Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a technique that uses the absorption of light to measure the concentration of atomic absorption in a sample. It works by vaporizing the sample into atoms, then measuring how much light is absorbed by the atoms at a specific wavelength. The amount of absorption is directly related to the concentration of the element being measured. The key components of an atomic absorption spectroscopy system are the lamp sources, which emit specific wavelengths of light corresponding to the element being analyzed, the atomization process which turns solid or liquid samples into gaseous atoms, detectors that convert light signals into electrical signals, and monochromators that isolate the desired wavelength of light. Potential sources of interference must also be considered and addressed. Common applications of atomic absorption spectroscopy
IR SPECTROSCOPY, INTRODUCTION, PRINCIPLE, THEORY, FATE OF ABSORBED RADIATION, FERMI RESONANCE, FINGERPRINT REGION, VIBRATIONS, FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION OF IR RADIATION, SAMPLING TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIONS OF IR SPECTROSCOPY.
A technique to determine concentration of elements in the solution by aspirating this sample into flame. Evaporation, Atomization, Excitation ,Emission and Ionization occur in the flame.
IR SPECTROSCOPY, INTRODUCTION, PRINCIPLE, THEORY, FATE OF ABSORBED RADIATION, FERMI RESONANCE, FINGERPRINT REGION, VIBRATIONS, FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION OF IR RADIATION, SAMPLING TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIONS OF IR SPECTROSCOPY.
A technique to determine concentration of elements in the solution by aspirating this sample into flame. Evaporation, Atomization, Excitation ,Emission and Ionization occur in the flame.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy, History, atomization techniques, and instrume...Muhammad Asif Shaheeen
History, principle, types, instrumentation, comparison with atomic emission spectroscopy, interference, advantages and disadvantages of different types of atomization techniques.
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY by Faizan AkramFaizan Akram
Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a technique for determining the concentration of a particular metal element in a sample. Atomic absorption spectroscopy can be used to analyze the concentration of over 62 different metals in a solution.
Pharmaceuticals: In some pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, minute quantities of a catalyst used in the process (usually a metal) are sometimes present in the final product. By using AAS the amount of catalyst present can be determined.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is a spectro analytical procedure for the quantitative determination of chemical elements by free atoms in the gaseous state.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy is based on absorption of light by free metallic ions.
In analytical chemistry the technique is used for determining the concentration of a particular element (the analyte) in a sample to be analyzed. AAS can be used to determine over 70 different elements in solution, or directly in solid samples via electrothermal vaporization
Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) is an analytical technique that measures the concentrations of elements.
Atomic absorption is so sensitive that it can measure down to parts per billion of a gram (µg dm–3 ) in a sample.
The technique makes use of the wavelengths of light specifically absorbed by an element. They correspond to the energies needed to promote electrons from one energy level to another, higher, energy level.
Atomic absorption spectrometry has many uses in different areas of chemistry.
Clinical analysis : Analysing metals in biological fluids such as blood and urine.
Environmental analysis: Monitoring our environment – eg finding out the levels of various elements in rivers, seawater, drinking water, air, petrol and drinks such as wine, beer and fruit drinks.
The technique makes use of the atomic absorption spectrum of a sample in order to assess the concentration of specific analytes within it. It requires standards with known analyte content to establish the relation between the measured absorbance and the analyte concentration and relies therefore on the [Beer–Lambert law].
The electrons within an atom exist at various energy levels. When the atom is exposed to its own unique wavelength, it can absorb the energy (photons) and electrons move from a ground state to excited states.
The radiant energy absorbed by the electrons is directly related to the transition that occurs during this process.
Furthermore, since the electronic structure of every element is unique, the radiation absorbed represents a unique property of each individual element and it can be measured.
An atomic absorption spectrometer uses these basic principles and applies them in practical quantitative analysis
A typical atomic absorption spectrometer consists of four main components:
Atomization
Light source,
Atomization system,
Monochromator &
Detection system
Atomization can be carried out either by a flame or furnace.
Heat energy is utilized in atomic absorption spectroscopy to convert metallic elements to atomic dissociated vapor.
The temperature should be controlled very carefully for the conversion of atomic vapor.
At too high temperatures, atoms
a brief discussion of AAS, an analytical technique use for heavy metal analysis. Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a quantitative method of analysis of any kind of sample; that is applicable to many metals
AAS can be used to determine over 70 different elements in solution, or directly in solid samples via electro thermal vaporization.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is a very common technique for detecting metals and metalloids in samples.
It is very reliable and simple to use.
It also measures the concentration of metals in the sample.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is an analytical technique that measures the concentration of an element by measuring the amount of light that is absorbed at a characteristic wavelength when it passes through cloud of atoms
As the number of atoms in the light path increases, the amount of light absorbed increases.
Applications: Presence of metals as an impurity or in alloys can be perform.
Level of metals could be detected in tissue samples like Aluminum in blood and Copper in brain tissues.
Due to wear and tear there are different sorts of metals which are given in the lubrication oils which could be determined for the analysis of conditions of machines.
Determination of elements in the agricultural samples.
Water sample analysis (e.g. Ca, Mg, Fe, Si, Al, Ba content).
Food sample analysis.
Analysis of animal feedstuffs (e.g. Mn, Fe, Cu, Cr, Se, Zn).
Analysis of additives in lubricating oils and greases (Ba, Ca, Na, Li, Zn, Mg). analysis of soils.
Clinical sample analysis (blood samples: whole blood, plasma, serum; Ca, Mg, Li, Na, K, Fe).
Analysis of Environmental samples such as- drinking water, ocean water, soil.
Pharmaceutical sample Analysis: Estimation of zinc in insulin preparation, calcium in calcium salt is done by using AAS. Principle: The sample, in solution, is aspirated as a spray into a chamber, where it is mixed with air and fuel.
This mixture passes through baffles, here large drops fall and are drained off. Only fine droplets reach the flame.
Light from the hollow-cathode lamp passes through the sample of ground-state atoms in the flame.
The amount of light absorbed is proportional to the concentration.
The element being determined must be reduced to the elemental state, vaporized, and imposed in the beam of the radiation in the source.
When a ground-state atom absorbs light energy, an excited atom is produced.
The excited atom then returns to the ground state, emitting light of the same energy as it absorbed.
The flame sample thus contains a dynamic population of ground-state and excited atoms, both absorbing and emitting radiant energy. The emitted energy from the flame will go in all directions, and it will be a steady emission.
Because the purpose of the instrument is to measure the amount of light absorbed, the light detector must be able to distinguish between the light beam emitted by the hollow cathode lamp and that emitted by excited atoms in the flame.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
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The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
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Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
3. SPECTROSCOPY
• Spectroscopy is the branch of science that
deals with the study of interaction of
electromagnetic radiations with matter i.e.
atoms or molecules of drugs.
• Spectroscopy is of two types, Emission
spectroscopy and absorption spectroscopy.
5. ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY
• Atomic Spectroscopy is the result of
phenomenon of absorption, emission or
fluorescence by atoms or elementary ions
mostly in ultraviolet region.
• The spectra are obtained by converting the
component into gaseous atoms or elementary
ions by suitable heat treatments.
7. ATOMIC LINE WIDTH AND PRINCIPLE
OF ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROSCOPY
BY: MAZNA SALEEM
8. ATOMIC LINE WIDTH
• The width of atomic lines are of considerable
importance in atomic absorption or atomic
emission spectroscopy.
• Narrow lines are highly desirable for both
absorption and emission spectroscopy because
they reduce the possibility of interferences due to
overlapping spectra.
9. PRINCIPLE OF AAS:
The technique uses basically the principle that
free atoms (gas) generated in an atomizer can
absorb radiation at specific frequency.
Atomic-absorption spectroscopy quantifies the
absorption of ground state atoms in the gaseous
state .
The atoms absorb ultraviolet or visible light and
make transitions to higher electronic energy
levels.
The analyte concentration is determined from
the amount of absorption.
12. PROPERTIES
• It is a techniques are used to measure the
concentration of solutes in a solution.
• It is the quantitative measurement of the reflection
or transmission properties of a material.
• It is use in various fields such as chemistry, physics,
biochemistry, and chemical engineering and clinical
applications.
16. RADIATION SOURCES
• Absorption Lines are very much narrow (0.002
to 0.005)
• This limited lines creates problem in AAS.
• The problem's solution is nothing but the
Radiation Sources.
17. LAMP SOURCES
A separate lamp source is needed for each
element or sometimes group of element.
• Hollow Cathode lamp
• Electrodeless discharge lamp.
18. HOLLOW CATHODE TUBE
Apparatus:
• Tungston anode.
• Cylindrical cathode.
• Glass container.
Ionization of inert gas occurs when it is
supplied with:
• 300V potential
• 5 to 20mV current.
19. WORKING OF HCL
• HCL works by the process of sputtering.
‘Sputtering occurs when the energy to be
transformed into gaseous atom and bring out an
atomic cloud by shifting some amount of metal
from the cathode.’
• The excited metal atoms of the atomic cloud
emits the radiation.
• Metal atom diffuse back thus re-deposition
occurs.
20. ELECTRODE LESS DISCHARGE LAMP
• Small amount of both inert gas and the
element to be studied is placed inside the
tube constructed with quartz glass.
• Unlike HCL it is devoid of any electrodes but
alternatively microwave radiation is present to
provide power from outside the lamp.
21. WORKING OF EDL
• EDL is available foe wide variety of elements.
It is more efficacious practically but expensive.
38. PHOTO TUBE
• It consists of Semi-
cylindrical cathode
(containing loosely
bounded electrons) and
central metal wire
anode.
• The current produce
from the photo tube are
quite small so it require
amplification.
39. PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE
• The principle of
operation is the
emission of
electrons upon
exposure to
radiation.
• The detector
contains a photo
emissive cathode
and a series of
dynodes.
42. SPECTRAL INTERFERENCES
This type of interference normally takes place
when the absorption of an interfering species
either overlaps or lies very near to the analyte
absorption.
Examples of spectral interferences,
• Combustion products.
• Emission line of element, radical or molecule
and unresolved band spectra.
• Sample Matrix
43. CHEMICAL INTERFERENCES
• It results from various chemical processes
occurring during atomization that alter the
absorption characteristics of the analyte.
• More common.
• effects may often be minimized by
appropriate choice of experimental
parameters.
44. • Examples :
(i) Chemical Interferences due to Anion (PO43–)
(ii) Chemical Interference due to Cations.
45. PROTECTIVE AGENTS :
These agents are found to inhibit the
interferences by virtue of their ability to form
relatively stable but volatile species with the
respective analyte.
(a) EDTA.
(b) 8-Hydroxyquinoline, and
(c) Ammonium salt of APDC.
46. IONIZATION INTERFERENCES
The substitution of air with either oxygen or
nitrous oxide gives rise to temperatures which
are high enough to cause appreciable
ionization. Hence, as a consequence of the
attained equilibrium-a fairly significant
concentration of electron exists.
M M + e–
48. SINGLE BEAM
SPECTROPHOTOMETER
• It utilizes one beam of light that passes through the
sample and the intensity of the light reflected from
a reference is measured without sample.
49. ADVANTAGES
• Low cost
• High throughput
• High sensitivity
• Less complicated
• Economical
DISADVANTAGES
• Calibration should be done with blank and sample
continuously according to wavelength and
absorption power of sample so reference beam is
not obtain simultaneously.
• Time consuming
50. DOUBLE BEAM
SPECTROPHOTOMETER
It utilizes two beams of light: reference and sample
beam.
Double beam spectrophotometer use rotating mirror
to separate the reference beam from a sample beam.
51. ADVANTAGES
Double beam is more advantageous then single
beam.
• High speed
• High stability
• Flexibility
DISADVANTAGES
• expensive
• Lower sensitivity
• Lower reliability
53. APPLICATIONS
• One of the most widely used techniques.
• Its popular for quantitative analysis
a) molecular weight determination
b) detection of conjugation
c) detection of functional groups
• and qualitative analysis.
a) detection of impurities to analyze substance purity .
• Assay of trace metals and determination elements.
• Importance of AAS In its modern form.