28-2 homeostasis (1).ppt
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This document discusses homeostasis and the mechanisms that maintain it. It explains that homeostasis involves keeping the internal environment of the body within a narrow range through various control systems. These systems include sensors that gather data, a control center that receives the data and sends messages, and target organs that respond to changes. It also describes how negative feedback loops are important for homeostasis, providing the example of the control system forcing exhalation and inhalation to return carbon dioxide and oxygen levels to normal ranges after holding one's breath.
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1) The document discusses homeostasis and the mechanisms that regulate the internal environment to maintain stable conditions. It describes how negative feedback loops work to detect changes from set points and activate responses to correct imbalances and return the body to homeostasis. Positive feedback increases change rather than countering it, pushing the body away from homeostasis. Examples are given of factors like temperature, blood sugar, and clotting that are regulated through these feedback mechanisms.
FISIOLOGI SENAM Control of the internal enviroment
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 2 of a textbook on exercise science. It discusses homeostasis and biological control systems. Homeostasis refers to maintaining a constant internal environment, while steady state means the environment is constant but not necessarily normal. Most control systems use negative feedback to reverse disturbances. Exercise challenges homeostasis by disrupting variables like pH and temperature, but control systems can maintain steady state during submaximal exercise. Intense or prolonged exercise may exceed homeostatic control capacities.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis refers to the condition in which the internal environment of the body remains relatively constant despite changes in the external environment. Examples include maintenance of body temperature and glucose levels in the blood. Homeostatic mechanisms work through negative feedback to reestablish homeostasis when an imbalance occurs. There are three main components: sensors that detect a stress or change, a control center that receives this information and sends messages, and effectors that produce a response to counteract the stress and restore homeostasis.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions even as external conditions change. It is achieved through negative or positive feedback mechanisms. Negative feedback acts to shut off or reduce the stimulus causing imbalance, like a thermostat regulating room temperature. Positive feedback intensifies the original stimulus to push the variable further, seen in blood clotting and childbirth. Key components of homeostatic systems are sensors that detect stress, a control center that receives this information and sends messages, and effectors that respond to messages to reestablish homeostasis. Examples provided are temperature regulation through sweating and blood sugar regulation through insulin release.
6. Body regulation.Homeostasis and adaptation to the environment.ppt
The document discusses the two major systems that control and coordinate functions within the body - the nervous system and the endocrine system.
The nervous system conveys fast electrical signals along neurons to specific target tissues, while the endocrine system secretes hormones into the bloodstream to produce slower but longer-lasting responses. These two systems work together to maintain homeostasis through various reflex pathways, using both negative and positive feedback loops. Negative feedback acts to return the body to its normal set point, while positive feedback intensifies a response over a short period of time, such as during childbirth. Homeostasis allows the body to adapt to changes in the external environment through both short-term acclimatization and long-term genetic adaptation.
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The document discusses homeostasis and biological control systems. It defines homeostasis as the maintenance of a stable internal environment and describes its two main stages as detecting changes from the stable state and counteracting to maintain homeostasis. It then defines biological control systems as functioning units that help maintain homeostasis, consisting of sensors, an integrating control center, and effectors. Negative feedback is described as when the response opposes the stimulus to restore the stable state. Examples of biological control systems that maintain homeostasis in the human body include regulating blood glucose levels, body temperature, blood pressure, and production of red blood cells.
Chapter 1
The document discusses the levels of structural organization in the human body from subatomic particles to organisms. It also describes homeostasis as the process by which the internal environment is maintained through regulatory feedback loops. There are two main types of feedback loops - negative feedback loops which reduce deviations from the set point, and positive feedback loops which increase deviations from the set point in a short term manner. As an example, negative feedback is used to maintain body temperature, while positive feedback increases uterine contractions during childbirth to push the baby through the cervix.
Exercise physiology lec 1
The document discusses homeostasis and biological control systems. It defines homeostasis as the maintenance of relatively constant internal conditions, such as blood pressure and temperature, during unstressed conditions. Steady state refers to maintaining internal balance when the body is under stress, such as during exercise, where a variable may change but remain constant. Biological control systems use negative feedback to detect changes and activate responses to correct deviations and restore homeostasis. They have components like sensors, control centers, and effectors. Control systems with high feedback gain precisely maintain homeostasis. Examples describe systems regulating blood pressure and glucose. Failure of a component can cause disease. Exercise challenges homeostasis, but control systems can maintain steady state during most routine exercise.
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1) The document discusses homeostasis and the mechanisms that regulate the internal environment to maintain stable conditions. It describes how negative feedback loops work to detect changes from set points and activate responses to correct imbalances and return the body to homeostasis. Positive feedback increases change rather than countering it, pushing the body away from homeostasis. Examples are given of factors like temperature, blood sugar, and clotting that are regulated through these feedback mechanisms.
FISIOLOGI SENAM Control of the internal enviroment
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 2 of a textbook on exercise science. It discusses homeostasis and biological control systems. Homeostasis refers to maintaining a constant internal environment, while steady state means the environment is constant but not necessarily normal. Most control systems use negative feedback to reverse disturbances. Exercise challenges homeostasis by disrupting variables like pH and temperature, but control systems can maintain steady state during submaximal exercise. Intense or prolonged exercise may exceed homeostatic control capacities.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis refers to the condition in which the internal environment of the body remains relatively constant despite changes in the external environment. Examples include maintenance of body temperature and glucose levels in the blood. Homeostatic mechanisms work through negative feedback to reestablish homeostasis when an imbalance occurs. There are three main components: sensors that detect a stress or change, a control center that receives this information and sends messages, and effectors that produce a response to counteract the stress and restore homeostasis.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions even as external conditions change. It is achieved through negative or positive feedback mechanisms. Negative feedback acts to shut off or reduce the stimulus causing imbalance, like a thermostat regulating room temperature. Positive feedback intensifies the original stimulus to push the variable further, seen in blood clotting and childbirth. Key components of homeostatic systems are sensors that detect stress, a control center that receives this information and sends messages, and effectors that respond to messages to reestablish homeostasis. Examples provided are temperature regulation through sweating and blood sugar regulation through insulin release.
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The document discusses the two major systems that control and coordinate functions within the body - the nervous system and the endocrine system.
The nervous system conveys fast electrical signals along neurons to specific target tissues, while the endocrine system secretes hormones into the bloodstream to produce slower but longer-lasting responses. These two systems work together to maintain homeostasis through various reflex pathways, using both negative and positive feedback loops. Negative feedback acts to return the body to its normal set point, while positive feedback intensifies a response over a short period of time, such as during childbirth. Homeostasis allows the body to adapt to changes in the external environment through both short-term acclimatization and long-term genetic adaptation.
HOMOESTATIS.pptx Components, Training Principles and FITT Principle
The document discusses homeostasis and biological control systems. It defines homeostasis as the maintenance of a stable internal environment and describes its two main stages as detecting changes from the stable state and counteracting to maintain homeostasis. It then defines biological control systems as functioning units that help maintain homeostasis, consisting of sensors, an integrating control center, and effectors. Negative feedback is described as when the response opposes the stimulus to restore the stable state. Examples of biological control systems that maintain homeostasis in the human body include regulating blood glucose levels, body temperature, blood pressure, and production of red blood cells.
Chapter 1
The document discusses the levels of structural organization in the human body from subatomic particles to organisms. It also describes homeostasis as the process by which the internal environment is maintained through regulatory feedback loops. There are two main types of feedback loops - negative feedback loops which reduce deviations from the set point, and positive feedback loops which increase deviations from the set point in a short term manner. As an example, negative feedback is used to maintain body temperature, while positive feedback increases uterine contractions during childbirth to push the baby through the cervix.
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The document discusses homeostasis and biological control systems. It defines homeostasis as the maintenance of relatively constant internal conditions, such as blood pressure and temperature, during unstressed conditions. Steady state refers to maintaining internal balance when the body is under stress, such as during exercise, where a variable may change but remain constant. Biological control systems use negative feedback to detect changes and activate responses to correct deviations and restore homeostasis. They have components like sensors, control centers, and effectors. Control systems with high feedback gain precisely maintain homeostasis. Examples describe systems regulating blood pressure and glucose. Failure of a component can cause disease. Exercise challenges homeostasis, but control systems can maintain steady state during most routine exercise.
Homeostatis
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of relatively constant internal conditions in the body despite changes in the external environment. There are three main types of regulation that work together to achieve homeostasis: chemical/hormonal regulation, nervous regulation, and autoregulation of tissues and organs. Homeostatic mechanisms use either negative or positive feedback loops. Negative feedback loops work to reduce any imbalance, while positive feedback loops intensify an initial stimulus over a short period of time, such as during childbirth.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis refers to the condition in which the internal environment of the body remains relatively constant despite changes in the external environment. Examples of homeostasis include maintenance of body temperature and blood glucose levels. Homeostasis is achieved through negative or positive feedback mechanisms. Negative feedback mechanisms shut off or decrease the original stimulus to reduce its intensity and reestablish homeostasis, like a thermostat. Positive feedback increases the original stimulus, such as in blood clotting. Homeostatic mechanisms involve sensors that detect changes, control centers that receive information and send messages, and effectors that receive messages and produce responses to reestablish homeostasis.
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The document discusses homeostasis and its importance in maintaining stable internal conditions in living organisms. It defines homeostasis as the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living systems. Key points include:
- Homeostasis involves negative feedback mechanisms that work to counteract stimuli and maintain equilibrium. It regulates variables like body temperature, pH, blood sugar levels, etc.
- The skin provides an example of homeostasis in action, with receptors detecting temperature changes and the brain signaling sweat glands and blood vessels to cool the body.
- Factors like genetics, diet, and toxins can influence homeostasis. Its breakdown can cause illness, while its importance lies in allowing organisms to function despite environmental changes.
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The document discusses homeostasis and biological control systems. It defines homeostasis as maintaining a constant internal environment and steady state as a constant environment that may deviate from normal. Biological control systems use negative feedback to detect changes and activate effectors to correct changes and maintain homeostasis. Examples given include regulating body temperature and blood glucose. Exercise can challenge homeostasis but control systems typically maintain steady state with submaximal exercise in cool environments.
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The document provides an overview of human physiology. It begins with defining physiology as the study of how the body functions from cells to organ systems. It then discusses the history of physiology from Aristotle to modern physiologists like Claude Bernard and Walter Cannon. The document covers topics like homeostasis, the fluid environment of the body, membrane proteins, and levels of biological organization. It provides details on the structure and function of the plasma membrane, including its lipid and protein components. Feedback control systems like negative and positive feedback are also explained.
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this study gives a brief introduction about homeostasis
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Homeostatic mechanisms work to maintain steady internal conditions in the body. They utilize negative feedback systems to counteract changes and return to the normal setpoint. Homeostasis involves reflexes, local responses, and chemical messengers like hormones and neurotransmitters. Receptors on cells detect messengers and trigger signal transduction pathways, ultimately causing cellular responses. This maintains balance and stability within the body.
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Homeostatic mechanisms work to maintain steady internal conditions in the body. Negative feedback systems counteract changes, while positive feedback can amplify them. Homeostasis relies on receptors, chemical messengers, and signal transduction pathways between cells. Receptors detect messengers and trigger cellular responses through various regulatory mechanisms. Together these components allow the body to dynamically adapt to internal and external changes.
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Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to regulate its internal environment to maintain a stable and constant condition. It involves various mechanisms to regulate key variables such as temperature, fluid balance, and pH levels. Homeostatic control systems use negative feedback loops to detect changes and counteract them to return conditions back to normal. Positive feedback mechanisms can also be involved to accelerate necessary responses like clotting, but these are tightly regulated to avoid harm. Multiple organ systems work in coordination through neural and hormonal signaling to maintain homeostasis.
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This document provides an overview of the 12 lessons that will be covered in the B4 Homeostasis module. It introduces key concepts about homeostasis, including how the body regulates conditions like body temperature, water levels, blood sugar levels, and blood pressure. Each lesson will focus on a different aspect of homeostasis, starting with an introduction to homeostasis and negative feedback mechanisms in Lessons 1 and 2. Subsequent lessons will cover topics like enzyme function, temperature regulation, water homeostasis, and what can happen when homeostasis goes wrong.
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This document discusses homeostasis and the physiological mechanisms that maintain homeostasis. It explains that homeostasis involves receptors detecting changes, a control center processing this information, and effectors responding to maintain stable internal conditions. It provides examples of negative feedback mechanisms, like sweating and vasodilation to lower body temperature, and insulin regulation of blood glucose levels. Positive feedback examples include blood clotting and uterine contractions during childbirth. The hypothalamus is identified as the body's thermostat.
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Homeostasis
We have discuss Definition of homeostasis which is state of balance .then The scope of human physiology in homeostasis means the feature and characteristics of homeostasis control system and feedback system. Negative and positive feedback when and where it place . Also components of homeostasis control system which include reflex arc, local homeostatic response . And intercellular chemical messengers .
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Ayurveda, the ancient system of medicine originating in India, offers a holistic approach to health and wellness that encompasses the body, mind, and spirit. With roots dating back over 5,000 years, Ayurveda is one of the world's oldest healing systems, focusing on achieving balance and harmony within the body to prevent illness and promote longevity.
The term "Ayurveda" is derived from the Sanskrit words "ayur," meaning life, and "veda," meaning knowledge or science. Thus, Ayurveda can be translated as the "science of life" or the "knowledge of longevity." Its principles are based on a profound understanding of the interconnectedness between the individual and the universe, emphasizing the importance of maintaining equilibrium in all aspects of life.
Central to Ayurvedic philosophy is the concept of the five elements—earth, water, fire, air, and ether—which form the basis of all existence, including the human body. These elements combine to create three primary energies or doshas known as Vata, Pitta, and Kapha, each responsible for specific physiological and psychological functions.
1. **Vata Dosha:** Composed of air and ether, Vata is characterized by qualities of dryness, coldness, lightness, and movement. It governs bodily functions related to movement, including breathing, circulation, and elimination. When in balance, Vata promotes creativity, vitality, and flexibility. However, imbalances can lead to anxiety, insomnia, and digestive issues.
2. **Pitta Dosha:** Formed by fire and water, Pitta embodies qualities of heat, intensity, sharpness, and transformation. It governs metabolic processes, digestion, and hormonal balance. When balanced, Pitta promotes intelligence, courage, and assertiveness. Imbalances, on the other hand, can manifest as irritability, inflammation, and digestive disorders.
3. **Kapha Dosha:** Comprising water and earth, Kapha exhibits qualities of heaviness, coldness, stability, and lubrication. It governs structure, stability, and cohesion within the body, including strength, immunity, and fluid balance. When balanced, Kapha fosters compassion, patience, and stability. However, excess Kapha can lead to weight gain, lethargy, and respiratory issues.
Ayurveda emphasizes the importance of maintaining the equilibrium of these doshas to achieve optimal health and well-being. Various factors, including diet, lifestyle, environmental influences, and emotional states, can influence the balance of the doshas. Ayurvedic practitioners assess an individual's constitution (prakriti) and imbalances (vikriti) to tailor personalized recommendations for diet, lifestyle, herbal remedies, and therapies.
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1. **Diet and Nutrition:** Ayurveda recognizes the importance of proper nutrition in maintaining health and preventing disease. Dietary recommendations are based on an individual's constitution, digestive capacity, and seasonal variations. Foods are categorized according to their tast
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Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body. The body achieves homeostasis through negative feedback mechanisms that regulate physiological variables like core temperature, pH, blood glucose, and blood pressure when they deviate from their set points. A homeostatic control system consists of receptors that monitor the variable, a control center that establishes the set point, and effectors that adjust the variable back toward the set point through negative feedback. Examples provided demonstrate how negative feedback regulates body temperature through sweat glands and antidiuretic hormone secretion, while positive feedback increases oxytocin secretion during childbirth.
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Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of relatively constant internal conditions in the body despite changes in the external environment. There are three main types of regulation that work together to achieve homeostasis: chemical/hormonal regulation, nervous regulation, and autoregulation of tissues and organs. Homeostatic mechanisms use either negative or positive feedback loops. Negative feedback loops work to reduce any imbalance, while positive feedback loops intensify an initial stimulus over a short period of time, such as during childbirth.
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Homeostasis refers to the condition in which the internal environment of the body remains relatively constant despite changes in the external environment. Examples of homeostasis include maintenance of body temperature and blood glucose levels. Homeostasis is achieved through negative or positive feedback mechanisms. Negative feedback mechanisms shut off or decrease the original stimulus to reduce its intensity and reestablish homeostasis, like a thermostat. Positive feedback increases the original stimulus, such as in blood clotting. Homeostatic mechanisms involve sensors that detect changes, control centers that receive information and send messages, and effectors that receive messages and produce responses to reestablish homeostasis.
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The document discusses homeostasis and its importance in maintaining stable internal conditions in living organisms. It defines homeostasis as the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living systems. Key points include:
- Homeostasis involves negative feedback mechanisms that work to counteract stimuli and maintain equilibrium. It regulates variables like body temperature, pH, blood sugar levels, etc.
- The skin provides an example of homeostasis in action, with receptors detecting temperature changes and the brain signaling sweat glands and blood vessels to cool the body.
- Factors like genetics, diet, and toxins can influence homeostasis. Its breakdown can cause illness, while its importance lies in allowing organisms to function despite environmental changes.
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The document discusses homeostasis and biological control systems. It defines homeostasis as maintaining a constant internal environment and steady state as a constant environment that may deviate from normal. Biological control systems use negative feedback to detect changes and activate effectors to correct changes and maintain homeostasis. Examples given include regulating body temperature and blood glucose. Exercise can challenge homeostasis but control systems typically maintain steady state with submaximal exercise in cool environments.
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Homeostasis refers to maintaining stable internal conditions despite external changes. The body uses control systems involving sensors, control centers, communication systems, and targets to regulate conditions like temperature, blood glucose, and blood pressure through negative and positive feedback loops. Most functions use negative feedback loops, which reverse changes to return the body to its set points. Positive feedback increases the rate of change away from set points when a rapid response is needed, such as during blood clotting or puberty.
homeostasis and changes happening in body and feedback.
This is topic from exercise physiology and this ppt is about control of the internal environment in human body
Includes blood pressure, feedback , body temperature graphs , control systems of body , non biological systems of body and it's components cellular response and a test of homeostasic control etc
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1. Feedback Regulation Loop or Feedback Mechanism
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The document provides an overview of human physiology. It begins with defining physiology as the study of how the body functions from cells to organ systems. It then discusses the history of physiology from Aristotle to modern physiologists like Claude Bernard and Walter Cannon. The document covers topics like homeostasis, the fluid environment of the body, membrane proteins, and levels of biological organization. It provides details on the structure and function of the plasma membrane, including its lipid and protein components. Feedback control systems like negative and positive feedback are also explained.
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The endocrine system regulates physiological activities through the secretion of chemical messengers called hormones from endocrine glands. Hormones are transported via the bloodstream to target organs and tissues to affect cellular activities. There are different types of hormones classified based on their chemical structure as steroids, peptides, or amines. Hormones bind to receptors on target cells and elicit responses through various mechanisms such as second messenger systems or direct gene expression depending on their chemical properties. This coordinated action of hormones is vital for homeostasis and various metabolic processes in the body.
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this study gives a brief introduction about homeostasis
please comment
thank uu
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Homeostatic mechanisms work to maintain steady internal conditions in the body. They utilize negative feedback systems to counteract changes and return to the normal setpoint. Homeostasis involves reflexes, local responses, and chemical messengers like hormones and neurotransmitters. Receptors on cells detect messengers and trigger signal transduction pathways, ultimately causing cellular responses. This maintains balance and stability within the body.
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Homeostatic mechanisms work to maintain steady internal conditions in the body. Negative feedback systems counteract changes, while positive feedback can amplify them. Homeostasis relies on receptors, chemical messengers, and signal transduction pathways between cells. Receptors detect messengers and trigger cellular responses through various regulatory mechanisms. Together these components allow the body to dynamically adapt to internal and external changes.
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Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to regulate its internal environment to maintain a stable and constant condition. It involves various mechanisms to regulate key variables such as temperature, fluid balance, and pH levels. Homeostatic control systems use negative feedback loops to detect changes and counteract them to return conditions back to normal. Positive feedback mechanisms can also be involved to accelerate necessary responses like clotting, but these are tightly regulated to avoid harm. Multiple organ systems work in coordination through neural and hormonal signaling to maintain homeostasis.
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This document provides an overview of the 12 lessons that will be covered in the B4 Homeostasis module. It introduces key concepts about homeostasis, including how the body regulates conditions like body temperature, water levels, blood sugar levels, and blood pressure. Each lesson will focus on a different aspect of homeostasis, starting with an introduction to homeostasis and negative feedback mechanisms in Lessons 1 and 2. Subsequent lessons will cover topics like enzyme function, temperature regulation, water homeostasis, and what can happen when homeostasis goes wrong.
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This document discusses homeostasis and the physiological mechanisms that maintain homeostasis. It explains that homeostasis involves receptors detecting changes, a control center processing this information, and effectors responding to maintain stable internal conditions. It provides examples of negative feedback mechanisms, like sweating and vasodilation to lower body temperature, and insulin regulation of blood glucose levels. Positive feedback examples include blood clotting and uterine contractions during childbirth. The hypothalamus is identified as the body's thermostat.
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This document discusses homeostasis, which refers to the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions necessary for survival through various regulatory mechanisms. It introduces homeostasis, provides examples of what variables are regulated, and explains how homeostatic regulation works through feedback control systems. Specifically, it describes the components of a homeostatic system including detectors, control centers, and effectors. It then distinguishes between the two types of feedback mechanisms - negative feedback which opposes changes to restore normal levels, and positive feedback which increases the intensity of changes.
Homeostasis
We have discuss Definition of homeostasis which is state of balance .then The scope of human physiology in homeostasis means the feature and characteristics of homeostasis control system and feedback system. Negative and positive feedback when and where it place . Also components of homeostasis control system which include reflex arc, local homeostatic response . And intercellular chemical messengers .
homeostadbdbdbdbdbdbsis-180509110725.pdf
Ayurveda, the ancient system of medicine originating in India, offers a holistic approach to health and wellness that encompasses the body, mind, and spirit. With roots dating back over 5,000 years, Ayurveda is one of the world's oldest healing systems, focusing on achieving balance and harmony within the body to prevent illness and promote longevity.
The term "Ayurveda" is derived from the Sanskrit words "ayur," meaning life, and "veda," meaning knowledge or science. Thus, Ayurveda can be translated as the "science of life" or the "knowledge of longevity." Its principles are based on a profound understanding of the interconnectedness between the individual and the universe, emphasizing the importance of maintaining equilibrium in all aspects of life.
Central to Ayurvedic philosophy is the concept of the five elements—earth, water, fire, air, and ether—which form the basis of all existence, including the human body. These elements combine to create three primary energies or doshas known as Vata, Pitta, and Kapha, each responsible for specific physiological and psychological functions.
1. **Vata Dosha:** Composed of air and ether, Vata is characterized by qualities of dryness, coldness, lightness, and movement. It governs bodily functions related to movement, including breathing, circulation, and elimination. When in balance, Vata promotes creativity, vitality, and flexibility. However, imbalances can lead to anxiety, insomnia, and digestive issues.
2. **Pitta Dosha:** Formed by fire and water, Pitta embodies qualities of heat, intensity, sharpness, and transformation. It governs metabolic processes, digestion, and hormonal balance. When balanced, Pitta promotes intelligence, courage, and assertiveness. Imbalances, on the other hand, can manifest as irritability, inflammation, and digestive disorders.
3. **Kapha Dosha:** Comprising water and earth, Kapha exhibits qualities of heaviness, coldness, stability, and lubrication. It governs structure, stability, and cohesion within the body, including strength, immunity, and fluid balance. When balanced, Kapha fosters compassion, patience, and stability. However, excess Kapha can lead to weight gain, lethargy, and respiratory issues.
Ayurveda emphasizes the importance of maintaining the equilibrium of these doshas to achieve optimal health and well-being. Various factors, including diet, lifestyle, environmental influences, and emotional states, can influence the balance of the doshas. Ayurvedic practitioners assess an individual's constitution (prakriti) and imbalances (vikriti) to tailor personalized recommendations for diet, lifestyle, herbal remedies, and therapies.
**Key Principles and Practices of Ayurveda:**
1. **Diet and Nutrition:** Ayurveda recognizes the importance of proper nutrition in maintaining health and preventing disease. Dietary recommendations are based on an individual's constitution, digestive capacity, and seasonal variations. Foods are categorized according to their tast
5. Homeostasis.pptx
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body. The body achieves homeostasis through negative feedback mechanisms that regulate physiological variables like core temperature, pH, blood glucose, and blood pressure when they deviate from their set points. A homeostatic control system consists of receptors that monitor the variable, a control center that establishes the set point, and effectors that adjust the variable back toward the set point through negative feedback. Examples provided demonstrate how negative feedback regulates body temperature through sweat glands and antidiuretic hormone secretion, while positive feedback increases oxytocin secretion during childbirth.
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The kidneys are a pair of excretory organs located on the posterior abdominal wall, one on each side of the vertebral columns. Each kidney is bean-shaped, measuring approximately 11 cm long, 6 cm broad, and 3 cm thick. The kidneys have an upper and lower pole and borders, with the medial border containing the hilum, where the ureter and blood vessels enter and exit the kidney. The right kidney has anterior relations with the liver, duodenum, and colon, while the left kidney's anterior relations include the spleen, stomach, and pancreas. Both kidneys have posterior relations with the diaphragm, muscles, and nerves of the back.
Meckel's Divert-WPS Office.pdf
Meckel's diverticulum is a remnant of the vitelline duct, which normally connects the yolk sac to the embryo. In some cases, the proximal end of this duct persists after birth as Meckel's diverticulum. It is a true diverticulum located on the antimesenteric border of the ileum about 2 feet from the ileocecal valve. It can cause intestinal obstruction, inflammation resembling appendicitis, or involvement in other diseases due to its possible gastric or pancreatic tissue contents.
Digestive System PPT (1).ppt
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the human digestive system. It describes the main phases and types of digestion, as well as the organization of the gastrointestinal tract. It provides details on the roles and processes of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas in breaking down food and absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream.
Ankle Foot Block.pptx
An ankle foot block is used for podiatric surgery such as foot and toe debridement or amputation. It involves blocking 5 nerves - the deep peroneal nerve, superficial peroneal nerve, and saphenous nerve - using a subcutaneous injection of local anesthetic around the ankle. The choice of local anesthetic depends on how long the block needs to last, as longer-acting drugs may have a delayed onset of action.
Pancreas 2.pdf
The pancreas has three surfaces - anterior, posterior, and inferior. Its body extends from the neck to the tail. The anterior border attaches to the transverse mesocolon while the superior border lies near the celiac trunk, hepatic artery, and splenic artery. The main pancreatic duct begins in the tail and runs toward the head where it joins the bile duct. The accessory pancreatic duct also drains into the duodenum separately. The tail of the pancreas lies in the lienorenal ligament between the left kidney and spleen, near the gastric surface of the spleen.
Respiratory System Exam....Dr Sana Kauser Patho.pdf
Regular or irregular
Exam. of RS...Dr Sana Kauser (Pathology) 55
INSPECTION
• Chest movements
- Symmetrical or asymmetrical
- Equal or unequal
- Paradoxical movement
- Use of accessory muscles
- Diaphragmatic movements
- Flail chest
Exam. of RS...Dr Sana Kauser (Pathology) 56
Paradoxical movement
- Inward movement of chest wall during inspiration in conditions like
- Tension pneumothorax
- Flail chest segment
- Diaphragmatic hernia
Use of accessory muscles
- Supraclavicular, infraclavicular, intercostal retractions seen in
LUNG CARCINOMA Full pptx.pptx
Lung carcinoma is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissue that can spread to other organs. The main types are small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which includes adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. NSCLC accounts for 80-85% of cases and is linked to smoking. Diagnosis involves medical history, imaging tests like CT scans, and biopsies. Staging uses TNM classification and determines treatment options like surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
bronchectasis.pdf
Bronchiectasis is an irreversible dilation of the bronchial tree causing chronic respiratory symptoms. It results from local infection/inflammation and inadequate clearance of secretions. Key clinical features include chronic productive cough with sputum, dyspnea, and clubbing. Diagnosis involves chest X-ray and high-resolution CT scan. Management focuses on reducing exacerbations to less than 2 per year through smoking cessation, chest physiotherapy, vaccinations, bronchodilators, mucoactive agents, and long-term antibiotic therapy based on sputum cultures. Surgical resection or lung transplant may be considered for severe cases.
Routine blood tests.pptx
This document outlines normal ranges and components of common blood tests, including complete blood count (CBC), liver function tests, renal function tests, lipid profile, blood sugar, urine analysis, and more. A CBC measures red blood cells, white blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin and other values. Abnormal CBC results can indicate conditions like anemia, infection, or blood disorders. Other tests provide information on organ function and disease risks. Maintaining values within normal ranges is typically healthy.
2.امراض ہضم کی علامات و نشانیاں.pptx
Palpation:
Light palpation first to
assess tenderness
Deep palpation to feel for
masses, organomegaly
Rebound tenderness
(peritonitis)
Guarding (peritonitis)
Murphy's sign (cholecystitis)
Percussion:
Tympanic (free fluid)
Dullness (organomegaly,
masses)
Auscultation:
Bowel sounds
Bruit (renal artery stenosis)
Examine Hernial orifices
final_acid_base_balane.pptx
This document discusses acid-base balance and the mechanisms that regulate blood pH homeostasis. It begins by defining pH and explaining why blood pH is tightly regulated. It then describes the various sources of acids and bases in the body from metabolic processes. The key mechanisms that regulate blood pH include buffer systems, respiratory regulation, and renal regulation. Buffers act quickly, respiration provides short-term regulation, and the kidneys provide long-term regulation. Imbalances can occur if these regulatory mechanisms fail, leading to acidosis or alkalosis conditions.
acid_base_balane (1).pptx
This document discusses acid-base balance and the mechanisms that regulate blood pH homeostasis. It begins by defining pH and explaining why blood pH is tightly regulated within a narrow range. It then describes the various sources of acids and bases in the body from metabolic processes. The three main mechanisms that regulate blood pH are: 1) blood buffer systems that rapidly neutralize added acids or bases, 2) respiratory control that exhales volatile acids, and 3) renal control through bicarbonate reabsorption and acid excretion over hours. Imbalances can occur if these mechanisms fail, resulting in acidosis if pH decreases below 7.35 or alkalosis if it increases above 7.45.
Shock.....Dr Sana Kauser (pathology).pdf
Shock is a life-threatening clinical syndrome characterized by acute reduction in effective circulating blood volume and inadequate tissue perfusion. If uncompensated, these mechanisms can lead to impaired cellular metabolism and death. The main types of shock are hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic, and traumatic shock. Hypovolemic shock occurs due to inadequate circulating blood volume from causes like hemorrhage, burns, or dehydration. This decreases cardiac output and leads to low intracardiac pressures and tissue hypoxia.
artificial respiration-ppt-200130073828.pdf
This document discusses various methods of artificial respiration used to assist or stimulate breathing. It defines artificial respiration as forcing air into the lungs of someone who has stopped breathing in order to keep them alive and help them start breathing again. It then describes several specific methods including Schafer's prone pressure method, Holger-Neilson's arm lift back pressure method, and Sylvester's arm lift chest pressure method. It also covers mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and instrumental methods that use machinery instead of a human operator to provide prolonged artificial respiration. Special considerations for artificial respiration in newborn babies are discussed at the end.
EMBOLISM....Dr San Kauser (Pathology).pdf
Embolism is the obstruction of blood vessels by foreign material that travels through the bloodstream. There are several types of embolism classified by the material causing obstruction (solid, liquid, gas), source of obstruction (cardiac, arterial, venous), and whether infection is present. Common types include thromboembolism caused by blood clots, pulmonary embolism from clots blocking pulmonary arteries, fat/bone marrow embolism from tissue trauma, and amniotic fluid embolism during childbirth from amniotic material entering the mother's bloodstream. Embolisms can cause infarction of tissues and organs downstream from the obstruction depending on the location and size of the obstructing material.
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28-2 homeostasis (1).ppt
- 1. Section 28-2 “Homeostasis” Write everything that is underlined
- 2. 28.2 Mechanisms of Homeostasis KEY CONCEPT Homeostasis is the regulation and maintenance of the internal environment of the body
- 3. 28.2 Mechanisms of Homeostasis I. Homeostasis Conditions within the body must remain within a narrow range – like your body temperature a. Homeostasis involves keeping the internal environment within set ranges
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