This document summarizes key aspects of viruses, bacteria, and their interactions. It describes viruses as non-cellular particles composed of genetic material and protein that can infect living cells. It then discusses the structures of specific viruses like bacteriophages and herpes viruses. The document also outlines the structures and life cycles of bacteria, including their shapes, cell walls, movement, energy sources, reproduction, and symbiotic relationships with other organisms like nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Key differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, as well as gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are also summarized.

1. Viruses & Bacteria Chapter 17 Biology 11 Presentation put together by Mandie Lynn Walls

2. What are Viruses A virus is a non-cellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells.

3. T4 Bacteriophage

4. Herpes Virus

5. Escherichia Coli Bacterium E. coli is a bacterium. That is a crude cell, it is not a virus because viruses are protein containers with DNA cores or RNA cores.

6. E. Coli and the Bacteriophage What it looks like in real life

7. The Structure Of a Virus Viruses are composed of a core of nucleic acid The Nucleic acid core is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid The Nucleic core is either made up of DNA or RNA but never both

8. Cycle of Lytic and Lysogenic

9. Vaccines Viruses grown on chicken embryos are attenuated vaccines Another type of vaccine is made by heat killing the virus

10. Retrovirus Change DNA into RNA. Example of a Retrovirus is HIV

11. A typical, "minimal" retrovirus consists of: an outer envelope which was derived from the plasma membrane of its host many copies of an envelope protein embedded in the lipid bilayer of its envelope a capsid; a protein shell containing two molecules of RNA and molecules of the enzyme reverse transcriptase

12. Bacteria Cell

13. Prokaryotes Cells that do not have a nucleus Exist almost every where on earth Grow in numbers so great you can see them with the unaided eye Are placed in either the Eubacteria or the Archebacteria Kingdoms Make up the smaller of the two kingdoms

15. Eubacteria Make up the larger of the two prokaryote kingdoms Generally are surrounded by a cell wall composed of complex carbohydrates

16. Cyanobacteria Photosynthetic bacterium Bluish-greenish color Contain membranes that carry out the process of photosynthesis Do not contain the same type of chloroplasts as plants do This bluish-greenish algae can be found nearly everywhere on earth. Can survive in extremely hot environments and even extremely cold environment

17. Archaebacteria Lack important carbohydrate found in cell walls Have different lipids in their cell membrane Different types of ribosomes Very different gene sequences Archaebacteria can live in extremely harsh environments They do not require oxygen and can live in extremely salty environments as well as extremely hot environments.

18. Identifying Prokaryotes Cell Shape Cell Wall Movement

19. Bacterium Shapes Cocci~ Sphere shaped bacteria Bacillus~ Rod shaped bacteria Spirrillium ~ Spiral shaped bacteria Flagella~ Leg-like structures that help to propel the bacterium.

20. Gram + and Gram – Bacterium Cell Walls

21. Cellular Walls Chemical nature of a cell wall can be determined by Gram Staining By finding out what color the cell produces when it is gram stained you can figure out the type of carbohydrates in the cell wall

22. Movement Flagella ~ Tail like structure the whips around to propel the bacterium Cillia ~ Miniature flagella surround the cell that help to “swim” Non motile ~ Sticky cillia like structures that keep the bacterium from moving

23. Flagella

25. Bacteria and their energy Autotrophs Chemotrophs Heterotrophs

26. Autotrophs Make their own energy Using Solar energy Eg. Cyanobacteria

27. Chemotrophs Make own Energy Using Chemical energy Eg. Archaebacteria

28. Heterotrophs Obtain food By eating Eg. E-coli

29. Bacteria Respiration Obligate Anaerobes Facultative Anaerobes Obligate Aerobes Live without Oxygen Can live with or without oxygen Cannot live without oxygen.

30. Bacteria Reproduction Binary Fission Conjugation Spore Formation

31. Cellular organism copies it’s genetic information then splits into two identical daughter cells

32. Conjugation A type of Bacteria Sex Two organism swap genetic information, that contains the information such as a resistance to penicillin

33. Spore Formation: Endospore A type of dormant cell Exhibit no signs of life Highly resistant to environmental stresses such as: -High temperatures -Irradiation -Strong acids -Disinfectants Endospores are formed by vegetative cells in response to environmental signals that indicate a limiting factor for vegetative growth, such as exhaustion of an essential nutrient.

34. Symbiosis Close relationship between to species in which at least one species benefits from the other Live together for LIFE

35. Parasitism Bacteria exploit the host cell, injuring them Eg. Mychobacterium tuberculosis

36. Mutualism Symbiosis in which two of the species live together in such a way that both benefit from the relationship Eg. E-coli

37. Nitrogen Fixations Process by which nitrogen in the atmosphere is converted into a form that can be used by living things

38. THE END

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