Artificial respiration
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introduction of Artificial respiration, defination of Artificial respiration, indication of Artificial respiration, manual techniques of Artificial respiration, methodology of Artificial respiration
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Artificial respiration
Artificial respiration is a method used to allow air to move in and out of the lungs when natural breathing is inadequate or absent. It involves manually establishing an open airway and exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide through various manual and instrumental methods. Some key manual methods include mouth-to-mouth respiration, prone pressure, arm-lift chest pressure, and tilting. Instrumental methods provide prolonged respiration and include drinker's iron lung chamber, Bragg Paul's rubber bag compression, continuous insufflation through tracheal tubes, and tank respirators.
Artificial Respiration (Resuscitation method)
The document discusses various methods of artificial respiration. It begins by defining artificial respiration as any measure that causes air to flow in and out of the lungs when natural breathing is inadequate. It then describes several manual methods of artificial respiration including mouth-to-mouth, prone pressure, arm lift chest pressure, and arm lift back pressure. The document also discusses several instrumental methods such as Drinker's method using an airtight chamber, Brag Paul's method using a rubber bag, continuous insufflation using a tracheal tube, tank respirator using a pressurized tank, and resuscitator using a mask. Each method is explained in steps and advantages and disadvantages are provided.
Artificial respiration & cpr
This document provides instructions for performing manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and lists causes of respiratory failure that may require CPR, including drowning, electrocution, anesthesia, carbon monoxide poisoning, polio, myasthenia gravis, and certain drugs. It describes how to perform manual CPR by placing the patient supine, clearing the airway, extending the neck, exhaling forcefully into the mouth and nostrils, and repeating at a rate of 10-15 breaths per minute until normal breathing resumes or the patient can be transferred to a hospital.
Artificial respiration and resuscitation methods
This document provides information on different methods of artificial respiration and resuscitation. It describes 3 main methods:
1) Mouth-to-mouth method - How to position the casualty, take a deep breath, and blow into their lungs while watching for their chest to rise. The rate should be 10-20 times per minute depending on if it's an infant/child or adult.
2) Mouth-to-nose method - Used if the casualty's mouth cannot be opened or they have no teeth. Seal lips around the nose while ensuring the nostrils are not obstructed and blow into the lungs.
3) Holger-Nielsen method - How to safely turn a casualty lying
Artificial respiration
This document discusses artificial respiration and its need, methods, and importance. Artificial respiration is required when breathing stops due to accidents, drowning, poisoning or other conditions. It must begin quickly to prevent brain damage from lack of oxygen. Methods include manual techniques like mouth-to-mouth breathing and back pressure lifting, as well as mechanical devices like iron lungs and ventilators that pump air in and out of the lungs to mimic natural breathing. Both manual and mechanical methods are described in detail.
Artificial respiration
Artificial Respiration PPT -- By Prof.Dr.R.R.deshpande –
In this PPT Prof.Dr.Deshpande is explaining following points When Artificial Respiration is needed ? Which are the Methods of Artificial Respiration ? Which precautionary measures should be taken before starting artificial respiration ? How Schafer & Holger Nelson method are performed ? How Artificial Respiration is given by Sylvester method & mouth to mouth respiration method ? How External Cardiac Massage is done in cardiac arrest ? What are the signs of death ?
Mobile – 922 68 10630
Also visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Regulation of respiration
The document summarizes the regulation of respiration through nervous and chemical mechanisms. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers in the medulla and pons that receive sensory information and control respiratory muscles. The chemical mechanism involves chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels. Central chemoreceptors in the brainstem are sensitive to increased carbon dioxide levels, while peripheral chemoreceptors respond to decreased oxygen levels. Together the nervous and chemical mechanisms work to regulate breathing and maintain appropriate gas exchange.
Respiratory centers
This document discusses the control of respiration by the respiratory center located in the medulla oblongata and pons of the brain. It describes three key areas that control respiration: 1) The medullary rhythmicity area controls the rhythm of breathing and generates nerve impulses for inhalation and exhalation. 2) The pneumotaxic area inhibits the inspiratory area to end inhalation before the lungs become too full. 3) The apneustic area stimulates deep, long inhalation by activating the inspiratory area. Together these three areas of the respiratory center precisely regulate the rhythm and depth of breathing.
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Artificial respiration
Artificial respiration is a method used to allow air to move in and out of the lungs when natural breathing is inadequate or absent. It involves manually establishing an open airway and exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide through various manual and instrumental methods. Some key manual methods include mouth-to-mouth respiration, prone pressure, arm-lift chest pressure, and tilting. Instrumental methods provide prolonged respiration and include drinker's iron lung chamber, Bragg Paul's rubber bag compression, continuous insufflation through tracheal tubes, and tank respirators.
Artificial Respiration (Resuscitation method)
The document discusses various methods of artificial respiration. It begins by defining artificial respiration as any measure that causes air to flow in and out of the lungs when natural breathing is inadequate. It then describes several manual methods of artificial respiration including mouth-to-mouth, prone pressure, arm lift chest pressure, and arm lift back pressure. The document also discusses several instrumental methods such as Drinker's method using an airtight chamber, Brag Paul's method using a rubber bag, continuous insufflation using a tracheal tube, tank respirator using a pressurized tank, and resuscitator using a mask. Each method is explained in steps and advantages and disadvantages are provided.
Artificial respiration & cpr
This document provides instructions for performing manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and lists causes of respiratory failure that may require CPR, including drowning, electrocution, anesthesia, carbon monoxide poisoning, polio, myasthenia gravis, and certain drugs. It describes how to perform manual CPR by placing the patient supine, clearing the airway, extending the neck, exhaling forcefully into the mouth and nostrils, and repeating at a rate of 10-15 breaths per minute until normal breathing resumes or the patient can be transferred to a hospital.
Artificial respiration and resuscitation methods
This document provides information on different methods of artificial respiration and resuscitation. It describes 3 main methods:
1) Mouth-to-mouth method - How to position the casualty, take a deep breath, and blow into their lungs while watching for their chest to rise. The rate should be 10-20 times per minute depending on if it's an infant/child or adult.
2) Mouth-to-nose method - Used if the casualty's mouth cannot be opened or they have no teeth. Seal lips around the nose while ensuring the nostrils are not obstructed and blow into the lungs.
3) Holger-Nielsen method - How to safely turn a casualty lying
Artificial respiration
This document discusses artificial respiration and its need, methods, and importance. Artificial respiration is required when breathing stops due to accidents, drowning, poisoning or other conditions. It must begin quickly to prevent brain damage from lack of oxygen. Methods include manual techniques like mouth-to-mouth breathing and back pressure lifting, as well as mechanical devices like iron lungs and ventilators that pump air in and out of the lungs to mimic natural breathing. Both manual and mechanical methods are described in detail.
Artificial respiration
Artificial Respiration PPT -- By Prof.Dr.R.R.deshpande –
In this PPT Prof.Dr.Deshpande is explaining following points When Artificial Respiration is needed ? Which are the Methods of Artificial Respiration ? Which precautionary measures should be taken before starting artificial respiration ? How Schafer & Holger Nelson method are performed ? How Artificial Respiration is given by Sylvester method & mouth to mouth respiration method ? How External Cardiac Massage is done in cardiac arrest ? What are the signs of death ?
Mobile – 922 68 10630
Also visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Regulation of respiration
The document summarizes the regulation of respiration through nervous and chemical mechanisms. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers in the medulla and pons that receive sensory information and control respiratory muscles. The chemical mechanism involves chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels. Central chemoreceptors in the brainstem are sensitive to increased carbon dioxide levels, while peripheral chemoreceptors respond to decreased oxygen levels. Together the nervous and chemical mechanisms work to regulate breathing and maintain appropriate gas exchange.
Respiratory centers
This document discusses the control of respiration by the respiratory center located in the medulla oblongata and pons of the brain. It describes three key areas that control respiration: 1) The medullary rhythmicity area controls the rhythm of breathing and generates nerve impulses for inhalation and exhalation. 2) The pneumotaxic area inhibits the inspiratory area to end inhalation before the lungs become too full. 3) The apneustic area stimulates deep, long inhalation by activating the inspiratory area. Together these three areas of the respiratory center precisely regulate the rhythm and depth of breathing.
Artificialrespiration -ppt
This document discusses various methods of artificial respiration used to assist or stimulate breathing when it has stopped. It defines artificial respiration as forcing air into the lungs of someone who has stopped breathing in order to keep them alive and help them start breathing again. It then describes several specific methods: Schafer's method involves pressing on the chest from behind while the patient lies prone; Holger-Nielson's method similarly compresses the chest from behind while also lifting the arms; Sylvester's method lifts the arms over the head while compressing the chest. Instrumental and mechanical methods are also outlined, including tank respirators and resuscitators. Special considerations for artificial respiration of newborn babies are mentioned at the end.
Mechanism of respiration
The document discusses the mechanism of respiration, which involves breathing and the exchange of gases through diffusion in the alveoli. Inspiration is an active process where inhaling decreases pressure and draws air into the lungs. Expiration is passive as exhaling increases pressure and expels air. Oxygen diffuses into blood and tissues while carbon dioxide diffuses out, carried by hemoglobin, plasma, and bicarbonate ions to the lungs.
Lungs volume and capacites
it contains all the physiology of lung volume and capacity.
in this we study:-
introduction
lung volume
lung capacities
measurements of lung volume and capacities.
measurement of FRC and RV.
vital capacity.
FEV
RMV
MBC
PEFR
restrictive and obstructive respiratory disease.
Respiratory movement
1. The document describes the mechanics of respiratory movement during breathing.
2. There are two main types of movement during breathing - alterations in the capacity of the thorax brought about by movement of the thoracic wall, and elastic recoil of the lungs and thoracic wall during expiration.
3. The ribs act as levers during breathing, and their upward movement causes the thoracic cavity to expand in the anteroposterior, transverse, and vertical directions.
Mechanism of-respiration
This document discusses the mechanism of respiration. It describes the anatomy of the respiratory system and the mechanics of breathing, including inspiration and expiration. It explains external and internal respiration processes and the role of muscles like the diaphragm in breathing. Pressure changes in the lungs during ventilation are analyzed. Muscle involvement in inspiration and expiration is outlined.
Physiology of gas exchange
The document summarizes gas exchange and oxygen transport in the human body. It discusses how (1) oxygen is extracted from the air and transported via the lungs to the blood, where it is carried by hemoglobin to tissues, and (2) carbon dioxide is transported in reverse from tissues to the lungs. Key aspects covered include alveolar gas transfer, the oxygen cascade, partial pressures of gases, diffusion principles, hemoglobin binding of oxygen and factors affecting it like pH, temperature and carbon monoxide.
Bronchopulmonary segments
The bronchopulmonary segments are the basic structural and functional units of the lungs. Each lung is divided into lobes, which are further divided into segments. The right lung has three lobes (upper, middle, lower) comprising 10 segments. The left lung has two lobes (upper, lower) comprising 10 segments. Each segment is supplied by its own segmental bronchus and has a pyramidal shape with the apex pointing towards the lung root.
Cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle describes the heart's beating action and consists of systole and diastole. During systole, the ventricles contract and pump blood out through the arteries. During diastole, the ventricles relax and fill with blood. A normal cardiac cycle lasts 0.8 seconds and includes atrial and ventricular systole and diastole phases along with subdivisions like isometric contraction, ejection, and rapid/slow filling periods. Key events in the cycle produce heart sounds that are clinically important.
Physiology of respiration
A brief description of the physiology of Respiration.. Useful for 1st year MBBS Undergraduate students.. By Dr.V.Mukesh Krishna
Bp regulation
This document discusses the regulation of blood pressure on short, intermediate, and long term timescales.
Short term regulation occurs over seconds to minutes and involves baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the central nervous system ischemic response. Intermediate regulation over minutes to hours is mediated by capillary fluid shifts and stress relaxation in blood vessels. Long term regulation over days to years involves the renal body fluid mechanism and renin-angiotensin system to control extracellular fluid levels and blood pressure.
Lung volume and capacities
This document discusses lung volumes and lung capacities, which refer to the volume of air associated with different phases of the respiratory cycle. It outlines the four main lung volumes - tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. It then discusses various lung capacities, which are combinations of two or more lung volumes, including inspiratory capacity, expiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity. The document provides normal values for males and females for these volumes and capacities.
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
This document discusses the neuro-muscular junction, including its structure, function, and related disorders. It begins by outlining the objectives of describing the junction's schematic diagram, transmission events, neuromuscular blockers and their mechanisms, and common disorders. It then provides details on the presynaptic and postsynaptic portions, the synaptic cleft, acetylcholine receptors, and the steps of neuromuscular transmission. Examples are given of neuromuscular blockers like curare and their mechanisms of action. Disorders covered include myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton syndrome.
Cardiac Cycle.pptx
The cardiac cycle describes the sequence of events in the heart between two subsequent contractions. It consists of atrial systole, ventricular systole, atrial diastole, and ventricular diastole. During atrial systole, the atria contract and pump blood into the ventricles. Ventricular systole follows, where the ventricles contract and eject blood from the heart. The electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart throughout the cardiac cycle, represented by the P, Q, R, S, and T waves.
Structure and function of the lungs
The document describes the structure and function of the respiratory system. It outlines the key components including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm, and intercostal muscles. It explains that inspiration occurs when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, expanding the lungs to allow air entry. Expiration is the reverse process as these muscles relax and the lungs recoil, pushing air out. Gases are exchanged between the alveoli and blood via diffusion down a concentration gradient.
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The document discusses the neuromuscular junction and muscle contraction physiology. It defines the neuromuscular junction as the connection between motor neurons and muscle fibers that initiates muscle contraction. The structure and function of the neuromuscular junction is described, including the roles of acetylcholine, receptors, and acetylcholinesterase. The sliding filament model of muscle contraction is introduced. Different muscle fiber types, properties of muscle tissue, and the sarcomere as the contractile unit are defined.
Respiratory movements
- Respiration consists of inspiration and expiration phases which are accomplished by alternating increases and decreases in the thoracic cavity capacity.
- During inspiration, the thoracic cavity diameters are increased through contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, raising the ribs and lowering the diaphragm. Forced inspiration involves additional muscle contractions.
- Expiration is largely passive through lung elastic recoil and muscle relaxation, though forced expiration uses abdominal muscle contractions.
Blood pressure
Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on the walls of arteries. It is measured as systolic over diastolic pressure in mmHg. Systolic pressure occurs when the heart contracts and diastolic when it relaxes. Blood pressure is regulated by the cardiovascular center in the brain through neural mechanisms like baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes and hormonal factors like renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and epinephrine. Local auto-regulation and factors like age, exercise and stress also affect blood pressure.
Hypoxia
This document defines and classifies different types of hypoxia: hypoxic (reduced oxygen in inspired air), anemic (reduced hemoglobin), stagnant (reduced blood flow), and histotoxic (tissues cannot use oxygen). It describes the pathophysiology, features, compensatory responses, and oxygen therapy approaches for each type. Hypercapnia and cyanosis, which can occur with hypoxia, are also explained. Oxygen therapy is most effective for hypoxic hypoxia but provides less benefit for types involving deficiencies in oxygen transport or utilization.
Respiratory #2, Gas Transport - Physiology
1) Gas exchange occurs at the lungs between blood and air, and at tissues between blood and tissues, via simple diffusion down partial pressure gradients.
2) The alveolar-capillary membrane is where oxygen diffuses from alveoli into blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into alveoli. Factors like membrane thickness, surface area, and gas solubility and molecular weight determine diffusion rates.
3) Oxygen is transported in blood bound to hemoglobin (98.5%) and dissolved (1.5%). The oxygen content is the total oxygen carried in blood, while the oxygen carrying capacity is the maximum amount of oxygen hemoglobin can carry when saturated. Percent hemoglobin saturation indicates how
Arterial blood pressure regulation
This document discusses the concepts of blood pressure including systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure. It defines normal blood pressure ranges and factors that can influence blood pressure such as age, sex, body size, emotions, exercise, meals, sleep, and gravity. The relationship between cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and blood pressure is explained. Mechanisms for short-term blood pressure regulation including baroreceptor reflex, chemoreceptor reflex, and central nervous system ischemic response are outlined. Long-term regulation involves the kidneys, renin-angiotensin system, and pressure natriuresis.
ilovepdf_merged.pdf
This document discusses various methods of artificial respiration used to manually stimulate breathing in patients whose natural respiration has stopped. It describes techniques like Schafer's prone pressure method, Holger-Nielson's arm lift back pressure method, and Sylvester's arm lift chest pressure method. It also covers mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and instrumental methods that use machines to compress and release the chest, such as Drinker's negative pressure chamber method and Bragg Paul's rubber bag chest compression method. The goal of artificial respiration is to oxygenate the blood until the patient can resume natural breathing.
Artificial respiration by a.s.a.suvec
Artificial respiration refers to any measures used to cause air to flow in and out of the lungs when natural breathing is inadequate. There are manual methods like mouth-to-mouth and mechanical methods like ventilators. The key steps of CPR are to check for breathing, provide rescue breaths if needed, and perform chest compressions until emergency help arrives or the victim starts moving again. CPR involves restoring oxygenated blood flow to vital organs and should be commenced immediately for cardiac arrest victims to increase chances of survival.
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What's hot
Artificialrespiration -ppt
This document discusses various methods of artificial respiration used to assist or stimulate breathing when it has stopped. It defines artificial respiration as forcing air into the lungs of someone who has stopped breathing in order to keep them alive and help them start breathing again. It then describes several specific methods: Schafer's method involves pressing on the chest from behind while the patient lies prone; Holger-Nielson's method similarly compresses the chest from behind while also lifting the arms; Sylvester's method lifts the arms over the head while compressing the chest. Instrumental and mechanical methods are also outlined, including tank respirators and resuscitators. Special considerations for artificial respiration of newborn babies are mentioned at the end.
Mechanism of respiration
The document discusses the mechanism of respiration, which involves breathing and the exchange of gases through diffusion in the alveoli. Inspiration is an active process where inhaling decreases pressure and draws air into the lungs. Expiration is passive as exhaling increases pressure and expels air. Oxygen diffuses into blood and tissues while carbon dioxide diffuses out, carried by hemoglobin, plasma, and bicarbonate ions to the lungs.
Lungs volume and capacites
it contains all the physiology of lung volume and capacity.
in this we study:-
introduction
lung volume
lung capacities
measurements of lung volume and capacities.
measurement of FRC and RV.
vital capacity.
FEV
RMV
MBC
PEFR
restrictive and obstructive respiratory disease.
Respiratory movement
1. The document describes the mechanics of respiratory movement during breathing.
2. There are two main types of movement during breathing - alterations in the capacity of the thorax brought about by movement of the thoracic wall, and elastic recoil of the lungs and thoracic wall during expiration.
3. The ribs act as levers during breathing, and their upward movement causes the thoracic cavity to expand in the anteroposterior, transverse, and vertical directions.
Mechanism of-respiration
This document discusses the mechanism of respiration. It describes the anatomy of the respiratory system and the mechanics of breathing, including inspiration and expiration. It explains external and internal respiration processes and the role of muscles like the diaphragm in breathing. Pressure changes in the lungs during ventilation are analyzed. Muscle involvement in inspiration and expiration is outlined.
Physiology of gas exchange
The document summarizes gas exchange and oxygen transport in the human body. It discusses how (1) oxygen is extracted from the air and transported via the lungs to the blood, where it is carried by hemoglobin to tissues, and (2) carbon dioxide is transported in reverse from tissues to the lungs. Key aspects covered include alveolar gas transfer, the oxygen cascade, partial pressures of gases, diffusion principles, hemoglobin binding of oxygen and factors affecting it like pH, temperature and carbon monoxide.
Bronchopulmonary segments
The bronchopulmonary segments are the basic structural and functional units of the lungs. Each lung is divided into lobes, which are further divided into segments. The right lung has three lobes (upper, middle, lower) comprising 10 segments. The left lung has two lobes (upper, lower) comprising 10 segments. Each segment is supplied by its own segmental bronchus and has a pyramidal shape with the apex pointing towards the lung root.
Cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle describes the heart's beating action and consists of systole and diastole. During systole, the ventricles contract and pump blood out through the arteries. During diastole, the ventricles relax and fill with blood. A normal cardiac cycle lasts 0.8 seconds and includes atrial and ventricular systole and diastole phases along with subdivisions like isometric contraction, ejection, and rapid/slow filling periods. Key events in the cycle produce heart sounds that are clinically important.
Physiology of respiration
A brief description of the physiology of Respiration.. Useful for 1st year MBBS Undergraduate students.. By Dr.V.Mukesh Krishna
Bp regulation
This document discusses the regulation of blood pressure on short, intermediate, and long term timescales.
Short term regulation occurs over seconds to minutes and involves baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the central nervous system ischemic response. Intermediate regulation over minutes to hours is mediated by capillary fluid shifts and stress relaxation in blood vessels. Long term regulation over days to years involves the renal body fluid mechanism and renin-angiotensin system to control extracellular fluid levels and blood pressure.
Lung volume and capacities
This document discusses lung volumes and lung capacities, which refer to the volume of air associated with different phases of the respiratory cycle. It outlines the four main lung volumes - tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. It then discusses various lung capacities, which are combinations of two or more lung volumes, including inspiratory capacity, expiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity. The document provides normal values for males and females for these volumes and capacities.
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
This document discusses the neuro-muscular junction, including its structure, function, and related disorders. It begins by outlining the objectives of describing the junction's schematic diagram, transmission events, neuromuscular blockers and their mechanisms, and common disorders. It then provides details on the presynaptic and postsynaptic portions, the synaptic cleft, acetylcholine receptors, and the steps of neuromuscular transmission. Examples are given of neuromuscular blockers like curare and their mechanisms of action. Disorders covered include myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton syndrome.
Cardiac Cycle.pptx
The cardiac cycle describes the sequence of events in the heart between two subsequent contractions. It consists of atrial systole, ventricular systole, atrial diastole, and ventricular diastole. During atrial systole, the atria contract and pump blood into the ventricles. Ventricular systole follows, where the ventricles contract and eject blood from the heart. The electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart throughout the cardiac cycle, represented by the P, Q, R, S, and T waves.
Structure and function of the lungs
The document describes the structure and function of the respiratory system. It outlines the key components including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm, and intercostal muscles. It explains that inspiration occurs when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, expanding the lungs to allow air entry. Expiration is the reverse process as these muscles relax and the lungs recoil, pushing air out. Gases are exchanged between the alveoli and blood via diffusion down a concentration gradient.
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ).pptx
The document discusses the neuromuscular junction and muscle contraction physiology. It defines the neuromuscular junction as the connection between motor neurons and muscle fibers that initiates muscle contraction. The structure and function of the neuromuscular junction is described, including the roles of acetylcholine, receptors, and acetylcholinesterase. The sliding filament model of muscle contraction is introduced. Different muscle fiber types, properties of muscle tissue, and the sarcomere as the contractile unit are defined.
Respiratory movements
- Respiration consists of inspiration and expiration phases which are accomplished by alternating increases and decreases in the thoracic cavity capacity.
- During inspiration, the thoracic cavity diameters are increased through contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, raising the ribs and lowering the diaphragm. Forced inspiration involves additional muscle contractions.
- Expiration is largely passive through lung elastic recoil and muscle relaxation, though forced expiration uses abdominal muscle contractions.
Blood pressure
Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on the walls of arteries. It is measured as systolic over diastolic pressure in mmHg. Systolic pressure occurs when the heart contracts and diastolic when it relaxes. Blood pressure is regulated by the cardiovascular center in the brain through neural mechanisms like baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes and hormonal factors like renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and epinephrine. Local auto-regulation and factors like age, exercise and stress also affect blood pressure.
Hypoxia
This document defines and classifies different types of hypoxia: hypoxic (reduced oxygen in inspired air), anemic (reduced hemoglobin), stagnant (reduced blood flow), and histotoxic (tissues cannot use oxygen). It describes the pathophysiology, features, compensatory responses, and oxygen therapy approaches for each type. Hypercapnia and cyanosis, which can occur with hypoxia, are also explained. Oxygen therapy is most effective for hypoxic hypoxia but provides less benefit for types involving deficiencies in oxygen transport or utilization.
Respiratory #2, Gas Transport - Physiology
1) Gas exchange occurs at the lungs between blood and air, and at tissues between blood and tissues, via simple diffusion down partial pressure gradients.
2) The alveolar-capillary membrane is where oxygen diffuses from alveoli into blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into alveoli. Factors like membrane thickness, surface area, and gas solubility and molecular weight determine diffusion rates.
3) Oxygen is transported in blood bound to hemoglobin (98.5%) and dissolved (1.5%). The oxygen content is the total oxygen carried in blood, while the oxygen carrying capacity is the maximum amount of oxygen hemoglobin can carry when saturated. Percent hemoglobin saturation indicates how
Arterial blood pressure regulation
This document discusses the concepts of blood pressure including systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure. It defines normal blood pressure ranges and factors that can influence blood pressure such as age, sex, body size, emotions, exercise, meals, sleep, and gravity. The relationship between cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and blood pressure is explained. Mechanisms for short-term blood pressure regulation including baroreceptor reflex, chemoreceptor reflex, and central nervous system ischemic response are outlined. Long-term regulation involves the kidneys, renin-angiotensin system, and pressure natriuresis.
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This document discusses various methods of artificial respiration used to manually stimulate breathing in patients whose natural respiration has stopped. It describes techniques like Schafer's prone pressure method, Holger-Nielson's arm lift back pressure method, and Sylvester's arm lift chest pressure method. It also covers mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and instrumental methods that use machines to compress and release the chest, such as Drinker's negative pressure chamber method and Bragg Paul's rubber bag chest compression method. The goal of artificial respiration is to oxygenate the blood until the patient can resume natural breathing.
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This document discusses various methods of artificial respiration used to assist or stimulate breathing. It defines artificial respiration as forcing air into the lungs of someone who has stopped breathing in order to keep them alive and help them start breathing again. It then describes several specific methods including Schafer's prone pressure method, Holger-Neilson's arm lift back pressure method, and Sylvester's arm lift chest pressure method. It also covers mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and instrumental methods that use machinery instead of a human operator to provide prolonged artificial respiration. Special considerations for artificial respiration in newborn babies are discussed at the end.
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BLS PRESENTATION 11.4.23 TRAINING.pptx
teps in adult Basic Cardiopulmonary Life Support (BCLS)
Safe place for resuscitation. Time is of the essence in the initiation of resuscitation. ...
Victim's response check. ...
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cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving procedure used during sudden cardiac arrest. It involves chest compressions to circulate blood to vital organs like the brain and heart, as well as rescue breaths. The key steps of CPR include checking for responsiveness, calling for help, performing chest compressions at a rate of 100-120 per minute and providing two rescue breaths. An automated external defibrillator (AED) can deliver an electric shock to potentially restart the heart if it detects a shockable rhythm. Advanced cardiac life support in a hospital setting provides additional interventions like intravenous drugs and defibrillation to treat cardiac arrest. CPR is essential to maintain limited blood flow until definitive medical treatment
Cpr
This document provides an overview of cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) presented by Mr. Sudhir Khuntia. It defines CPR as a basic life support technique used to oxygenate the brain and heart until medical treatment can restore normal function. The goals of CPR are to promote circulation through chest compressions and maintain an open airway through breathing efforts. Proper CPR involves assessing for responsiveness, calling emergency services, performing chest compressions at a rate of 100 per minute combined with rescue breathing at a ratio of 30 compressions to 2 breaths.
CPR. to present 1
The document provides information on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), including its objectives, importance, and steps. It details the CPR sequence of chest compressions, airway, and breathing (CAB). Chest compressions involve placing hands on the chest to manually pump the heart. The airway step ensures the airway is open, while the breathing step provides rescue breaths. It outlines hand placement and compression rates for adults, children, and infants. The document also discusses using an automated external defibrillator and signs to terminate CPR.
CPR. to present 1
The document provides information on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), including its objectives, importance, and steps. It details the CPR sequence of chest compressions, airway, and breathing (CAB). Chest compressions are used to circulate blood to the brain and lungs. The document outlines CPR procedures for adults, children, and infants, including hand placement and rates of compressions and breaths. It also discusses using an automated external defibrillator and signs for terminating CPR. The goal of CPR is to pump the heart and provide oxygen until more advanced care can treat the underlying cause of cardiac arrest.
BLS_2023_changes.docx
This document provides guidelines for performing basic life support (BLS) on adults, infants, and children. It outlines the CABD (Circulation, Airway, Breathing, Defibrillation) process. Key steps include assessing responsiveness, checking pulse, providing chest compressions and rescue breaths, maintaining an open airway, and using an AED if available. The guidelines specify how to modify techniques based on the age of the patient.
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Artificial respiration
- 1. ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION DR. CHIRAG SOLANKI MPT :- NEURO & SPINE
- 2. DEFINITION A procedure used to restore or maintain respiration in a person who has stopped breathing. The method uses mechanical or manual means to force air into and out of the lungs in a rhythmic fashion. It is methods of restarting breathing after it has stopped, by manual rhythmic pressure on the chest.
- 3. CONTI…. It is achieved through manual insufflations of the lungs either by the rescuer blowing into the patient's lungs, or by using a mechanical device. 'rescue breaths' or 'ventilations', is the act of mechanically forcing air into a patient's respiratory system. This can be achieved via a number of methods, which will depend on the situation and equipment available.
- 4. INDICATION Drowning choking strangulation suffocation Gas and smoke inhalation Carbon monoxide poisoning electric shock Respiratory paralysis
- 5. METHODS Mouth to mouth - This involves the rescuer making a seal between their mouth and the patient's mouth and 'blowing', to pass air into the patient's body. Mouth to nose - In some instances, the rescuer may need or wish to form a seal with the patient's nose. Typical reasons for this include maxillofacial injuries, performing the procedure in water or the remains of vomit in the mouth
- 7. Mouth to mouth and nose - Used on infants (usually up to around 1 year old), as this forms the most effective seal. Mouth to mask – the use of some sort of barrier between rescuer and patient to reduce cross infection risk. One popular type is the 'pocket mask'.
- 8. METHODS Bag valve mask (BVM) - This is a simple device manually operated by the rescuer, which involves squeezing a bag to expel air into the patient. These barriers should provide a one- way filter valve which lets the air from the rescuer deliver to the patient while any substances from the patient (e.g. vomit, blood) cannot reach the rescuer.
- 9. CPR MASK
- 10. The rescuer breathes 12 times each minute (15 times for a child and 20 for an infant) into the victim’s mouth. Breathing into the subject should be continued until natural breathing resumes .
- 12. Silvester method It is a method of artificial respiration in which the subject is laid on his or her back and air is expelled from the lungs by pressing the arms over the chest and fresh air drawn in by pulling them above the head
- 13. Silvester method
- 14. Holger – Nielsen method Push: “Drowning Victim” is placed prone, elbows bent, arms under head, one hand upon the other, cheek in her hands. Operator kneels on one knee at her head, puts opposite foot near one elbow (1). He places his hands on her back with thumbs just touching and his hands just below a line running between her armpits. He rocks forward (2), elbows straight, until his arms are almost vertical, exerting pressure upon her back.
- 15. Pull: Operator then begins rocking backwards slowly (3), sliding his hands to her arms just above the elbows. He raises her arms until resistance and tension are felt at her shoulders (4). Then he puts her arms back down. This completes the full cycle of Nielsen’s artificial- respiration method.
- 16. Holger - nielsen
- 19. Schaefer's method Patient prone with forehead on one of his arms: straddle across patient with knees on either side of his hips, and press with both hands firmly upon the back over the lower ribs; then raise your body slowly, at the same time relaxing the pressure with your hands. Repeat this forward and backward movement about every five seconds.
- 21. EVE(ROCKING) METHOD Artificial respiration by seesawing the victim head up and head down on a stretcher so that the alternating pressure and release of pressure of the abdominal organs against the diaphragm promotes expiration and inspiration.
- 22. Emerson's method Emerson's idea is to lift the patient's hips off the ground at regular intervals, thus lowering his diaphragm and making him breathe in. Exhalation follows naturally when the hips come on the ground.
- 24. THANK YOU