Atomic emission spectroscopy is a technique used for elemental analysis. It works by vaporizing a sample which causes the atoms to become excited and emit photons of light of characteristic wavelengths as they fall back to lower energy states. The instrumentation includes a sample atomizer, monochromator to select wavelengths, and detector. Common components are inductively coupled plasma, flame, or electrothermal atomizers; diffraction grating or prism monochromators; and photomultiplier tubes or photodiodes as detectors. Applications include analysis of metals in pharmaceuticals, rocks, oils, and other materials.