ribosomes perform protein synthesis and mesosomes are involved in respiration.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a stable internal environment in an organism. Most homeostatic mechanisms operate through negative feedback loops. A negative feedback loop has components that sense a deviation from the optimal range and trigger responses that act to reverse the deviation and restore homeostasis. An example is the regulation of body temperature through sweating or shivering in response to temperature changes.
Growth & development
In multi-celled organisms, growth occurs through the production of new cells, which increases the total number of cells and total surface area to volume ratio. Metamorphosis in animal development allows for different forms adapted to different environments and food sources over an organism's lifespan. This provides advantages like access to new resources and habitats as the organism matures.
General biology
Biology is the science of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, and distribution. It includes subdisciplines like microbiology, botany, zoology, anatomy, physiology, cell biology, biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology. Biology seeks to understand life at different scales, from molecules to cells to tissues to whole organisms, and examines the chemistry and physics underlying living things. Key concepts that guide biologists include different levels of biological organization and the idea that the difference between living and non-living things is one of degree rather than kind.
Fungi
Fungi have several key characteristics:
1) They have cell walls made of chitin and obtain nutrients as heterotrophs and decomposers.
2) Their bodies are made of long filaments called hyphae that form a mycelium.
3) They reproduce both sexually through the mating of hyphae and asexually through spores.
The document then discusses the five major fungal phyla - Zygomycota, Oomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Deuteromycota. It provides more details on Zygomycota, including how bread mold is an example and goes through its life cycle and
Eukaryotic cell structure
The document discusses the structure and function of eukaryotic cells. It outlines several key organelles including the cell wall, cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, which provide shape, protection, transport, protein synthesis, and energy production respectively to the plant cell.
DNA
DNA is composed of nucleotides that contain a phosphate group, five-carbon sugar called deoxyribose, and nitrogenous bases including adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine. The nucleotides are linked by the phosphate group to form the backbone of the DNA double helix structure.
Cytoplasm
The document discusses the structures and functions of eukaryotic cells. It outlines the major organelles found in plant and animal cells including the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, chloroplasts, centrioles, vacuoles, plastids, leucoplasts, chromoplasts, nuclei, nucleoli, nuclear membranes, and chromosomes. It provides details on the specific roles of these organelles in photosynthesis, digestion, cell division, food storage, motility, and genetic functions.
Biology organisms
This document discusses the levels of organization of life from cells to the biosphere. It begins by outlining the hierarchical organization from cells to tissues, organs, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and ultimately the biosphere. It then discusses the reductionist principle of breaking down complex life into more simple compartments like chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, and systems within an organism. The next section defines cells and describes the two main types - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. The last section describes the key characteristics of living organisms such as being made of cells, reproduction, genetic code, growth, obtaining and using energy, responding to the environment, and evolving over time.
Bacteria kingdom characteristics
Bacteria have simple structures, lack organelles, and have circular DNA plasmids instead of chromosomes. They have strong cell walls that are resistant to environmental changes. Bacteria can move using flagella, cilia, or be non-motile. Some bacteria move to spread between hosts while non-motile bacteria spread through other means. Gram staining determines the type of carbohydrates in the bacterial cell wall, distinguishing between thick peptidoglycan walls of Gram-positive bacteria and thinner complex walls of Gram-negative bacteria.
All prokaryotes are in the monera kingdom
All prokaryotes are classified into two kingdoms: Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include cyanobacteria, which are photosynthetic bacteria that appear blue-green in color. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack nuclei and are found almost everywhere on Earth in enormous numbers. They are divided into the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
Algae
Unicellular green algae like Chlamydomonas reproduce through binary fission and flagellated zoospores. Algae are classified based on their photosynthetic pigments. Green algae contain chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids. Spirogyra is a filamentous green alga with cylindrical cells arranged in helical filaments. It reproduces asexually through fragmentation and sexually through scalariform and lateral conjugation. Volvox is a colonial green alga. Red algae exhibit varied multicellular forms and contain the red pigment phycoerythrin.
4 dna nucleotides
DNA contains 4 nucleotides - adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine. These nucleotides pair up with each other - adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine. Together the nucleotides, sugar and phosphate molecules form the structure of DNA.
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Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalization
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AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial Intelligence
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Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success Story
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Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdf
Bacteria and their energy
- 1. Bacteria and their energy • Autotrophs • Chemotrophs • Heterotrophs
- 2. Autotrophs • Make their own energy • Using Solar energy • Eg. Cyanobacteria
- 3. Chemotrophs • Make own Energy • Using Chemical energy • Eg. Archaebacteria
- 4. Bacteria Respiration • Live without Oxygen • Obligate Anaerobes • Can live with or • Facultative without oxygen Anaerobes • Cannot live without oxygen. • Obligate Aerobes
- 5. Bacteria Reproduction • Binary Fission • Conjugation • Spore Formation
- 6. Replication • Binary fission – one cell splits into two cells, see diagram • offspring are genetically identical to parent
- 7. Bacterial conjugation – a form of sexual reproduction where bacteria exchange genetic information before dividing • offspring have new genes (and new traits) Figure 1. Schematic drawing of bacterial conjugation. 1- Donor cell produces pilus; 2- Pilus attaches to recipient cell, brings the two cells together; 3- The mobile plasmid is nicked and a single strand of DNA is then transferred to the recipent cell; 4- Both cells recircularize their plasmids, synthesize second strands, and reproduce pili. Both cells are now viable donors.
- 8. Spore Formation: Endospore • A type of dormant cell • Exhibit no signs of life • Highly resistant to environmental stresses such as: -High temperatures -Irradiation -Strong acids -Disinfectants • Endospores are formed by vegetative cells in response to environmental signals that indicate a limiting factor for vegetative growth, such as exhaustion of an essential nutrient.