This document discusses various methods of artificial respiration used to assist or stimulate breathing. It defines artificial respiration as forcing air into the lungs of someone who has stopped breathing in order to keep them alive and help them start breathing again. It then describes several specific methods including Schafer's prone pressure method, Holger-Neilson's arm lift back pressure method, and Sylvester's arm lift chest pressure method. It also covers mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and instrumental methods that use machinery instead of a human operator to provide prolonged artificial respiration. Special considerations for artificial respiration in newborn babies are discussed at the end.
introduction of Artificial respiration,
defination of Artificial respiration,
indication of Artificial respiration,
manual techniques of Artificial respiration,
methodology of Artificial respiration
introduction of Artificial respiration,
defination of Artificial respiration,
indication of Artificial respiration,
manual techniques of Artificial respiration,
methodology of Artificial respiration
REGULATION OF RESPIRATION / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
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Evolution of Boyle's Anaesthesia apparatusSelva Kumar
The machine which is used to give general anaesthesia is generally called as Boyle's machine even though there are many other names for that machine.This presentation tries to trace the development of the Boyles machine from 1846.
REGULATION OF RESPIRATION / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
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Evolution of Boyle's Anaesthesia apparatusSelva Kumar
The machine which is used to give general anaesthesia is generally called as Boyle's machine even though there are many other names for that machine.This presentation tries to trace the development of the Boyles machine from 1846.
The goal in patients with primary lung disease is to teach them to relax the neck and chest accessory muscles and use more diaphragmatic breathing to reduce the work of breathing.
The process that moves air in and out of the lungs called breathing or pulmonary ventilation.
Breathing is only one of the processes that deliver oxygen to where it is needed in the body and remove carbon dioxide.
Breathing exercise enhance the respiratory system.
Improper breathing can upset the oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
Presentation on NRP (Neonatal Resuscitation Program)Moninder Kaur
NRP is neonatal resuscitation program. Approximately 10% of newborns require some assistance to begin breathing at birth. Less than 1% require extensive resuscitative measures. Although the majority of newly born infants do not require intervention to make the transition from intrauterine to extra-uterine life, because of the large total number of births, a sizable number will require some degree of resuscitation.
About 10% of all newborn require some assistance to begin breathing after birth, and 1% require extensive resuscitation efforts. Newborn resuscitation cannot always be anticipated in time to transfer the mother before delivery to a facility with specialized neonatal support. Therefore, every hospital with a delivery suite should have an organized, skilled resuscitation team and appropriate equipments available.
CHEST MOBILIZATION EXERCISES, COUNTER-ROTATION TECHNIQUE, BUTTERFLY TECHNIQUE, BREATH CONTROL DURING WALKING. These Mobilization Techniques are useful to improve Chest Wall Mobility and Expansion in Patients with Restricted Chest wall movements and also Postoperative patients
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. DEFINITION
Artificial respiration is the forcing of air into the
lungs of someone who has stopped breathing,
usually by blowing through their mouth or nose, in
order to keep them alive and to help them to start
breathing again.
OR
Artificial ventilation, (also called artificial
respiration) is means of assisting or
stimulating respiration, a metabolic process
referring to the overall exchange of gases in the
body by pulmonary ventilation, external
respiration, and internal respiration.
4. 4
• If Drowning – Select methods which are
done in proneposition
• METHODS OF ARTIFICIAL
RESPIRATION
• Schafer’s method ( Prone pressure
method)
• Holger Neilson’s method ( Arm
lift back pressure method)
• Sylvester’s method ( Arm lift
chestpressure method )
5. Schafer’s Method
The subject is laid in prone position and a small
pillow is placed underneath the chest and
epigastrium.
The head is turned to one side. The operator
kneels down by the side of the subject facing
towards his head.
Two hands are placed on the two sides of the
lower part of the chest and then the operator
slowly puts his body weight leaning forwards
and pressing upon the loins of the subject.
Intra-abdominal pressure rises, the diaphragm
is pushed up and air is forced out of the lungs.
6. After this the operator releases the pressure and
comes back to his original erect position.
The abdominal pressure falls, diaphragm
descends and air is drawn in. These movements
are repeated about twelve times a minute
(roughly the normal rate of respiration).
By this means it is possible to have a total
pulmonary ventilation of 6,500 ml per minute,
and this amount is sufficient for complete
aeration of blood.
The advantage of this method is that the patient
being in the prone position, mucus or saliva
comes out of the mouth and cannot obstruct his
airways.
7.
8. Holger-Nielson Method
The subject is placed in the prone position with
the arms abducted at the shoulders and elbows
remaining flexed. The face is turned to one side
and rests on the hands. The mouth is cleaned
after wiping out mucus, fluid, etc., from it. The
operator kneels down in front of the subject facing
towards the head. Two hands are placed on the
two sides of the back of the chest with the thumbs
and fingers spread apart.
Then the operator puts his body weight leaning
forwards upon the subject’s back. This
compresses the chest and helps in expiration.
The subject’s arms forwards by holding them
above the elbows. This helps in natural
inspiration. This process is repeated about 10-12
9.
10. Sylvester’s method ( Arm lift chest
pressure method )
The subject is placed in supine position. The operator
stands or kneels at the head end and holds the two
arms of the subject. The operator then raises the
subject’s hands above his head and then folds the
hands back upon the chest, compressing the chest
wall at the same time.
Such movements alternately increase and decrease
the thoracic cavity, thus drawing in and pushing out
air from the lungs.
This method is most commonly used in the operation
theatre or in other accidents.
The tongue should be kept pulled out and the mucus
from the mouth cavity should be wiped out from time
11.
12. Mouth-to-Mouth Method
The subject is laid in the supine position
with extended head. The operator sits by
the side of the subject’s head.
The operator hold the lower jaw of the
subject by one thumb and index-finger and
clamps the nostrils with the other thumb
and index-finer.
The operator then keeps his mouth over
the subject’s mouth and exhales forcibly
which causes inflation of the lungs and
thorax. The operator then takes off his
13.
14. Instrumental Method:
Instead of a human operator, machineries are used.
The advantage is that it can be carried on for good
length of time, whereas the human operator is likely
to be fatigued.
The machines generally work on two principles:
i. Negative-pressure breathing by alternately
compressing and relaxing the chest wall and
ii. Positive-pressure breathing by introducing air or
oxygen directly into the lungs-intermittently or
continuously.
15. Drinker’s Method
In this method the patient is placed in an airtight
chamber, the head remaining outside.
By mechanically driven pumps, the pressure in the
chamber is alternately lowered and raised.
When the pressure is lowered the chest swells up
and air is drawn into the lungs. When the pressure is
raised chest becomes compressed and air is pushed
out.
In this way, artificial ventilation may be continued for
any length of time. These methods are very useful in
cases where prolonged artificial respiration is
necessary, such as in morphine poisoning, in
paralysis of the respiratory muscles, as in
poliomyelitis, pneumothorax etc. The so-called iron
16.
17. Bragg Paul’s Method:
A rubber bag is wrapped round the chest wall of
the subject. By suitable pumps, pressure in the
bag is alternately raised and lowered thus
compressing and relaxing the chest wall
alternately. In this way respiration is carried out.
18. Tank respirator
In tank respirator the patient’s body is placed inside
the tank and his head is protruded through a flexible
but airtight collar. Opposite to the patient’s head
there is a motor-driven leather diaphragm that
moves back and forth with sufficient excursion to
raise and lower the pressure within the tank.
Inward movement of leather diaphragm gets to
produce positive pressure around the body and
causes expiration; and outward movement of leather
diaphragm produces negative pressure and causes
inspiration.
In this condition, positive pressure that causes
expiration rises to 0 to + 5 cm water and the
19.
20. Resuscitator
This apparatus forces air through the
mask that fits over the patient’s face into
the lungs of the patient during the
positive pressure cycle and then either
allows air to flow out the lungs during
the remainder of the cycle or pull the air
out by negative pressure.
Resuscitator commonly has safety valve
which prevents the positive pressure
from rising normally about +14 mm Hg
the negative pressure from falling below
21. .
In the New-Born Baby:
Artificial respiration is necessary for those newly
born babies, whose respiration is delayed.
The methods and principles followed in such
cases are as follows:
i. Holding the baby upside down (to allow more
blood to go to the brain) and patting on the back
(reflex stimulation).
ii. Alternately putting the child in warm and cold
water (reflex stimulation).
In the maternity hospitals various other methods
are employed working on these principles.