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arches of foot.pptx
- 2. Architecture of foot – Purpose • Why we need arches • Standing • Weight bearing • Rigid • Walking • Propel • Spring board
- 3. Arches of foot - classification • Longitudinal • Medial • Lateral • Transverse • Anterior • Posterior
- 4. Arches of foot – Weight bearing areas • Ball of the foot • Carries about 40% of weight • Heel of the foot • Carries about 60% of weight
- 5. Architecture of an arch • Arch is made up of • Stones • Parts of an arch • Ends • Pillars • Rest over the ground (to support the arch) • Summit • Highest point of the arch • Keystone • V – shaped central stone
- 6. Factors maintaining the arches • Tie beam • Connecting the ends • Prevents separation of the ends • Shape of stones • Stones are wedge shaped • Staples • Binding their lower edges together with metal staples • Slings • Suspending the arch from a cable above the level of the bridge
- 7. Medial longitudinal arch • Most important • Higher, more mobile, and resilient than the lateral • 2/3rd part of bones of foot participated
- 8. Medial longitudinal arch (formation) - Bones • Calcaneum • Talus • Navicular • 3 cuneiforms & • 1st 3 metatarsal bones
- 9. • Anterior end is formed by • Heads of the first second and third metatarsals • Posterior end is formed by • Medial tubercle of calcaneum Medial longitudinal arch - Ends
- 10. • Anterior pillar • Long & weak • Formed by • First three metatarsal bones • Three cuneiform bones • Navicular & Talus • Posterior pillar • Short and strong • Formed by • Medial part of the calcaneum Medial longitudinal arch - Pillars
- 11. Medial longitudinal arch • Summit • Superior articular surface of the body of the talus • Keystone • Talus (head) • Main joint
- 12. Medial longitudinal arch - Factors maintaining • Shape of bones • Intersegmental ties or ligaments & muscles • Tie Beams or bowstrings • Sling
- 13. Medial longitudinal arch - Factors maintaining • Staples (Intersegmental ties) • Spring ligament • Tibialis posterior • Applied anatomy • Stretch of Spring ligament • Leads to flat foot
- 14. Medial longitudinal arch - Factors maintaining • Tie beam • Keep the anterior & posterior Ends of arch close together • Help from flattening the arch • Structures acting • Plantar aponeurosis • Abductor hallucis
- 15. Medial longitudinal arch - Factors maintaining • Slings • Summit is pulled up by • Tibialis anterior • Medial cuneiform (inferomedial) & base of first metatarsal • Tibialis posterior • Navicular tuberosity & all tarsal except talus • Bases of 2nd 3rd & 4th metatarsal
- 17. Lateral longitudinal arch • Low, less mobile, less resilient • Designed to transmit more weight & thrust to ground • Bones involved • Calcaneum, cuboid & 4th, 5th metatarsal bones (heads)
- 18. • Ends • Anterior End • Heads of 4th & 5th metatarsal bones • Posterior end • Lateral tubercle of calcaneum Lateral longitudinal arch - Ends
- 19. • Pillars • Anterior Pillar • Long & weak • Formed by • Cuboid bone & 4th & 5th metatarsal bones • Posterior Pillar • Strong & short • Formed by • Lateral side of calcaneum Lateral longitudinal arch - Pillars
- 20. Lateral longitudinal arch - Summit • Subtalar joint (upper surface of calcaneum) • Vulnerable part • Calcaneocuboid joint
- 21. Lateral longitudinal arch - Factors maintaining • Shape of bones • Intersegmental ties or ligaments & muscles • Tie Beams or bowstrings • Sling
- 22. • Staples (Intersegmental ties) • Long plantar ligament • Short plantar ligament • Tie beam • Plantar aponeurosis • Abductor digiti minimi • Lateral longitudinal arch - Factors maintaining
- 23. Lateral longitudinal arch - Factors maintaining • Slings • Peroneus brevis • Dorsal side of base of V metatarsal • Peroneus tertius • Lateral side of Dorsal aspect of base of V metatarsal • Peroneus longus • Runs in tunnel on cuboid • Lateral aspect of base of I metatarsal & Medial cuneiform
- 24. Anterior Transverse Arch • Formed by • Heads of all 5 metatarsal bones • A complete arch • As heads of 1st and 2nd metatarsal bones come in contact of ground and form two ends
- 25. • Formed by • Cuboid & 3 cuneiforms • An incomplete arch • Only the lateral end comes in contact with the ground • Each foot represents a half dome • When medial borers of both feet are approximated a complete transverse arch • Made of • Bases of 5 metatarsal Posterior Transverse Arch
- 26. Transverse arch - Factors maintaining • Shape of bones • Wedge shaped • Staples (Intersegmental ties) • Deep transverse ligaments • Strong plantar ligaments • Metatarsal bones are held together by the interrosseous muscles
- 27. Transverse arch - Factors maintaining • Tie beam • Peroneus longus • Tibialis posterior
- 28. Transverse arch - Factors maintaining • Sling • Peroneus tertius • Peroneus brevis • Tibialis anterior
- 29. Flat foot/pes planus • Medial longitudinal arch is depressed or collapsed • So medial border will touch to the ground • Causes • Many • Achillis tendon is short or muscle tone is poor – congenital • Injury to spring ligament - acquired • Person wears high-heeled shoes • Distribution of weight changes so that the ball of the foot may carry up to 80% and the heel 20%
- 30. High arch foot/Pes cavus • Exaggeration of the longitudinal arch • May be hereditary or acquired • Shortening of muscles or tendons of leg or sole • Fixed plantar flexion deformity
- 31. Club foot • Common congenital deformity • Rotated internally at the ankle • Ligaments and tendons of muscles are shorter than usual
- 32. Deformities • Hallux vulgus • Great toe adducted towards midline & first metatarsal abducted • Talipes equinus • Toes dorsiflexed & directed to ground • Talipes calcaneus • Heel remains on ground & toes are upturned