The document discusses viruses and bacteria. It defines viruses as non-cellular particles made of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells. It contrasts viruses with bacteria, noting that bacteria are cellular while viruses are non-cellular. It describes the structure of viruses including their nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein coat. It also discusses the structure and types of bacteria including their cell walls, shapes, motility, energy sources, reproduction, and symbiotic relationships with other organisms.

1. Viruses & Bacteria

2. What are Viruses
A virus is a non-cellular particle made
up of genetic material and protein
that can invade living cells.

3. T4 Bacteriophage

4. Herpes Virus

5. Escherichia Coli Bacterium
E. coli is a bacterium. That is a crude cell, it is not a virus
because viruses are protein containers with DNA cores or
RNA cores.

6. E. Coli and the
Bacteriophage
What it looks like in real life

7. The Structure Of a Virus
 Viruses are
composed of a core
of nucleic acid
 The Nucleic acid core
is surrounded by a
protein coat called a
capsid
 The Nucleic core is
either made up of
DNA or RNA but
never both

8. Cycle of Lytic and Lysogenic

9. Vaccines
► Viruses grown on chicken embryos are
attenuated vaccines
► Another type of vaccine is made by heat
killing the virus

10. Retrovirus
 Change DNA
into RNA.
 Example of a
Retrovirus is
HIV

11. A typical, "minimal" retrovirus
consists of:
•an outer envelope which
was derived from the plasma
membrane of its host
•many copies of an envelope
protein embedded in the lipid
bilayer of its envelope
•a capsid; a protein shell
containing
•two molecules of RNA and
•molecules of the enzyme
reverse transcriptase

12. Bacteria Cell

13. Prokaryotes
 Cells that do not have a
nucleus
 Exist almost every where on
earth
 Grow in numbers so great you
can see them with the unaided
eye
 Are placed in either the
Eubacteria or the
Archebacteria Kingdoms
 Make up the smaller of the two
kingdoms

15. Eubacteria
Make up the larger of
the two prokaryote
kingdoms
Generally are
surrounded by a cell
wall composed of
complex
carbohydrates

16. Cyanobacteria
 Photosynthetic
bacterium
 Bluish-greenish color
 Contain membranes
that carry out the
process of
photosynthesis
 Do not contain the
same type of
chloroplasts as plants
do
 This bluish-greenish
algae can be found
nearly everywhere on
earth.
 Can survive in
extremely hot
environments and even
extremely cold
environment

17. Archaebacteria
 Lack important
carbohydrate found
in cell walls
 Have different lipids
in their cell
membrane
 Different types of
ribosomes
 Very different gene
sequences
 Archaebacteria can
live in extremely
harsh environments
 They do not require
oxygen and can live
in extremely salty
environments as well
as extremely hot
environments.

18. Identifying Prokaryotes
Cell Shape
Cell Wall
Movement

19. Bacterium Shapes
 Cocci~ Sphere shaped
bacteria
 Bacillus~ Rod shaped bacteria
 Spirrillium ~ Spiral shaped
bacteria
 Flagella~ Leg-like structures
that help to propel the
bacterium.

20. Gram + and Gram – Bacterium
Cell Walls

21. Cellular Walls
 Chemical nature of a cell wall can be determined
by Gram Staining
 By finding out what color the cell produces when
it is gram stained you can figure out the type of
carbohydrates in the cell wall

22. Movement
• Flagella ~ Tail like structure
the whips around to propel the
bacterium
• Cillia ~ Miniature flagella
surround the cell that help to
“swim”
• Non motile ~ Sticky cillia like
structures that keep the
bacterium from moving

23. Flagella

25. Bacteria and their
ener g y
 Autotrophs
 Chemotrophs
 Heterotrophs

26. Autotrophs
 Make their own
energy
 Using Solar energy
 Eg. Cyanobacteria

27. Chemotrophs
 Make own Energy
 Using Chemical energy
 Eg. Archaebacteria

28. Heterotrophs
 Obtain food
 By eating
 Eg. E-coli

29. Bacteria Respiration
 Obligate Anaerobes  Live without Oxygen
 Facultative  Can live with or
Anaerobes without oxygen
 Cannot live without
 Obligate Aerobes oxygen.

30. Bacteria Reproduction
 Binary Fission
 Conjugation
 Spore Formation

31. Cellular organism copies it’s genetic information then splits into
two identical daughter cells

32. Conjugation
 A type of Bacteria
Sex
 Two organism swap
genetic information,
that contains the
information such as a
resistance to penicillin

33. Spore Formation: Endospore
 A type of dormant cell
 Exhibit no signs of life
 Highly resistant to
environmental stresses such
as:
-High temperatures
-Irradiation
-Strong acids
-Disinfectants
 Endospores are formed by
vegetative cells in response to
environmental signals that
indicate a limiting factor for
vegetative growth, such as
exhaustion of an essential
nutrient.

34. Symbiosis
 Close relationship
between to species in
which at least one
species benefits from
the other
 Live together for LIFE

35. Parasitism
 Bacteria exploit the
host cell, injuring
them
 Eg. Mychobacterium
tuberculosis

36. Mutualism
 Symbiosis in which two
of the species live
together in such a way
that both benefit from
the relationship
 Eg. E-coli

37. Nitrogen Fixations
Process by which nitrogen in the
atmosphere is converted into a form that
can be used by living things

38. THE END

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