The document discusses microorganisms, specifically bacteria. It notes that bacteria are microscopic organisms found almost everywhere. It then describes the Kingdom of Monera, where bacteria belong. Bacteria are prokaryotes, meaning they lack nuclei and organelles. The structures of bacterial cells are also outlined, including the cell wall, ribosomes, flagella, and cytoplasm. The document discusses both harmful bacteria that can cause disease and helpful bacteria that decompose waste, produce antibiotics, and aid digestion.

1. B.Ed Course 2010-11 Anjana Jha Roll No- 20 Microorganisms ( Bacteria) Std –VIII

3. Table Of Content Sr. No Topic 1. Introduction to Micro-organism 2. Kingdom Monera 3. Structures of Bacterial Cell 4. Photosynthesis of Bacteria 5. Harmful & Helpful Bacteria 6. Evaluation

4. Micro-organisms Too small to be seen with the naked eyes Aggregations or colonies can be seen without the aid of a microscope Are found almost anywhere Are more abundant than any other life form They are forms on which all others depend.

5. THE KINGDOM OF MICROORGANISMS

6. Kingdom Monera (Bacteria are prokaryotes) Pro -before Karyon – nucleus The simplest forms of life are prokaryotes. Earth’s first cells were prokaryotes .

7. Lots of Them ! Prokaryotes are Earth’s most abundant life forms. They can survive in many environments. They can get energy from many different sources.

8. Prokaryote Review Mostly single-celled No nucleus or organelles Circular chromosomes Cell walls Reproduce mostly asexually Anaerobic or aerobic Heterotrophic or autotrophic

9. 7 major structures of Bacterial cell Capsules Cell wall Ribosomes Nucleoid Flagella Pilli Cytoplasm

10. Structure of Bacteria Two part to bacteria structure: Arrangement Shape

11. Arrangement Paired: Diplo Grape like structures: Staphylo Chains: Srepto

12. Shapes Rod: Bacillus Spheres: coccus Spirals: spirillum

13. Photosynthesis of Bacteria Bacteria can be Autotrophs or Heterotrophs Autotrophs: - They are either photosynthetic obtaining energy from sunlight or chemosynthetic, breaking down inorganic substances for energy. E.g.: Cyanobacteria

14. Photosynthesis of Bacteria Cont… Heterotrophs : - They derive energy from breaking down complex organic compounds in the environment. This includes saprobes, bacteria that feed on decaying material and organic wastage as those that live on parasites, absorbing nutrients from living organisms.

15. Harmful Bacteria Some bacteria cause diseases Animals can pass diseases to humans Communicable Disease: Disease passed from one organism to another This can happen in several ways: Air Touching clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush Drinking water that contains bacteria

16. Harmful Bacteria Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas)

17. Helpful Bacteria Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the soil for other organisms to grow Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to break down grass and hay Most are used to make antibiotics Some bacteria help make insulin Used to make industrial chemicals Some bacteria live on the roots of other plants, converting nitrogen into a usable form.

18. Helpful Bacteria E. coli in small intestines

19. Helpful Bacteria Used to treat sewage Organic waste is consumed by the bacteria, used as nutrients by the bacteria, and is no longer present to produce odors, sludge, pollution, or unsightly mess . foods like yogurt, cottage & Swiss cheese, sour cream, buttermilk are made from bacteria that grows in milk

20. Questions Which Kingdom does bacteria belong to? What is the scientific name of grapes like structure found in Bacteria? Name any one examples of Autotrophs and Heterotroph Bacteria? What are the two ways in which bacteria reproduce? Are E.Coli bacteria helpful or harmful Bacteria? What are the three ways to control Bacteria?

21. Which Kingdom does Bacteria belong to? Kingdom Protista Kingdom Monera Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

22. What is the scientific name of grapes like structure found in Bacteria? Diplococcus Streptococcus Stephylococcus Tetracoccus

23. Where are E.Coli found? Brain Lung Small Intestines Large Intestines

24. Answers Monera Kingdom Staphylococcus Autotrophs- Cyanobacteria Heterotrophs- Saprobes Binary fission and Asexual reproduction Helpful bacteria Canning, Pasteurization, Dehyration