The document discusses the nutritional requirements and growth conditions of bacteria. It states that bacteria require water, a carbon and energy source, a nitrogen source, and inorganic salts for growth. The major macronutrients needed are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Some trace elements like iron, copper, and zinc are also required as cofactors for certain enzymes. Bacteria growth occurs through binary fission and is affected by temperature, oxygen levels, pH, osmotic pressure, and other environmental factors. Optimal growth occurs within a certain range for each factor.
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
Microbiology is the study of
living organisms of microscopic
size which includes bacteria ,
Fungi , Algae , Protozoa and Viruses. It is concerned with the forms, structure , reproduction , physiology , metabolism and classification.
Principle Of Microbiology
Medical microbiology deals with the causative agent of the infectious disease of the human , the ways in which they produce disease in the body and essential information for diagnosis and treatment.
Serological test for virus identificationPlock Ghosh
This presentation consist of detailed study of serological method of virus identification. Basically ELISA is vastly used for virus detection. Western blot method is used for HIV identification.
General Characters and Classification of Viruses. Includes ICTV classification and Baltimore classification of viruses. A brief explanation of the Viral structure and Lifecycle.
Medical microbiology is the study of causative agents of infectious diseases of humans and their reactions to such infections. In other words it deals with etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, specific treatment and control of infection (immunization).
Capsule is an layer around the bacteria cell which gives bacteria the protection and pathogenicity. Staining such an layer is difficult with the normal stains so it is necessary to stain the background and the cell itself which makes the capsule appear colourless.
Microbiology is the study of
living organisms of microscopic
size which includes bacteria ,
Fungi , Algae , Protozoa and Viruses. It is concerned with the forms, structure , reproduction , physiology , metabolism and classification.
Principle Of Microbiology
Medical microbiology deals with the causative agent of the infectious disease of the human , the ways in which they produce disease in the body and essential information for diagnosis and treatment.
Serological test for virus identificationPlock Ghosh
This presentation consist of detailed study of serological method of virus identification. Basically ELISA is vastly used for virus detection. Western blot method is used for HIV identification.
General Characters and Classification of Viruses. Includes ICTV classification and Baltimore classification of viruses. A brief explanation of the Viral structure and Lifecycle.
Medical microbiology is the study of causative agents of infectious diseases of humans and their reactions to such infections. In other words it deals with etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, specific treatment and control of infection (immunization).
Capsule is an layer around the bacteria cell which gives bacteria the protection and pathogenicity. Staining such an layer is difficult with the normal stains so it is necessary to stain the background and the cell itself which makes the capsule appear colourless.
General bacteriology / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Micronutrients...Importance for plant nutritionUTTAM KUMAR
micro nutrition an important tool for increasing crop yield particularly area were it is more deficient such as alkali soils and some acidic soil ( eg Mo, B )...
This presentation gives detailed explanation about the anatomical structure and function of bacteria, classification and morphology are also discussed.
The presentation was part of introduction to microbiology course at university of somalia (uniso) based in Mogadishu , the capital city of Somalia.
I am very proud to share the world with this presentation, thanks for everyone who come across to it.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
2. Santosh yadav
Nutrition requirements
Bacteria has same general chemical pattern as the
cells of other organism.
Principal constituent of the bacterial cell is water,
proteins , polysaccharides , lipids, nucleic acids,
mucopeptides and other low molecular weigth
compounds.
For growth and muliplication of bacteria,the
minimum requirements are
Water,
Source of carbon and energy,
Source of nitrogen,and
Some inorganic salts. 2
3. Santosh yadav
Macronutrients
• Microorganisms require some elements in large
quantities, because they are used to construct
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
• 95% or more of cell dry weight is made up of a few
major elements: C ,O , H, N , S and P.
• Required in large amount.
3
4. Santosh yadav
Trace Elements
Microbes require very small amounts of other
mineral elements, such as Fe , Cu, Mo , Zn, etc .
Most are essential for activity of certain
enzymes, usually as cofactors.
Eg- Mg²⁺ for Hexokinase , Ni⁴⁺ for urease, Fe²⁺
for cytochrome oxidase , etc…
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6. Santosh yadav
Growth Factors
Organic compounds required in minute quantities
and are not synthesized by bacteria, also called
bacterial vitamins.
Such as amino acids, vitamins, purines, and
pyrimidines
Eg…Neisseria spp require at least 40 additional
ingredients, including 7 vitamins and all of the 20
amino acids.
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7. Santosh yadav
Energy source
Organism derive energy either from sunlight or
from oxidation of chemical compounds.
Phototrophs, and Chemotrophs.
Carbon source
Autotroph:- can synthesize all their organic
compounds.
Heterotroph :- can not synthesize and depends
on preformed organic compounds.
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8. Santosh yadav
Bactrial Growth
It is an increase in number of population rather than
in size.
Bacteria divide by binary fission.
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10. Santosh yadav
Generation time
Time required for a
bacterium to give rise to
2 daughter cells under
optimum conditions .Also
called population
doubling time.
Escherichia coli – 20 mins.
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis – 20 hrs.
M.leprae – 20 days.
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12. Santosh yadav
Lag phase
Phase of adaptation in new medium.
Necessary enzymes and metabolites are built
up.
Bacterial cell attain maximum size and is
critical stage for multiplication.
Length depends on generation time of
bacteria, size of inoculum, quantity of culture
medium, environmental factors, etc…
Average time:- 2-6 hours.
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13. Santosh yadav
Log or exponential phase
Cell division occurs at maximum rate and number
increases exponentially with time.
Becomes smaller in size.
Bacteria are most sensitive to antimicrobial
substances.
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14. Santosh yadav
Stationary phase
Growth ceases due to exhaustion of nutrients,
accumulation of of toxic metabolites and lowering of
pH.
Produce secondary metabolites.
Frequently gram variable and stain irregularly.
Sporulation occurs.
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15. Santosh yadav
Death or decline phase
Cells begin to die due to cessation of growth,
accmulation of toxic products, autolytic and
heterolytic enzymes.
Rapid fall in viable count.
Some cells remain survive at the expense of nutrients
released from cell death.
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17. Santosh yadav
Water
About 80% of bacterial cell is water hence it is
essential requirement.
Vehicle for entry of nutrients and elimination of
waste products.
Participate in metabolic reactions
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18. Santosh yadav
Temperature
Major environmental
factor controlling
growth.
Minimum:- below
which growth ceases.
Optimum:- at which
maximum growth occur.
Maximum:- above
which growth ceases.
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19. Santosh yadav
Classification by tempr. requirement
Psychrophiles:-
best grow at low temprature (-5 -15⁰C)
Produce enzymes that functions optimally in cold.
eg. Yersinia enterocolitica , Listeria monocytogens ,
Pseudomonas fluorescens.
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20. Santosh yadav
Mesophiles
Temprature range for growth 25-45⁰C.
Optimum growth temp 37⁰C.
Are mostly pathogenic bacteria.
Eg..Escherichia coli , staphylococcus aureus , etc.
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21. Santosh yadav
Thermophiles
Range 45-70⁰C
Contain heat stable enzymes and proteins.
.
Eg..Bacillus sterothermophilus.
Hyoerthermophiles- grow at temp above 70⁰C.
Eg…Thermotoga, Methanopyrus.
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23. Santosh yadav
Classification based on O2 requirement
Obligate aerobes:-
Grow only in presence of oxygen.
Eg.. Pseudomonas , Brucella , Mycobacteria ,
Nocardia spp etc.
Facultative anerobes:-
prefer aerobic condition but can grow without
oxygen.
Eg… Staphylococcus spp, Corynebacterium sps,
Salmonella spp, Shigella spp , Escherichia coli, etc
Microaerophiles:-
Are aerobes but require little of oxygen for growth.
Eg… Campylobacter jejuni, etc.
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24. Santosh yadav
Obligate anaerobes:-
Grow only in absence of oxygen and oxygen is
lethal for them.
Eg…Clostridium sps, Bacteroides sps, etc...
Aerotolerent anaerobes:-
Do not utilize oxygen , but can tolerate low
amount of oxygen
Eg..Lactobacilli , anaerobic streptococci , etc
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25. Santosh yadav
Carbondioxide( CO2)
Small amount of CO2 is required by all bacteria.
Some organisms grow best at higher CO2 tension
and are called capnophillic.
Eg..Brucella sps , gonococcus, meningococcus.
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26. Santosh yadav
Hydrogen ion concentration(pH)
Most bacteria grow at neutral or slightly alkaline
pH.
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27. Santosh yadav
Classification
Acidophiles:-
grow at acidic pH.
pH range ( < 5.0).
Eg..Lactobacillus sps
Neutrophiles:-
pH range ( > 5.0 and <8 ).
Many pathogenic bacteria are neutrophiles.
Alkalophiles:-
pH range ( > 8 ).
Eg.. Vibrio cholera ,
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28. Santosh yadav
Osmotic pressure
Bacteria can withstand wide range of external osmotic
pressure because of protective cellwall.
0.5% of NaCl is added in most culture medium to maintain
suitable environment.
28
29. Santosh yadav
contd…
Some bacteria grow at high pressure , i.e. 400-500
atm (mostly in deep sea) and are called
barophiles.
Eg..Photobacterium shewanella
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30. Santosh yadav
Symbiosis and antagonism
When growth of one organism fascilitates another
(symbiosis).
E.g. Staphylococcus aureus helping the growth of
Hemophilus influenza.
When growth of one organism hampering another (
antagonism).
Eg..Pseudomonas aeruginosa hampering the growth of
gonococcus and anthrax bacilli.
30
